Porus
Porus or Poros (Ancient Greek:fl. 326–321 BC) was an ancient Indian king whose territory spanned the region between the Jhelum River (Hydaspes) and Chenab River (Acesines), in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent. He is only mentioned in Greek sources.
Credited to have been a legendary warrior with exceptional skills, Porus unsuccessfully fought against Alexander the Great in the Battle of the Hydaspes (326 BC). In the aftermath, an impressed Alexander not only reinstated him as his satrap but also granted him dominion over lands to the southeast extending as far as the Hyphasis (Beas). Porus reportedly died sometime between 321 and 315 BC.
The Ѕσυяαѕєησι of Megasthenes
Ancient Greek traveller and ambassador to India, Megasthenes came across Saini clan in its glory days as the ruling tribe with its capital in Mathura.
Megasthenes described this tribe as Sourasenoi and their patron deity and ancestor as Herakles:
“..This Herakles is held in special honour by the Sourasenoi, an Indian tribe, who possess two large cities, Methora and Cleisobora” Arrian, Indika, viii, Methora is Mathura ; Growse (Mathura, 3rd ed. 279) suggests Cleisbora is Krisnhapura , ‘ city of Krishna’…”
-ANNALS AND ANTIQUITIES OF RAJASTHAN, James Tod, Vol. 1, pp 36, Oxford University Press, 1920
In this article we make a well- corroborated claim that Raja Porus was a Saini. We back up this claim with a solid textual theory developed by Colonel James Tod, which well accepted within the academy. Dr. Pritam Saini, an eminent historian and literary critic of Punjab, a research fellow at Punjabi university , Patiala , a notable journalist and a life long member of prestigious academic bodies like Punjab History Conference and Indian History Congress, had concluded that Raja Porus was a Saini and was in the line of Maharaja Shoor Sen and Krishna-Balram Yadava warrior duo.
Those familiar with Dr. Pritam Saini’s works would not need a reminder that he did not have the habit of being fast and loose with his academic opinions, especially to pander to any interest group’s vanity. As such Dr. Pritam Saini’s conclusion that Raja Porus was most likely a Saini carries a force which would be hard to resist for any serious scholar of Punjabi history, but here we are going to make an exception, and for the rest of this article we are going to completely ignore him and what he said on the subject.
As per the editorial policy of this journal, quoting and citing of academics from within the community is generally eschewed, lest an unfair accusation of conflict of interest be brought up by any paranoid detractor.
Instead we are going to examine James Tod’s theory about Porus’ lineal ancestry, a theory he developed with a very strong textual grounding in his monumental work Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan.
Of claimants to the glory
A cursory search on the web would reveal a fierce competition among both Indian and Pakistani Punjabi groups to somehow prove any sort of link of their tribe to Porus. Such is the force of Porus’s legend and glory as a warrior that even Pakistani Muslim groups , who generally are not very keen on linking themselves with their Hindu past, i.e ‘jahaliya’ as per the strict interpretation of Islam, now eagerly compete for any sort of connection with this quintessential Hindu kshatriya warrior whose bravery was even celebrated by his Greek opponents and told in all parts of the then known world . Most of these claims are based on analyses which are patently ludicrous – based purely on the similarity of the name Porus with a host of tribal and caste appellations- and can be dismissed out of hand. However, there are other groups who do have some substance in making this claim.
There were no known Hindu textual sources regarding Porus indicating the tribe or ethnic group he belonged to. Therefore any group claiming ancestry from him based on family or bardic records or tribal folktales is essentially narrating an apocryphal story invented only recently.
Indians rediscovered him vaguely through ‘Shahnameh’ of Firdaus, and then more concretely through the works of ancient Greek writers who became accessible to Indians only in 19th century in the colonial era. Thus the memory of Porus was lost to Indians for good 2200 years until the translated Greek classics brought to India by colonial scholars rekindled his warrior mystique in the Indian imagination.
Since then the subject of lineal descent from Porus as applied to modern day Indian ethnic groups has been as much a polemical topic among Indian and Pakistani groups as it has been an issue of bonafide academic curiosity among the scholars and aficionados of the Indian history. As such any student of history looking for an objective theory of history on this subject must necessarily sift painstakingly through influences and presentation biases going far beyond the academy. In Col. Tod’s time, Sesodiyas of Mewar had laid claim to lineage from Porus, a claim which he dismissed based on whatever textual evidence that was available to him.
These claims have only multiplied with time. Generally speaking – and as already pointed out- these claims rest on the supposed similarity of the the name ‘Porus’ with the present day names these groups. No further need is felt to corroborate the claim with anything more substantive or at least with a theory of history that looks credible. All other extant facts and theories militating against the assertion are either not quoted or are just explained away through fuzzy footnotes. Sometimes even historians of note like Buddha Prakash and Kosambi seem to have been led astray by this red herring based on the similarity of names which might have been purely accidental or equally applicable to many other groups with competing claims. Their motivations on this issue remain unclear but it can be safely asserted that they have not attempted anything beyond a passing speculation on the issue, definitely not a formal theory with the depth of analysis found in Tod’s work.
Tod , it seems, was fully alive to the pitfalls of Indic historiography- with its intertwining with the contemporary issues of identity- even in his time and the real secret his classic study of Rajput history, albeit limited only to present day Rajasthan, has endured its magic is because he was able to sift through a host of extraneous influences clouding the whole issue using a methodological approach still considered unassailable among the community of scholars.
Raja Porus as an ancient Saini warrior Colonel James Tod had concluded that Porus was a Yadava or Yaduvanshi king and he further added that this conclusion was not based on any superficial similarity of names but based on a host of other available facts.
His view is worth a mention in this regard:
“To convince the reader I do not build upon nominal resemblance , when localities do not bear me out, he is requested to call to mind,that we have elsewhere assigned to Yadus of the Punjab the honour of furnishing the well known king named Porus; although the Puar, the usual pronunciation of Pramar, would afford a more ready solution.”
-Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, pp 283, By James Tod, Edition: 2, Published by Asian Educational Services, 2001
Tod went on further to specifically point out Shoorsaini's as the Puru tribe whose king was called Porus, the legendary Indian adversary of Alexander the Great:
“Puru became the patronymic of this branch of the Lunar race. Of this Alexander’s historians made Porus. The Suraseni of Methoras (descendants of the Soor Sen of Mathura) were all Purus, the Prasioi of Megasthenes… ”
– Annals and Antiquities of Rajast’han, James Tod, pp 36, Published by Higginbotham and co., 1873
This theory of Tod enjoys a general consensus in academic community. Dr. Ishwari Prasad, Dr. Pritam Saini et al and a number of other history scholars from Indian History Congress either have backed this theory in entirety or strongly indicated a link of his army with the Shoorsaini's of Mathura, whence Sainis , Bhatis, Meos, Brar and Siniswar Jats,etc claim descent.
Krishna or Balaram as Indian Herakles and on the banner of Porus’ Infantry More than one scholar have opined that king Porus belonged to Shoorsaini tribe also based on the fact that his vanguard soldiers carried the image of Balarama (Herakles as per Greeks) on their banners. Balarama, Krishna’s elder brother, was both the ancestor and patron deity of Shoorsaini's. Col. Tod indicated that Indian Herakles could refer to both Krishna or his brother, although the image of Herakles with club in loin cloth, as described by Greek writers, corresponds more with that of Balaram:
“How invaluable such remnants of ancient race of Harikula! How refreshing to the mind yet to discover, amidst the ruins on the Yamuna, Hercules (Baldeva, god of strength) retaining his club and lion’s hide, standing on his pedestal at Baldeo, and yet worshipped by Suraseni! This was name given to a large tract of country round Mathura, or rather round Surpura, the ancient capital founded by Surasena, the grandfather of the Indian brother-deities, Krishna and Baldeva, Apollo and Hercules. The title would apply to either ; though Baldeva has the attributes of ‘god of strength’. Both are es (lords) of the race (kula) of Hari (Hari-kul-es), of which the Greeks might have made the compound Hercules. Might not a colony after the Great War have migrated westward?”
– Annals and Antiquities of Rajast’han, James Tod, pp 36, Published by Higginbotham and co., 1873
Here quoting the commentary of Edwin Bryant would not be out of context who identified Herakles with Krishna:
“According to Arrian, Diodorus, and Strabo, described an Indian tribe called Sourasenoi, who especially worshiped Herakles in their land, and this land had two cities, Methora and Kleisobora, and a navigable river, the Jobares. As was common iin the ancient period, the Greeks sometimes described foreign gods in terms of their own divinities, and there is is a little doubt that the Sourasenoi refers to the Shurasenas, a branch of the Yadu dynasty to which Krishna belonged; Herakles to Krishna, or Hari-Krishna: Mehtora to Mathura, where Krishna was born; Kleisobora to Krishnapura, meaning the “the city of Krishna”; and the Jobares to the Yamuna, the famous river in the Krishna story. Qunitus Curtius also mentions that when Alexander the Great confronted Porus, Porus’s soldiers were carrying an image of Herakles in their vanguard.”
-Krishna: a sourcebook, pp 5, Edwin Francis Bryant, Oxford University Press US, 2007
Indian History Congress reached the same consensus (see Proceedings, pp 72, Indian History Congress, Published 1957 ). Source:-[1]
Other Names
- Purushottam
- Puru
- Poru
- Paurava
