Punjab

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BASIC INFORMATION The name Punjab who visited the region in the 14th century, Ibn Battuta, is in the writing of a xenonym / exonym and the first known mention of the word.The first mention of the Sanskrit equivalent, however, the great epic Mahabharata (punch – nada ‘country of five rivers’) occurs. names the territory of the two provinces of Punjab, Lahore and Multan were divided into those that are mentioned byAbul Fazal, Ain-e-Akbari written (Part 1), mentioned again. Similarly, in the second volume ofAin A. Akbari, Panjnad word that contains a chapter title. [2] Mughal King Jehangir also Tuzk-i-Janhageeri mentions the word Punjab. [3] Punjab in Persian literally means “five” (registered) “Water” (AB), ie, the land of five rivers, it has to go through, referring to the five riversFinally, drain the remaining two in Pakistan is the headwaters of rivers.

Pre-Aryan civilisation

Archaeological findings show that about 3000 BC a small community in and around the Indus River valley has grown and expanded that lead to the Indus Valley Civilization, one of the earliest in human history. At its peak, it boasted large cities like Harrapa (near Sahiwal in West Punjab). The civilization declined rapidly after the 19th century BC, for reasons which are still largely unknown.

Indo-Aryans

Decline Factors Indus Valley Civilization may include changes in weather patterns and sustainable urbanization. This coincided with the drying up of the Saraswati River lower. [4] Out of India theory suggests that this drying up causing Indo-Aryan movement towards Gangetic basin. [5] The next thousand years of history of Punjab (c. 1500-500 BC) is dominated by the Aryans and the population and culture that emerged from their cultural development in Asia.

Vedic Era

Vedic period is characterized by Indo-Aryan culture associated with the text of the Vedas, sacred to Hindus, which comprises orally in Vedic Sanskrit. It includes records of the socio-cultural literature of ancient Punjab (known as Sapta Sindhu) and we can see the life of its people. Vedic society was tribal in character. Some family is a Grama, some Cicangkudu a vis (clan) and some tribes Jana (tribe). The Janas, led by Rajans, are in constant war between the clans. Of this warfare arose larger group of people who are ruled by the great chiefs and kings. As a result, a new political philosophy of conquest and empire grew, which traced the origins of the state to push the war. An important event is the Rigvedic era “Battle of Ten Kings” that took place on the banks of the river Parusni (which is identified with the present river Ravi) between king Bharata clan Sudas Trtsu descent on the one hand and the consolidation of the ten tribes on the other. [6] The ten tribes pitted against Sudas consists of five major Purus, the Druhyus, anal, and Yadus Turvasas and five small, the origin of the north-western and western boundaries of today’s Punjab-the Pakthas, Alinas, which Bhalanas , which Visanins and Sivas. King Sudas supported by the Vedic Rishi Vasishtha, while his former Purohita Rishi Viswamitra sided with the confederation of ten tribes. [7]

Punjab during Buddhist times

Buddhist text Anguttara Nikaya mentions Gandhara and Cambodia between sixteen great nations (SOLAS Mahajanapadas) which had evolved in / and around Jambudvipa before the Buddha. Pali literature further confirms that only Cambodia and Gandhara of the sixteen ancient political power belongs to the northern Uttarapatha or Jambudvipa but no exact boundaries for each were clearly stated. Gandhara and Cambodia believed to have been composed on the Indus and included Kashmir, eastern Afghanistan, and most of the western Punjab which is now part of Pakistan. [9] At times, the limit of Buddhist Gandhara had extended as far as Multan and composed their Cambodian Buddhist Rajauri / Poonch, Abhisara and eastern Afghanistan including Hazara and Swat valley and Kunar and Kapisa etc. Michael Witzel in this region forming parts greater Punjab. Buddhist texts also mention that the northern region, especially Cambodia, famous for quality & riding horses and was often referred to as the horse home. However, Chulla-Niddesa, another ancient text Buddhist canon substitutes Yona for Gandhara and the list of Cambodian and Yona as the only Mahajanapadas from Uttarapatha This shows that Cambodia has been included in the list of Gandhara-Niddesa Chulla was written by Buddhists.

Pāṇinian and Kautiliyan Punjab

Panini is a famous ancient Sanskrit grammar was born in Shalātura, identified with modern Lahur near Attock in the North West Frontier Province of Pakistan. One can infer from his work, Ashtadhyayi, that the people of Punjab are more clear life by weapons experts. The term multiracial text as “Ayudhajivin Samghas” ​​or “Republic (oligarchs) who lives by the gun”. Those who live on the plains called Vahika Samghas, while those in mountainous areas (including today’s north-eastern Afghanistan) has been called as Parvatiya Samghas (mountain republic). According to the opinion of older Vahika clear Sanghas including Vrikas (possibly modern Virk Jatts), Damanis, merging six states called Trigarta-shashthas, Yaudheyas (modern or Johiya DIAZ Rajput and some Kamboj), Parsus, Kekayas, Usinaras , Sibis [14] (perhaps modern Sibia Jatts?), Kshudrakas, Malavas, Bhartas, and Madraka tribes, [15] while the other class, known as Parvatiya Ayudhajivins, comprising among others partially Trigartas, Darvas, Gandharan clan of Hastayanas , Niharas, Hamsamaragas, and the tribes of Kambojan Ashvayanas & Ashvakayanas, Dharteyas (city Dyrta from Ashvakayans), Apritas, Madhuwantas (all known as Rohitgiris), and Daradas from Chitral, Gilgit, and etc. In addition, panini also refer to the monarchy Kshatriyas from Kuru, Gandhara and Cambodia. [19] This Kshatriya or warrior communities followed the form of the constitutional republic or oligarchy, as evidenced by the Panini Ashtadhyayi. The Arthashastra of Kautiliya, the oldest layer can go back to the 4th century BC also spoke several martial republics and specifically refer to [Srenis Kshatriya (warrior-band) the Kambojas, Surastras and several other border tribes belonging to VARTA-Shastr opajivin-class (ie, living by arms experts and VARTA), while Madraka, Malla, Kuru, etc., tribes called Raja-shabd-opajivins class (ie, using the title of King). Dr Arthur Coke Burnell observes: “In the West, there is the Kambojas and katas (Kathas) with a high reputation for courage and skill in battle, Saubhuties, which Yaudheyas, and two associates, who Sibis, which Malavas and Kshudrakas, the most abundant and Indian nations war days “. Thus, it is seen that heroicraditions planted in Vedic and Epic Age continued to the time of Panini and Kautaliya. In fact, the entire region of Greater Punjab is known to have reeked with the defense. History strongly witnesses that Ayudhajivin tribes offered stiff resistance to the Achaemenid kings in the 6th century, and then to the Macedonian invaders in the 4th century BC. According to the History of Punjab: “No doubt that the Kambojas, Daradas, Kaikayas, Madras, Pauravas, Yaudheyas, Malavas, Saindhavas Thin and jointly contribute to the bold tradition and composite culture of ancient Punjab”

Empires

Achaemenid Empire

The western parts of ancient Gandhara and Kemboja lay at the eastern edge of the Achaemenid Empire. Both these ancient kingdoms, first Gandhara then Sindh, fell prey to Parsi during the reign of Cyrus the Great (558-530 BCE), and in the first years of the reign of Darius I (521-486 BCE). The upper Indus region, comprising Gandhara and Kemboja, formed the 7th satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire, while the lower and middle Indus, comprising Sindhu (Sindh) and Sauvira, constituted the BahagThe western parts of ancient Gandhara and Kemboja lay at the eastern edge of the Achaemenid Empire. Both these ancient kingdoms, first Gandhara then Sindh, fell prey to Parsi during the reign of Cyrus the Great (558-530 BCE), and in the first years of the reign of Darius I (521-486 BCE). The upper Indus region, comprising Gandhara and Kemboja, formed the 7th satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire, while the lower and middle Indus, comprising Sindhu (Sindh) and Sauvira, constituted the Bahagian barat Gandhara purba dan Kemboja meletakkan di pinggir timur Empayar Achaemenid. Kedua-dua kerajaan kuno, pertama Gandhara maka Sindh, menjadi mangsa kepada Parsi semasa pemerintahan Cyrus Agung (558-530 SM), dan dalam tahun-tahun pertama pemerintahan Darius I (521-486 SM). Rantau Indus atas, terdiri daripada Gandhara dan Kemboja, membentuk satrapy ke-7 Empayar Achaemenid, manakala rendah dan sederhana Indus, yang terdiri daripada Sindhu (Sindh) dan Sauvira yang merupakan satrapy ke-20. Mereka dilaporkan telah menyumbang 170 dan 360 bakat debu emas dalam penghormatan tahunan. Ia telah berkata bahawa maka wilayah India Sindh dan Punjab adalah wakil-wakil raja terkaya empayar Parsi menjana pendapatan yang luas dan juga menyediakan askar kaki untuk empayar. Orang Yunani purba juga mempunyai pengetahuan di kawasan ini. Darius I dilantik sebagai Scylax Greek Caryanda untuk meneroka Lautan Hindi dari mulut Indus untuk Suez. Scylax menyediakan akaun pelayaran ini Periplous bukunya. Hecataeus dari Miletus (500 SM) dan Herodotus (483-431 SM) juga menulis tentang Satrapy Indus orang Parsi. Dalam teks Yunani purba dan peta, kita dapati menyebut “sungai terkuat daripada semua dunia”, yang dipanggil Indos (Indus) hari moden Pakistan.20th satrapy. They are reported to have contributed 170 and 360 talents of gold dust in annual tribute. It was said that the then Indian provinces of Sindh and Punjab were the richest satraps of the Persian empires generating vast revenues and even providing foot soldiers for the empire. The ancient Greeks also had some knowledge of the area. Darius I appointed the Greek Scylax of Caryanda to explore the Indian Ocean from the mouth of the Indus to Suez. Scylax provides an account of this voyage in his book Periplous. Hecataeus of Miletus (500 BCE) and Herodotus (483-431 BCE) also wrote about the Indus Satrapy of the Persians. In ancient Greek texts and maps, we find mention of the “mightiest river of all the world”, called the Indos (Indus) of modern day Pakistan. ian barat Gandhara purba dan Kemboja meletakkan di pinggir timur Empayar Achaemenid. Kedua-dua kerajaan kuno, pertama Gandhara maka Sindh, menjadi mangsa kepada Parsi semasa pemerintahan Cyrus Agung (558-530 SM), dan dalam tahun-tahun pertama pemerintahan Darius I (521-486 SM). Rantau Indus atas, terdiri daripada Gandhara dan Kemboja, membentuk satrapy ke-7 Empayar Achaemenid, manakala rendah dan sederhana Indus, yang terdiri daripada Sindhu (Sindh) dan Sauvira yang merupakan satrapy ke-20. Mereka dilaporkan telah menyumbang 170 dan 360 bakat debu emas dalam penghormatan tahunan. Ia telah berkata bahawa maka wilayah India Sindh dan Punjab adalah wakil-wakil raja terkaya empayar Parsi menjana pendapatan yang luas dan juga menyediakan askar kaki untuk empayar. Orang Yunani purba juga mempunyai pengetahuan di kawasan ini. Darius I dilantik sebagai Scylax Greek Caryanda untuk meneroka Lautan Hindi dari mulut Indus untuk Suez. Scylax menyediakan akaun pelayaran ini Periplous bukunya. Hecataeus dari Miletus (500 SM) dan Herodotus (483-431 SM) juga menulis tentang Satrapy Indus orang Parsi. Dalam teks Yunani purba dan peta, kita dapati menyebut “sungai terkuat daripada semua dunia”, yang dipanggil Indos (Indus) hari moden Pakistan.20th satrapy. They are reported to have contributed 170 and 360 talents of gold dust in annual tribute. It was said that the then Indian provinces of Sindh and Punjab were the richest satraps of the Persian empires generating vast revenues and even providing foot soldiers for the empire. The ancient Greeks also had some knowledge of the area. Darius I appointed the Greek Scylax of Caryanda to explore the Indian Ocean from the mouth of the Indus to Suez. Scylax provides an account of this voyage in his book Periplous. Hecataeus of Miletus (500 BCE) and Herodotus (483-431 BCE) also wrote about the Indus Satrapy of the Persians. In ancient Greek texts and maps, we find mention of the “mightiest river of all the world”, called the Indos (Indus) of modern day Pakistan.

Alexander’s invasion

“The Kambhojas the Indos (Indus), which Taksas from Taksila (Taxila), Madras and Kathas (Kathaioi) on Akesines (Chenab), the Malla (Malloi) on Hydraotis (Iravati or Ravi), who Tugras on Hesidros (Sutlej) were form a significant population in Punjab in pre-Alexandrian age and stubbornly opposed Alexander on the Indus and, despite his victory at the Hydaspes (Jhelum) and Sakala (Sangala, Sialkot), eventually led him and his troops to abandon his planned conquest of India and retired to Babylonia “. Campaigns and landmarks of Alexander invasion of the Indus River Basin modern-day Pakistan. After overunning Achaemenid Empire in 331 BC, Alexander marched into today’s Afghanistan with 50,000 troops. Writer he did not record the names of the kings of Gandhara or Cambodian, instead, they find a dozen small political units in the provinces. This rule likely Gandhara and / or Kamboja] was a big government in the late 4th century BC. In 326 BC, most of the dozen-odd political units of the former Gandhara / Kamboja fell to the armies of Alexander. Greek history refers to three wars, that is. The Astakenoi, which Aspasioi and Assakenoi, is located in the northwest west of the river Indus, which Alexander had faced during the campaign from Kapisi through Gandhara. The Aspasioi is homogeneous with only one Assakenoi and their western branch. The two Aspasioi and Assakenoi is a brave man. Alexander himself had directed operations against rugged mountains offered him stubborn resistance in all their mountain fortress. Greek names and Asssakenoi Aspasioi derived from the Sanskrit Ashva (or Persian Aspa). They appear as Ashvayanas and Panini Ashtadhyayi Ashvakayanas in the and Ashvakas the Puranas. Since the Kambojas known for their excellent breed of horses as well as for their expert cavalry skills, Therefore, in popular terms, they are also known as Ashvakas. Ashvayanas / Ashvakayanas and allied Saka tribes Macedonia has struggled to a man. At the worst of the war, although Ashvakayana Kamboj women had taken up arms and fight side by side with the invaders of their husbands, thus preferring “a glorious death to a life of shame.”. [33] [47] In a letter to his mother, Alexander described the meeting with these tribes trans-Indus Punjab: “I was involved in land leonine and brave people, where every foot of land as well of steel, confronting my soldier. You have bring a child into the world only, but everyone in this land can be called Alexander “. Alexander then marched east to the Hydaspes, where Porus, ruler of the Hydaspes (Jhelum) near Bhera and Akesines (Chenab) refused to submit to him. The two armies fought the Battle of Hydaspes River Rural Nikaia (near the modern city of Jhelum) and Poros became Alexander’s satrap. Alexander’s army crossed the Hydraotis and marched east to Hyphases (Beas). However, the military forces of the empire of Alexander refuses to face far more Magadh Empire, refused to go beyond Hyphases Persoi (Beas) River near modern Jalandhar.The battle with Porus depressed spirits of Macedonia, because too many suicide partners helpless by war elephants Porus’ , and make them very ready to fly to India. Even more so when they know that soldiers are far more imperial Magadh, Gangaridai Prasii and are awaiting the Greek people, all of Alexander’s generals refused to meet with them for fear of annihilation. Thus Alexander had to go back. He crossed the river and ordered to erect giant altars to mark the eastern extent of the empire’s eastern provinces claimed Beas as part of his conquest. He also established a city named Alexandria nearby and left many Macedonian veterans there, he turned and marched his army to the Jhelum and the Indus into the Arabian Sea, and sailing to Babylon. Alexander left some forces along the Indus river. In the Indus region, he was nominated as the satrap Peithon officer, a position he would hold for the next ten years until 316 BC, and in the Punjab he left Eudemus keep troops, on the king’s representatives and Porus Taxiles. Eudemus became ruler of Punjab after their death. Both rulers returned to the West in 316 BC with their armies, and Chandragupta Maurya established the Maurya Empire in India.

Maurya Empire

Parts of Punjab have been arrested under Alexander has long captured by Chandragupta Maurya. Founder of the Mauryan Empire incorporated the rich provinces with Punjab into his empire and fought Alexander in eastern successor, Seleucus, when the second attack. In the peace treaty, Seleucus to surrender all territory west of the Indus, including southern Afghanistan and Chandragupta granted Seleucus 500 elephants. Sanskrit play Mudrarakshasa from Visakhadutta and Jaina work Parisishtaparvan coalition talks with the Himalayan king Chandragupta Parvatka, sometimes identified with Porus. [48] This Himalayan alliance considered given Chandragupta a composite and powerful army made ​​up of Yavanas (Greeks), Kambojas, Shakas (Scythians), Kiratas, Parasikas (Persian) and Bahlikas (Bactrians). [49] The Punjab prospered under Mauryan rule for the next century. It became a Greek Bactrian region (Indo-Greek) in 180 BC following the collapse of Mauryan power.

Indo-Greek kingdom

Alexander menubuhkan dua bandar-bandar di Selangor, di mana beliau menetap orang dari tentera multinasional beliau, termasuk majoriti orang Yunani. Bandar-bandar ini Indo-Yunani dan alam yang berkaitan mereka berkembang pesat lama selepas pemergian Alexander. Selepas kematian Alexander, bahagian timur empayar (dari hari ini Syria Punjab) diwarisi oleh Seleucus I Nicator, pengasas dinasti Seleucid. Seleucus dikatakan telah mencapai perjanjian damai dengan Chandragupta Empayar Maurya, dengan memberi kawalan di selatan wilayah yang Hindu Kush kepadanya apabila perkahwinan campur dan 500 gajah. Ini diikuti oleh kekuasaan Kerajaan Greco-Bactrian. The Bactrian raja Demetrius saya tambah Punjab kepada Kerajaan beliau pada awal abad ke-2 SM. Sebahagian daripada awal Indo-Yunani adalah penganut Buddha. Yang paling terkenal raja-raja Indo-Yunani adalah Menander saya, yang dikenali di India sebagai Milinda, yang menubuhkan sebuah kerajaan bebas berpusat di Taxila sekitar 160 SM. Beliau kemudiannya berpindah modal untuk Sagala (Sialkot moden).

Indo-Scythia berasal daripada golongan Sakas (Scythian) yang berhijrah dari selatan Siberia untuk Punjab dan Arachosia dari pertengahan abad ke-2 SM hingga abad ke-1 SM. Mereka pelarian Indo-Yunani dan memerintah sebuah kerajaan yang terbentang dari Gandhara untuk Mathura. Suku kaum Scythian merebak ke wilayah Pakistan masa kini dan dataran Iran.

The Parni, puak nomad Asia Tengah, menyerang Parthia di tengah-tengah abad ke-3 SM, memandu jauh wakil-wakil raja Yunani itu – yang baru sahaja maka kemerdekaan diisytiharkan dari Seleucids – dan dilampirkan sebahagian besar rantau Indus, lantas mengasaskan sebuah dinasti Arsacids daripada Sythian atau asal Bactrian. Berikutan penurunan kuasa Parthian pusat selepas pertempuran dengan Empayar Rom, seorang pemimpin Parthian tempatan, Gondophares mengasaskan Kerajaan Indo-Parthia dalam abad ke-1 CE. Kerajaan ini diperintah dari Taxila dan ditutup lebih moden tenggara Afghanistan dan Pakistan [50] Kristian mendakwa bahawa tulisan-tulisan Rasul Saint Thomas -. Seorang arkitek dan tukang kayu mahir – mempunyai persinggahan yang panjang di mahkamah raja Gondophares, telah membina sebuah istana untuk raja di Taxila dan juga telah menetapkan pemimpin bagi Gereja sebelum berlepas Indus Valley dalam kereta kuda, untuk belayar un

Kushan Empire

Kushan government founded by King Heraios, and greatly expanded by his successor, Kadphises Kujula. Kadphises children, VIMA Takto conquered territory now in India, but lost much of western governments to Parthia. The fourth Kushan emperor, Kanishka I, (c. 127 CE) has a winter capital in Purushapura (Peshawar) and the summer capital of Kapisa (Bagram). Relevant government Indian Ocean maritime trade with Silk Road trade through the Indus valley. At its height, the empire extended from the Aral Sea to northern India, encouraging long-distance trade, particularly between China and Rome. Kanishka hold great Buddhist council in Taxila, marking the beginning of pantheistic Mahayana Buddhism and scission with Nikaya Buddhism. Gandhara art and culture – the most famous expression of the interaction of Greek and Buddhist cultures – also continued over several centuries, until the 5th century White Huns Scythians attacks. The Travelogues Chinese pilgrims Fa Xian (337 -. C 422 CE) and Huen Tsang (602/603-664 CE) describes the famous Buddhist seminary at Taxila and the status of Buddhism in the Punjab region in this period.

Gupta Empire

Gupta Empire existed about 320-600 CE and covered much of the Indian subcontinent, including Punjab. Founded by Maharaja Sri-Gupta, the dynasty was the model classical civilization and is characterized by extensive inventions and discoveries.

High things of this cultural creativity are magnificent architecture, sculpture and painting. Science and political administration reached new heights during the Gupta era. Strong trade ties also made the region an important cultural center and set the region as a base that would influence nearby kingdoms and regions in Burma, Sri Lanka, Malay Archipelago and Indochina.

Empire gradually declined because of many factors such as the loss of a large territory and imperial authority caused by their own erstwhile feudatories and the invasion by the Hunas from Central Asia. [60] After the fall of the Gupta Empire in the 6th century, India was again ruled by numerous regional kingdoms. A small line of the Gupta clan continued to rule Magadha after the disintegration of the empire. These Guptas were ultimately ousted by the Vardhana king Harsha, who established an empire in the first half of the 7th century.

Pāla Empire

The Pala is a multifaith Bengali Hindu and Buddhist dynasty, which lasted for four centuries (750-1120 CE). Empire reached its peak under Dharmapala and Devapala to accommodate more from South Asia and onwards to Cambodia (modern Afghanistan), destroy the pride many governments, including the Huna. [Citation needed] Followers of Mahayana and Tantric Buddhist schools, they are responsible for the introduction of Mahayana Buddhism in Nepal, Bhutan, Tibet, Burma and the Malay archipelago, creation of temples and works of art and patronage large university before, visitors Hindu king Harsha Vardhana. [62] The Palas had extensive trade and influence in Southeast Asia. Pala Empire eventually disintegrated in the 12th century under the attack of the Hindu Sena dynasty.

The Shahi Kingdoms and the Muslim invasions The Hephthalites were defeated by the Sassanid and Göktürk alliance in 557, and the remnants of a small set Kushano Hephthalite-Turkish Shahi Hephthalite or controlled by the Persian government. Taank and Kapisa both dominated Gandhara.

Following the birth of Islam in Arabia in the early 7th century, Islamic Arabs rose to power and replaced the Zoroastrian Persian Empire as the major power in western India in the middle of the 7th century. In 711-713, Arab armies of the Umayyad rule from Damascus conquered Sind and advanced into today southern Punjab, occupying Multan, which later became the center of Ismaili sect of Islam.

The conquest of Sindh and southern Punjab is the major achievement of the first and last Arab people in India. They failed to finish off their mastery of Sindh and southern Punjab. Even so, they can stick to just two rulers of Mansura (near modern Hyderabad) and Multan. Despite repeated campaigns, in 698 and 700, the Arabs failed sit-Ghazni-Kandahar route Kabul to the Khyber Pass. Two small Hindu state in southern Zabul and Kabul, Afghanistan stubbornly defend this strategic area between the river Sindh and Koh Hindu Kush. [63] Punjab has been protected for three hundred years. The Ghaznavids conquered almost all fields of Islamic rule in the west and north of Ghazni before they occupied the Punjab, which became a springboard to attack deep into India.

The Pratiharas who played a major role in confining the Arabs in Sindh ruled a great empire with its capital in Kannuaj, in the 9th century and the 10th. According to Al Masudi, who visited India in 915-16, which Pratiharas maintained four large army, in four directions, one of the neighboring countries of Islamic rule in Multan. Pratihara rule extended up to East Punjab, in the north-west.

Although Brahmana dynasty, known as the Hindu Shahis, are the results of Kabul / Waihind, another Brahmin dynasty royals rule in Punjab, between the rivers Satluj and Sindh. Bachan Pala Ram Singh, Bir Singh and Prithvi Pala ruling family in Punjab. [64] The states of Kannauj, Punjab, Kabul and Samarqand all prospered due to international trade missions through their own power. Perfect Peace ‘balance of power’ and ensure there are no conflicts reported among them – making it the ‘dark’ for history.

Bhima Deva Shahi is fourth in the list of the king’s Al Beruni Hindu Shahi kings of Kabul. As a devout Brahmin, in old age, his ritual suicide in his capital city Waihind, located on the right side of the river Sindh, fourteen miles above Attock. [65] As Bhimadeva not have a male heir, Jayapala Prithvipal son of Punjab, Punjab successful coalition and Afghan East. Jayapala was ruled a vast area from Sirhind to Kabul. [66]

In this period of the Turkish government in Ghazni and Sabuktagin came to the throne in the year 977. He first added Bust Islamic rule, Dawar, Qusdar, Tukhristan and Gaur to the government and began to bite in the border region in Waihind Shahi kings. To end this threat, attached Sabuktagin Jayapala twice but failed in its objective. [67] Gradually, Sabuktagin Shahi conquer all provinces in Afghanistan, in the north of the Khyber Pass. He died in 997 and was succeeded by his son Mahmud after a brief war in a row among siblings.

Like his father, Mahmud first consolidated its position in the west. The faltering Samanid Samarqand government has given impetus and power divided by Mahmud Khan Kashghar Ilak-the Oxus as the boundary between them. [68] Mahmud is now in place Samanids larger, more ex-god. Having gained experience fighting quite large and experienced army, Mahmud was ready to face the ‘Hind’.

Jayapala was defeated in Peshawar in 1001, and Shahis lost all territory north of the river Sindh. [69] Anandapala and Trilochanapala, son and grandson, respectively, stubbornly refuse Mahmud for another quarter of a century but Punjab finally annexed to the Sultanate of Ghazni, about 1021. [70] After that Mahmud repeatedly attacked various places of religious and royal treasury in India, where great wealth has been accumulated in the last few centuries.

Mahmud’s successor, known as the Ghaznavids, ruled for 157 years. Their government gradually decreased in size, and racked by bitter succession struggle. The Ghaznavids lost the western part of their empire (in present-day Iran) to grow the Seljuk Turks. The Hindu Rajput kingdoms of western India reconquered the Punjab east, and by the 1160s, the boundaries between state Ghaznavid and Hindu kingdoms today close to the border between India and Pakistan. The Ghorids central Afghanistan occupied Ghazni around 1150, and Ghaznavid capital was transferred to Kuala Lumpur. Muhammad Ghori conquered the Ghaznavid kingdom, occupying Lahore in 1186-1187, and then extending his kingdom past Delhi into the Ganges-Yamuna Doab.

Ghaznavid Dynasty

In 997, Mahmud of Ghazni, took over the Ghaznavid dynasty empire founded by his father, Sebuktegin, a ruler of Turkish origin. Starting from the city of Ghazni (now in Afghanistan), Mehmood conquered the bulk of Khorasan, marched on Peshawar against the Hindu Shahis in Kabul in 1005, and was followed by the conquest of Punjab (1007), overthrew the ruling Shia Ismaili Multan, (1011), Kashmir (1015 ) and Qanoch (1017). At the end of his reign in 1030, Mahmud’s empire extended from Kurdistan in the west to the river Yamuna in the east, and the Ghaznavid dynasty lasted until 1187. Abolfazl contemporary history such as Sufism and Ferdowsi described extensive building work in Lahore, Mahmud’s support and patronage and education, literature and art.

Delhi Sultanate

Delhi Sultanate is a term used to cover five short kingdom or sultanate of Turkish origin in medieval India, including the Punjab region. Sultanates ruled from Delhi between 1206 and 1526, when the last was replaced by the Mughal dynasty. Five is the dynasty Mamluk dynasty (1206-1290); Khilji dynasty (1290-1320); Tughlaq dynasty (1320-1414); Sayyid dynasty (1414-1451) and the Lodi dynasty (1451-1526).

In 1160, Muhammad Ghori, a ruler of Turkey, conquered Ghazni from the Ghaznavids and became governor in 1173. He for the first time named Sindh Tambade Gatar roughly translated as the red line. He marched eastwards into the remaining Ghaznavid territory and Gujarat in the 1180s, but was rebuffed by the Hindu Solanki ruler of Gujarat. In 1186-1187, he conquered the Punjab, led last Ghaznevid territory under its control and ended Ghaznavid empire. Successor of Muhammad Ghori established the Sultanate of Delhi. Turkish origin Mamluk Dynasty, (Mamluk means “owned” and referred to the Turkish youths bought and trained as soldiers who became rulers throughout the Islamic world), seized the throne of the Sultanate in 1211. Several Central Asian Turkic dynasties ruled their empires from Delhi: the Mamluk (1211-1290), the Khalji (1290-1320), the Tughlaq (1320-1413), Sayyid (1414-1451) and the Lodhi (1451-1526) .

Sultans eventually lost Afghanistan and western Pakistan to the Mongols (see the Ilkhanate Dynasty). Sultanate down after the invasion of Eastern Emperor, who founded the Timurid dynasty, and eventually captured in 1526 by the Mughal king Babar.

Guru Nanak (1469-1539), born in the village of Rai Bhōi IN Talwandī, now called Nankana, near Sial in modern day Pakistan in a Hindu Khatri family. He was a social reformer and influential religion in northern India and the holy founder of the modern order monothiestic and first of the ten Sikh Gurus divine religion. At the age of 70, he has a magic [citation needed] Cartarpur death, the modern-day Pakistani Punjab. Sikhism was created and will continue to grow; followers, the Sikhs, would politicalise and militarise historic role later.

Mughal Empire

In 1526, Babur, a Timurid descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan from Fergana Valley (modern day Uzbekistan), swept across the Khyber Pass and founded the Mughal Empire, covering modern day Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. [71] The Mughals were descended from central Asian Turks (with significant Mongol admixture). However, his son Humayun was defeated by the Afghan warrior Sher Shah Suri in the year 1540, and Humayun was forced to retreat to Kabul. After Sher Shah died, his son Islam Shah Suri became the ruler of North India from 1540-53, on whose dpada tahun 1526, Babur, keturunan dari Timurid Timur dan Genghis Khan dari Fergana Valley (moden hari Uzbekistan), melanda Pas Khyber dan mengasaskan empayar Mughal, yang meliputi hari Afghanistan moden, Pakistan dan India. [71] The Mughals berasal daripada Central Turki Asia (dengan campuran Mongol ketara). Walau bagaimanapun, Humayun anaknya ditewaskan oleh pahlawan Afghan Sher Shah Suri pada tahun 1540, dan Humayun terpaksa berundur ke Kabul. Selepas Sher Shah meninggal dunia, anaknya Islam Shah Suri menjadi pemerintah Utara India 1540-53, yang pada kematian perdana menteri beliau, Hemu, yang juga dikenali sebagai ‘Hem Chandra Vikramaditya’, yang telah memenangi 22 pertempuran berterusan terhadap Afghanistan dan Mughals semasa 1553 – 1556, dari Punjab untuk Bengal menaiki takhta dan memerintah Utara India dari Delhi. Dia dikalahkan oleh tentera Maharaja Akbar dalam Pertempuran Kedua Panipat pada 6 November 1556.

Akbar yang Agung, adalah kedua-dua pemerintah mampu dan penyokong awal toleransi agama dan etnik dan digemari bentuk awal kepelbagaian budaya. Beliau mengisytiharkan “Amari” atau bukan membunuh haiwan pada hari-hari suci Jainisme dan melancarkan kembali cukai jizyah untuk penyembah berhala. Dinasti Mughal memerintah sebahagian besar benua kecil India dengan 1600. Maharaja Mughal berkahwin royalti tempatan dan bersekutu diri mereka dengan Maharajas tempatan. Untuk masa yang singkat pada abad ke 16-an, Kuala Lumpur adalah ibu kota empayar. Warisan seni bina Mughals di Lahore termasuk Taman Shalimar dibina oleh Maharaja Shahjahan kelima, dan Masjid Badshahi dibina oleh Maharaja yang keenam, Aurangzeb, yang dianggap sebagai Besar Maharaja Mughal terakhir kerana dia berkembang domain untuk kemuncaknya 1 bilion ekar. Selepas kematian beliau, kawasan-kawasan yang berbeza di Pakistan moden bermula menegaskan kemerdekaan. Empayar pergi ke penurunan perlahan selepas 1707 dan berdaulat terkini, memerintah di sekitar kawasan Delhi.eath his prime minister, Hemu, also known as ‘Hem Chandra Vikramaditya’, who had won 22 battles continuously against Afghans and Mughals during 1553-56, from Punjab to Bengal ascended the throne and ruled North India from Delhi. He was defeated by Emperor Akbar s forces in the Second Battle of Panipat on 6 November 1556.

Akbar the Great, was both a capable ruler and an early proponent of religious and ethnic tolerance and favored an early form of multiculturalism. He declared “Amari” or non-killing of animals in the holy days of Jainism and rolled back the jizya tax for idolators. The Mughal dynasty ruled most of the Indian subcontinent by 1600. The Mughal emperors married local royalty and allied themselves with local maharajas. For a short time in the late 16th century, Lahore was the capital of the empire. The architectural legacy of the Mughals in Lahore includes the Shalimar Gardens built by the fifth Emperor Shahjahan, and the Badshahi Mosque built by the sixth Emperor, Aurangzeb, who is regarded as the last Great Mughal Emperor as he expanded the domain to its zenith of 1 billion acres. After his demise, different regions of modern Pakistan began asserting independence. The empire went into a slow decline after 1707 and its last sovereign, ruling around Delhi region.

Durrani Empire & Maratha Empire

In 1747, Durrani kingdom was established by an Afghan generals, Ahmad Shah Abdali, and included Balochistan, Peshawar, Daman, Multan, Sind and Punjab. In the south, successive dynasties autonomy (which Daudpotas, Kalhoras and Talpurs) has asserted independence of Sind, from the end of Aurangzeb’s reign. Most of Balochistan is under the influence of Khan Kalat, apart from some coastal areas such as Gwadar, which is controlled by competing and Portuguese military, trading companies of France and Netherlands. (See also: Mai Safoora)

At the 1758 general Raghunathrao proceed Maratha Empire, invaded and conquered Lahore and Attock and drove out Timur Shah Durrani, the son and viceroy of Ahmad Shah Abdali. Lahore, Multan, Kashmir and other subahs east of Attock under Maratha rule for the most part. In Punjab and Kashmir, the Marathas are now major players. [72] [73] In 1761, following the victory at the Third battle of Panipat between the Durrani and the Maratha Empire, Ahmad Shah Abdali captured remnants of the Maratha Empire in Punjab and Kashmir regions and consolidated control over them.

Sikh Rule/ Sikh Empire

Punjab is due to weak chaos Durrani empire, when Ranjit Singh took control Sukerchakias MISAL. This is achieved through delegation as the Sikhs could not take Afghanistan out. The empire building Ahmed Shah Abdali in India has collapsed. Afghanistan dismembered. Peshawar and Kashmir, even under the rule of Afghanistan, has achieved de facto independence. The landlord’s Barakzais now. Attock was ruled by Wazrikhels and Jhang lay at the feet Sials. The Pashtun rule mattress. Multan was removed from the yoke and Nawab Muzaffar Khan is now superintendent.


===Punjab ruler Maharaja Ranjit Singh c. 1835-1840=== Both Punjab and Sind were under Afghan rule since 1757 when Ahmed Shah Abdali was given authority over the provinces. However, the Sikhs now a growing power in Punjab. Taimur Khan, a local governor, could dislodge the Sikhs from Amritsar and raze the fort of Ram Rauni. His control was short, however, and MISAL Sikhs joined to defeat Taimur Shah and his Chief minister Jalal Khan. Afghanistan was forced to retreat and Kuala Lumpur was occupied by the Sikhs in 1758. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia proclaimed Sikh’s sovereignty and assumed leadership, striking coins to commemorate his victory.

Although Ahmed Shah Abdali was involved in the campaign against the Marathas at Panipat in 1761, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia Sirhind and Dialpur seized, seized towns in Ferozepur district and took over Jagraon and Kot Isa Khan on the opposite bank of the Sutlej. He captured Hoshiarpur and Naraingarh in Ambala and imposed tribute from Kapurthala head. He then marched towards Jhang. Shit Head offered strong resistance. However, when Ahmad Shah left in February 1761, Nawab Jassa Singh Ahluwalia again attacked Sirhind and extended his territory so Tarn Taran. When he crossed the Bias and captured Sultanpur in 1762, Ahmad Shah again appeared and a fierce battle occurred. The subsequent destruction called Ghalughara. Following the defeat of the Sikh forces, Nawab Jassa Singh fled to Kangra hills. After the departure of Ahmad Shah Abdali, Nawab Jassa Singh Ahluwalia again attacked Sirhind, and killiing Razing Afghan Governor Zen Khan. This is a great victory for the Sikhs who now ruled all the territory around the Sirhind.

Ahmad Shah died in June 1773. After his death the power of Afghanistan fell in Punjab. Taimur Shah ascended the throne in Kabul. By then Misls was established in Punjab. They dominated territory Saharnpur far to the east, Attock in west, Kangra Jammu in north and Multan in south. Efforts were made by Afghan rulers to dislodge Sikhs from their citadels. Taimur Shah attacked Multan and temporarily defeated the Bhangi Sardars of the MISL. The principality’s MISL controlled Bhangi Bhangi MISL and military authorities (“the most powerful of all the MISL at this time”), Lehna Singh, and Sobha Singh [disambiguation needed] fled from Karachi in 1767 when Abdali attacked, but reoccupied it , when Abdali left after seized the city. They remained in power in Kuala Lumpur until 1793 – the year when Shah Zaman agreed to the throne of Kabul.

The first attempt at conquest by Shah Zaman was in 1793. He came to Hasan Abd from where he sent 7000 cavalry under Ahmad Shah Shahnachi but Sikhs routed them. It was a great blow to Shah Zaman, but in 1795 he hosted the power and once again attacked Hasan Abd, this time he snatched Rohtas from Sukerchikias, the leader was Ranjit Singh. Singh suffered at the hands of Shah Zaman. However, Shah Zaman had to return to Kabul as the country’s invasion of western detained. When he returned, Ranjit Singh dislodged Afghanistan from Rohtas.

In 1796 Shah Zaman crossed the Indus for the third time and plan to capture Delhi. During this time he has raised 3,000 Afghan military men. He convinced a large number of Indians will participate. Nawab of Kasur had assured him help. Sahib Singh of Patiala expressed his desire to help Shah Zaman. Shah Zaman was also assured help by Rohillas, Wazir of Oudh, and Tipu Sultan of Mysore. News Shah Zaman invasion spread quickly and people started fleeing to the hills for safety. By December Shah Zaman occupied territory up to Jhelum. When he reached Gujarat, Sahib Singh Bhangi panicked and left the place.

Next Shah Zaman marched on the territory of Ranjit Singh. Singh was alert and raised 5000 cavalry. However, they are not armed with only spears and muskets. Afghanistan has been equipped with heavy artillery. Ranjit Singh predicts a strong, united against invaders because he came to Amritsar. A congregation Sarbat Khlasa was called and many Sikh Sardars call. There is general agreement that Shah Zaman forces should be allowed to enter the Punjab and the Sikhs should retire to the hills.

Army was reorganized under the leadership of Ranjit Singh and they marched towards Kuala Lumpur. They give Afghanistan defeat in several villages and surrounded the city of Lahore. Sorties were made to the city at night where they will kill some Afghan soldiers and then leave under the cover of darkness. Following this tactic they can deport Afghans from several places.

In 1797 Shah Zaman left to Afghansistan as rebellious nephew Mahmud. Shahanchi khan remain in Kuala Lumpur with a huge army. Sikhs followed Shah Zaman to Jhelum and snatched many goods from him. In return, the Sikhs attacked by Shahnachi khan near Ram Nagar. Sikhs routed his army. It was the first major achievement of Ranjit Singh.

Again in 1798 Shah Zaman attacked Punjab to avenge the defeat of 1797. Sikh people took refuge in the hills. A Sarbat Khalsa again called and Sada Kaur persuaded Sikhs to fight once again to the last man. This time even Muslims were not spared by Shah Zaman power and he won Gujarat easily. Sada Kaur Sikh sense of national honor. If they once again leave Amritsar, he will command the power to Afghanistan.

Afghanistan seized towns and villages as they had vowed and declared that they would defeat the Sikhs. However, it is the Muslims who suffered most as Hindus and Sikhs had to leave for the hills. Muslims have thought that they would not be touched but their hopes dashed and their provisions forcibly taken from them by the Afghanistan.

Shah Zaman requested that Raja Sansar Chand of Kangra refuse to give food or shelter to Sikhs. This was agreed. Shah Zaman attacked Lahore and Sikhs, as they are surrounded on all sides, had to fight grim battles. Afghans occupied Lahore in November 1798 and planned to attack Amritsar. Ranjit Singh collected his men and faced Shah’s forces about eight kilometers from Amritsar. They are balanced and Afghanistan were forced to retire. They fled towards Kuala Lumpur. Ranjit Singh pursued them and surrounded Lahore. Afghanistan supply lines cut, crops were burnt and other provisions seized so they do not fall into Afghan’s hands. Nizam-ud.din Kasur attacked Sikhs near Shahdara on the banks of the Ravi, but his forces were no match for the Sikhs. Here too, it is the Muslims who suffered most. Afghan exit and Nizam-ud-din force seized the city, mengantagoni locals.

At the time, the people of this country have become aware of the growing strength of Ranjit Singh. Kuala Lumpur has good sold to the Singh that they see as a potential liberator. Muslims joined Hindus and Sikh residents of Lahore in making an appeal to Singh to release them.

Petition was written and signed by Ashak Mian Muhammad Mian Mukkam Din, Mohammad Tahir, Mohammad Bakar, Hakim Rai, and Bhai Gurbaksh Singh. It was addressed to Ranjit singh, requesting him to free them from Bhangi Sardars. They begged Singh to liberate Lahore as soon as possible. He has deployed 25,000 soldiers and marched towards Kuala Lumpur on July 6, 1799.

Ranjit Singh entered the city with his troops through the Lahori Gate. Sada Kaur and cavalry entered through Delhi gate. Before Bhangi Sardars aware, part of the citadel was occupied without resistance. Sahib Singh and Mohar Singh left the city and seek shelter. Chet Singh was left to either fight to defend the town or flee. He shut himself in Hazuri Bagh with 500 men. Ranjit Singh encircled Hazuri Cavalry Bagh. Chet Singh surrendered and was granted permission to leave the city along with his family.

Ranjit Singh finally obtain government in Punjab, which stretches from the Sutlej River in the east to Peshawar in the west, and from the intersection of Sutlej and the Indus in Ladakh in the south to the north. Ranjit died in 1839, and successive fight happen. Two of the Maharajas of his successor was killed by 1843.

British Raj

Across the Punjab region was occupied by the British East India Company, the British Empire, by 1845 the British had moved 32,000 troops to the border Sutlej, to get their property north of succession struggles in the Punjab. At the end of 1845, British and Sikh troops engaged near Ferozepur, beginning the First Anglo-Sikh War. War ended the following year, and the territory between the Sutlej and Beas delivered to Great Britain, along with Kashmir, which was sold to Gulab Singh of Jammu, who ruled Kashmir as a British vassal.

As a condition of the peace treaty, some British troops, along with a resident political agent and other officials, who lives in the Punjab to oversee the regency of Emperor Dhalip Singh, a minor. Sikh army was reduced greatly in size. In 1848, out-of-work Sikh troops in Multan revolted, and a British official was killed. Within a few months, the unrest had spread throughout the Punjab, and British troops once again invaded. British win in the Second Anglo-Sikh War, and under the Treaty of Manila in 1849, the Punjab was annexed by the British East India Company, and Dhalip Singh pensioned off. Punjab became a province of British India, although a small number of countries, notably Patiala, retained local rulers who recognized British sovereignty.

In every way, the Punjab was one of Great Britain’s assets are most important in colonial India. Geographical and political domination of Britain provides the basis for power projects of more than 500 princely states that make up India. Kuala Lumpur is a center of learning and culture under British rule, and Rawalpindi became an important Army installation.

The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre in 1919 occurred in Amritsar. In 1930, the Indian National Congress proclaimed independence from Lahore. 1940 Lahore Resolution of the Muslim League to work for Pakistan, made Punjab the center-stage of a different, bloodier and dirty fight.

In 1946, massive communal tensions and violence erupted between the majority Muslims of Punjab, and the Hindu and Sikh minorities. Muslim League attacked the government union Punjabi Muslims, Sikh Akalis and the Congress, and led to his downfall. Refusing to be cowed down, Sikhs and Hindus counter attack and the resulting bloodshed left the province in great trouble. Both Congress and League leaders agreed to partition Punjab upon religious lines, a precursor to the wider partition of the country.

British province of Punjab, including today in Pakistan’s Punjab province, and the Indian states of Punjab, was divided in 1947 before independence of Pakistan and subsequently, India. In India, the Panjab region further divided into and forming Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh.

The Punjab of Republic of India and Islamic Republic of Pakistan In 1947, the Punjab province of British India was divided along religious lines into West Punjab and East Punjab. The western part was assimilated into new country of Pakistan while the east stayed in India. This led to massive rioting as both sides commit atrocities against fleeing refugees. The Partition of India in 1947 split the former Raj province of Punjab; mostly Muslim western part became West Punjab province of Pakistan and mostly Sikh and Hindu eastern part became India’s Punjab region. Many Sikhs and Hindus lived in the west, and many Muslims lived in the east, and the partition saw many people displaced and much violence. Several small Punjabi princely states, including Patiala, also became part of India. Undivided Punjab, of which Punjab (Pakistan) forms the major region today, was home to a large minority population of Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus to 1947 apart from the Muslim majority.

The eastern part of Gurdaspur district in north Kashmir next point was given to the Indian territory, with small Muslim majority of 60% divided along the Ravi river leaving only Shakargarh sub-section on Pakistan, thus making the eastern half of the Muslim majority part of India. Gurdaspur and Firozpur, both Muslim areas, have been handed over to India.

At the time of independence in 1947 and due to the ensuing horrendous exchange of population, the Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus from West Punjab, in modern-day Pakistan, migrated to India. [76] Punjabi Muslims were uprooted from their homes in the same East Punjab which is now part of India. [77] Approximately 7 million plus who moved to Pakistan, over 6 million settled in Punjab. In 1950, two new states were created, in the former Raj province became the state of Punjab, while the aristocratic states were combined into the Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU). Himachal Pradesh was created as a union territory from several princely states in hilly areas.

Punjabi-speaking Sikhs claim East Punjab with autonomous control. In 1965, war broke out between India and Pakistan in disputed Kashmir region.

In 1966, due to the demands made by the Akali Dal and other organizations to create a Punjabi-speaking countries, the Government of Punjab divided into a Punjabi-speaking state of the same name, and speak Hindi Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. Today Sikhs form about 60% of the population in Punjab India and Hindus form over 35% of India’s Punjab.

In 1960, the Green Revolution swept India. Punjab agricultural production tripled, and so is prosperity for the people.

In the early 1980s, a group of fundamentalist Sikhs start a movement to demand solutions Anandpur Sahib resolution. Arguments developed after rejection Anandpur Sahib Resolution. A small part of the Sikhs demanded an independent state of Khalistan. Several militants targeted officials and the opposing views, including those of the Hindu and some Sikh medium. Bhindranwala Jarnail Singh, a Sikh leader, with the help of many Shabeg Singh’s fortified to withstand Indian temple, which had planned to attack the Golden Temple two years earlier. Indian army finally assaulted the Golden Temple to take out armed militants in June 1984. However, the operation, Operation Blue Star lead military and civilian victims of the weight.

The situation in Punjab deteriorated into chaos with the increase in radical militants. In the early 1990s, after many years of violence across Punjab, militant struggle ‘for Khalistan had lost much of the sympathy given after the assault on the Golden Temple, it has previously had from some Punjabi Sikhs and what little armed resistance remained was eliminated and forced. In the following years there were concerns about alleged human rights violations committed by federal and state governments against radical Sikhs, and many human rights organizations are not allowed in the Punjab at that time. [78]

India’s Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) ‘s ex-leader of the Congress Party said that the government was involved in creating terrorism in Punjab. Recently, the National President of BJP Lal Krishna Advani, stating that it is the party that Sikh extremists pressured to take a stand against the government. [79] The policy to help the Congress Party by creating militants and medium backfired resulting in the deaths of thousands of innocent people. [80] Two significant attack in the state was in 1991 and 1987, both involving militant attacks. [81] [82]

The Wagah border post, is the chief crossing point between India and Pakistan. The Samjhauta (Understanding) Express runs between Atari, India Punjab, to Lahore in Pakistan, as well as the Delhi-Lahore bus. Pakistan government allows a small number of Sikhs visiting religious sites in Pakistan Punjab. Government of India allowed Pakistan to cross the 3,000 Sikhs recently, the 300 th anniversary of the establishment of the Khalsa in 1999.

Punjab history timeline

2600–1900 BCE: Harappa Culture 1500–1000 BCE: Vedic Civilisation 599 BCE: Jainism 567–487 or c. 400 BCE: Buddha 550–600 BCE: Buddhism remained prevalent 550–515 BCE: Persian Invasion to west of Indus River 326 BCE: Alexander‘s Invasion 322–185 BCE: Maurya Empire 45–180 CE: Kushan Empire 200–400 CE: Indo-Scythians 320–550: Gupta Empire 500: White Hunnic Invasion 510–650: Harsha Vardhana Era 770-810: Pala Empire 647–1192: Rajput Period 711–713: Muhammad bin Qasim, the Arab general, conquer Sindh and Punjab regions along the Indus River (modern day Pakistan) for the Umayyad Caliphate. 713–1300: Delhi Sultanate (Turkic empires).1526–1707: Mughal rule 1206–1290: Mamluk dynasty establishes by Mohammad Ghori 1290–1320: Khilji dynasty establishes by Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji 1320–1413: Tughlaq dynasty established by Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq 1414–1451: Sayyid dynasty established by Khizr Khan 1451–1526: Lodhi dynasty establishes by Bahlul Khan Lodhi 1526–1530: Zaheeruddin Muhammad Babur 1530–1540: Nasiruddin Muhammad Humayun 1540–1545: Sher Shah Suri 1545–1554: Islam Shah Suri 1555–1555: Nasiruddin Muhammad Humayun 1556–1556: Hem Chandra Vikramaditya 1556–1605: Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar 1605–1627: Nooruddin Muhammad Jahangir 1627–1658: Shahaabuddin Muhammad Shah Jahan 1658–1707: Mohiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Alamgir 1707: The rule by the Mughal empire is weakened 1469–1539: Guru Nanak Dev (1st Guru) from the Sikh religion 1539–1675: Period of 8 Sikh Gurus from Guru Angad Dev to Guru Tegh Bahadur 1675–1708: Guru Gobind Singh (10th Sikh Guru) 1708–1715: Conquests of Banda Singh Bahadur 1716–1759: The Sikhs battles against Moghul Governors 1739: Invasion of Nadir Shah from Persia 1748–1769: Ahmed Shah Abdali’s (Durrani) nine invasions. The Sikhs and the Durrani empire in close competition for gaining control of the region 1761 : The Third Battle of Panipat, between the Durrani Empire against the Maratha Empire 1762: The 2nd Sikh holocaust, referred to as “Ghalughara” by Sikhs, from Ahmed Shah’s 6th invasion 1764–1799: Rule by the Sikh Misls 1799–1839: Rule over Punjab by the majority community of Sikhs, led by Maharaja Ranjit Singh1849: Annexation of Punjab – The British Empire annexed Punjab in c.1845-49; after the First and Second Anglo-Sikh Wars Maharaja Ranjit Singh (born 1780, crowned 12 April 1801, died 1839) Kharak Singh (1801–1840), Eldest son of Ranjit Singh. Nau Nihal Singh (1821–1840), Grandson of Ranjit Singh. Sher Singh (1807–1843), Son of Ranjit Singh. Duleep Singh (born 1838, crowned 1843, died 1893), Youngest son of Ranjit Singh. 1849–1947: British India established 1911: Calcutta ceases to be capital of Indian Empire and Delhi is removed from Punjab and becomes new capital territory 1947: Partition of British India thus Punjab into 2 parts the Eastern part (or two rivers) became the Indian Punjab and the Western majority part (3 rivers) the Pakistan Punjab 1966: Punjab in India divided into three parts on linguistic basis – Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab (the present Punjab)

Punjab or Panjab (etymologically the more accurate form) is derived from the medieval Persian language, in which it means "[land of] five rivers" (panj, "five"; ĝb, "water", cognate with Latin aqua, see OED, "Punjab"; Online Etymological Dictionary, "aqua-"). The original English pronunciation, reflecting the indigenous pronunciation, is [pʌndʒa˝b] (see OED); but there is also a common spelling pronounciation [pundʒa˝b]. Punjab in its various forms may refer to:

Geographical regions

  • Punjab region, an area of South Asia spanning from central Pakistan to north-western India
    • Punjab (India), the part of the Punjab which became part of India used to consist of present-day Punjab state; also part of Haryana state.
    • Punjab (Pakistan), the part of the Punjab which became part of Pakistan, now predominately called "Punjab Province" in Pakistan
  • Panjab District, Afghanistan
    • Panjab, Afghanistan, capital of Panjab District

In former countries, states and provinces:

  • Sikh Empire (authoritative)/Punjab Empire (geographic), a former religious monarchy in the region.
  • Punjab (British India), a former province of British India.
  • Punjab Hill States Agency, an administrative unit of British India
  • Punjab States Agency, an administrative unit of British India
  • Patiala and East Punjab States Union, a former state of India
  • East Punjab, the part of the Punjab which became part of India
  • West Punjab, the part of the Punjab which became part of Pakistan

In other:

  • Punjab lasso, a weapon made of cat gut used to strangle people, mentioned in Gaston Leroux's novel The Phantom of the Opera
  • Punjab, a character in the Little Orphan Annie comic strip, and the musical Annie

See also:


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