The Sikhs of Africa: Difference between revisions

Sikhs have been migrating to East Africa since 1890's. They established themselves as a very hard working, honest, religious and skilled community. Their contribution to East Africa is phenomenal. We try to present some of the aspects of their lives, which were not beds of roses but which bore exceptional fruit and made them the most admired and rich people of this African sub continent. Some of the stuff has been taken from a book by Cynthia Salvadori, "We came in Dhows" , which tells the story of the Indians whose history and culture had remained virtually unrecorded despite their conspicuous economic importance.( Congratulations & thanks are due to her for her extensive research on the Indian Community who built East Africa with their life and blood).

THE SIKHS IN EAST AFRICA

The history of the Sikhs of East Africa begins with the Railway - though detachments of Sikh Regiments had seen service in certain parts of East Africa in previous years.

The Sikhs who were brought over from India to build the old Uganda Railways were skilled workmen - carpenters, blacksmiths and masons. They were quick to adept themselves to the specialised requirements of the Railways and many became fitters and turners and boiler-makers.

The story of the construction of the Uganda Railway is well known in history with many books written about it -'Man Eaters of Tsavo' is one of the books which narrates the genuine fear of the labourers, who gave their lives in the jungles of Kenya while building the Railways. The early settlers had to face these marauding lions that were a constant threat to their lives. It is only necessary to mention that these famous man-eating lions seem to have had a great partiality for Sikhs as their staple diet. Anyway, these stout sons of the Punjab continued to push the twin lines of steel forward, lions and leopards notwithstanding.

These early Sikhs were soon joined by their educated brothers. There was no department of the pioneering Railway without its Sikhs. A number of policemen, ranging from inspectors to constables, were also sent from India to become the vital instrument of maintaining law and order. They remained in the country for several years.

Many, but not all, of the original Sikh arrivals returned to India to be replaced and augmented by others who came of their own volition. Their skills and industry were always in great demand.

The Sikhs penetrated into every nook and corner of East Africa to erect the buildings and to build the roads; to undertake general maintenance work on the farms; to serve in the offices and to assume charge of the hospitals.

The manner in which the Sikhs increased their usefulness to Kenya is a saga of resource and initiative and perseverance.

They undertook with confidence any type of work, which required skill and industry. They became highly successful farmers. They responded magnificently to the growing needs of the country by improving and diversifying their capabilities. They became contractors and furniture makers.

BULLOCK CARTS

Long before the motoring era, they played an invaluable part, along with the other Punjabis in solving the transport problem of the country. They built and operated Indian style bullock carts.

When the motorcar and the motor-truck began to trickle in, the Sikhs converted themselves into mechanics and engineers. They began to own garages and engineering workshops. Anything that was tough and challenging attracted the Sikhs.

With every succeeding year the Sikhs adopted a steadily rising standard of living; they gave the best possible education to their children, and they invested by far the greatest proportion of their earnings within the country.

The Sikhs entered all the professions, nor did they neglect the realm of industry, their speciality being saw milling.

In the Police, the Civil Service, in the commercial establishments, the educational and medical institutions, in the factories and workshops, the Sikhs came to play a very important role indeed.

Nairobi, the capitol of Kenya boasted the majority of the Sikhs. Although the turban and the beard was the distinctive emblem of them all, they presented contrasts of every conceivable description, which of course was one of the healthiest sign of an alive and progressive community.

Among them were men of real learning and near-illiterates… though these latter were virtually extinct. They contained men of great refinement and others whose rusticity faithfully reflected their occupations.

There were, however, no acute extremes in the local Sikhs in wealth. Throughout East Africa, the Sikhs of substantial wealth were very few indeed. It was a community of the middle-income group, because instances of extreme poverty were also scarce.

During the initial 60 years or so of the last millennium, the Sikhs built nearly 40 Gurdwaras or temples in various towns of East Africa, a truly remarkable achievement. They managed a dozen 'aided' schools of which one is in Nairobi and was amongst the largest in the whole country.

These schools were open to all races; the Sikh clubs which existed in most of the major towns had throughout been important venues of inter-racial social functions and had always admitted non-Sikhs as members.

From the earliest days, the Sikhs played a very prominent part in many aspects of sport, both as players and as administrators and organisers.

Sikh women's organisations were attached to every Sikh Temple. They held their own separate congregations but they also participated in terms of complete equality with the main congregations as well.

There were several Sikh study circles, libraries, and young men's associations' also A Sikh Missionary Society, which published Sikh literature on many occasions.

The public life of Kenya had been well served by the Sikhs. They had been Members of the Legislative Council and of all the municipal councils. They had taken part in numerous other bodies and commissions and committees.

The Sikh Community of Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania was one of the largest outside India and is proud of its record.

We present some early exploits of the Sikhs in Kenya, who were subjected to lots of hard work and fear of the 'Man-Eating' lions.

Five Sikh carpenters had made a staging some eight feet high and on this had pitched their tent, where they slept in peace and, as they thought, in safety. Every night they gained access to their airy abode by means of a moveable ladder, and they took the precaution, Robinson Crusoe-like, of pulling it up into their castle imme-diately after nightfall. I had already warned these men that their perch was not nearly high enough, and told them that they would be much safer on the water-tank or in trees, until the iron huts which I was then building for their protection could be got ready. They did not wish to move, however, and Natha Singh, the leader of the party, assured me that they felt quite safe so high up; besides, was not 'Khuda' (God) all-powerful? It seems that 'Khuda' was indeed looking after them. One night, contrary to their usual custom, they carelessly left part of the ladder projecting a little way beyond the end of the staging; a hungry Man-Eater on the prowl observed this, and thinking that he could not find a meal more conveniently elsewhere, determined to try how a carpenter tasted. Calculating his spring, he leaped lightly on to the projecting ladder, which, unfortunately for him, instantly tipped up and toppled over, both falling heavily to the ground. No doubt the ladder gave him a good blow when it struck him, for he fled at once without attempting to touch the men, who, thoroughly terrified by the tearing of their tent caused by the tipping up of the ladder and believing that the lion was upon them, jumped from the staging in all directions and with terror-stricken cries raced for their lives to the nearest trees. Fortunately no one was hurt, but after this the staging was deserted for the more secure fastness of the top of a masonry pier rising out of the riverbed.

THE PORTRAIT IN MY OFFICE From interview with late Indar Singh Gill,Nairobi

I'm 90 now and I can't remember everything now, but I'll tell you what I can about my background in India and my first years in Africa. Our family had a farm in the village of Jun dali, in the Ludhiana District of the Punjab. We were farmers; Jats - all Gills were traditionally farmers; Gills are what you could call a clan of Jats. My mother died when I was just five hours old; when I was a baby I was brought up by her brother and his wife.

I was sent to the best school in the area, a school in Ludhiana run by the Arya Samaj. No, it didn't matter that the Arya Samajists are very staunch Hindus and we Jats are Sikhs; my father had good relations with the Arya Samaj people. He did not care what religion anyone belonged to; he said that the only thing important in religion is to believe in God, to be honest and to be good to people.

I completed Standard 8 in that school and then I returned to my father who had remarried. My little half-brothers were going to a private school in our village. As I had finished my schooling I used to take them to school in the mornings and collect them in the afternoon. One day the headmaster, knowing that I had learned English, asked me what I was doing. I said, "Nothing." So he gave me a job teaching in his school, with a salary of 13 rupees a month. It was a small school, built of bricks with about 100 boys. Now, at that time the British were encouraging people to come to British East Africa. Another of my uncles, my mother's brother Nahar Singh Pangli (left), took advantage of the opportunity and came in about 1915 to work as an accountant with the Railway. My uncle knew I wanted to better myself too so he arranged a permit for me to come to Kenya but told me, 'Wait until I write to you that there is an opportunity open and then come.' But I was eager and didn't want to wait.I got to know a Hindu named Saniwal, from a nearby village, who had come back on leave from Africa. I told him I wanted to go to join my uncle. It turned out that he was also working as an accountant for the Railway and he knew my uncle. So he said he would take me with him when he returned to his job. Saniwal told me to meet him at the Railway station at Ludhiana with my passport, my permit and 300 rupees (which my father loaned me). We travelled together by train to Bombay and then boarded a steamer. We travelled deck class - the fare was 65 rupees (my father gave me the money for that) which included our food. And so in 1922, when I was 20 years old, I came to Africa. We landed at Mombasa and went up to Nairobi by train. My companion took me to my uncle who was very surprised to see me. But he welcomed me and got me into the Railway School as a trainee. I lived with my uncle. As he was here with his wife and their children, three sons and a daughter, he was renting a house so there was room for me. After finishing my training I was taken on as a telegraphist @ sh 20/- a month. I was very happy that I had come, for that was much better than being a teacher earning 13 rupees. I worked for the Railway for over forty years, up until 1963. I was sent to different stations along the line in Kenya: Njoro, Molo, Muhoroni, Kibos, Kipikori, Kisumu. There were a lot of European settlers at Njoro and Mob. Lord Delamere was at Njoro. Yes, we knew each other. As I spoke English I got to know the Settlers. They'd come to me for booking wagons for transporting their produce out and bringing supplies in. We got along very well. That was a wonderful job, working with the Settlers. After four or five years I was promoted to Stationmaster grade @ sh 250/- a month. My Punjabi colleagues all called me 'Bauji' - sort of a title of respect for government officials. I saw that things were good, so when I went home on leave in 1925 I brought my wife Bachan Kaur back with me (we'd been married when we were 12, but had not been allowed to see each other again until we were 19, just before I left home). Then in 1926 I was transferred to Uganda. I began doing other business on the side I went into saw milling and had cotton ginneries. I settled in Jinja and built a fine house, which I called 'Lakeview'. The rest is well known: I became one of the three multi-millionaires of Jinja, along with Mehta and Madhvani (both of whom made their money in sugar). And then I was one of the thousands of Asians thrown out by Idi Amin in 1972.

Fortunately I had kept ties in Kenya. I'd laid the foundations stones of both the old and the new Singh Sabha temples in Nairobi, and in 1948-50 I had built Gill House, the first 5-storey building in town - a skyscraper in those days, which I rented to the colonial government for offices. So in 1972 I came back to Kenya where I had started my career as Bauji'. It was all because of my Uncle Nahar Singh that I am what I am today. I still keep his portrait in my office. Yes, though I am 90 years old I still go to the office every day.

The First Indian (Sikh) Police Inspector (Mohinder Kaur Sandhu, Nairobi) My grandfather Kapur Singh was the first Indian Inspector of Police here. He was originally from the village of Gagobuha, near Amritsar in India and he joined the police force there. First he was posted to Baluchistan, and then in 1895 he was seconded from India to work with the Kenya Police. Kapur Singh became greatly respected, not only because of his high rank in the police force but also in his community. He had the honour of laying the foundation stone of the first Sikh temple in Nairobi. Although the building, the Singh Sabha Gurdwara, has been greatly altered, the original plaque with his name is still there. He also laid the foundation stones of mosques in Nakuru, Kisumu and Mombasa. That shows not only how respected he was but also how good inter-communal relationships were in those days.

When my grandfather retired he returned to India, and eventually died there. I was born and raised here in Kenya and so I never knew him, so I can't tell you anything more about him. But my husband and I can tell you about his son Satbachan Singh who was my father.

THE OLDEST POLICE OFFICER From interviews with Mohinder K Sandhu and Bhupinder S. Sandhu, Nairobi

My grandfather Kapur Singh was already married when he came to Kenya. His wife stayed in Gagobuha, except for one brief visit here. They had three sons and a daughter. The daughter died, one son stayed in India, but two sons followed their father to Kenya and also joined the Police. One was Laxman Singh and the other was my father Satbachan Singh (left) , who Was born in 1900. In his career as a police officer my father Satbachan Singh moved around lot as he was transferred from place to place. Much of the time he was in Nairobi. In the early days Nairobi was very wild, covered with bush. When he went on his rounds he would come hack covered with ticks. Sometimes he encountered lions. He was posted up to Cherangani, and out at Tigoni too, in Settler days.

Comment by Shah Niwas Awan, Nairobi/Chicago

Satbachan Singh was not at all what one thinks of as a typical policeman. He was a very gentle man. He never raised his voice, never got angry. Around 1915/16 he got married in India to my mother Hukam Kaur and brought her out here, and she moved around with him. They had two sons and then me, their only daughter. I was born in Kisumu where my father happened to be posted then. When I was three years old he was transferred to Lamu. He was sent there especially to keep an eye out for possible infiltration of enemy agents - Germans and Italians - there. Previously, sometime in the late 20s I think, he had been posted to Voi to halt the slaughter of elephants for their ivory. My father was very fond of nature (he later became a founder of the Wildlife Society) and was angry about all the poaching. He walked miles and miles in the forests around Voi until he finally got to the source of the poaching and captured the man responsible for the entire killing and smuggling. My father tied the man to a tree and threatened to burn him unless he told where the ivory was hidden. The poacher of course told, and all the ivory was recovered. My father's boss was so pleased that he told my father, 'Pick out the best tusk as your reward for controlling the poaching'. Perhaps the reason my father was so fond of nature and the outdoors was that his family was farming in India. He bought a farm here, 400 acres of land at the foothills of the Nandi Hills near Miwani. My uncle Laxman Singh retired from the Police to run the farm and my father spent as much time as he could there. I stayed there when I was a little girl, four and five years old, before I had to go to school, the Jndian Primary School in Nairobi. Because I was the youngest I was my father's pet and I remember him taking my mother and me for walks around the farm. Most of the farm was planted with sugarcane but he also had pedigree cows of which he was very proud, and pigs. He was the first Indian to whom the Colonial Government gave a license to keep and breed pigs. He also had a fine orchard with a lot of fruit trees he imported from South Africa, including seedless oranges. He kept horses there, for he loved riding and was a very good horseman. (But he never taught me to ride.) He had a couple of horses on the farm, brown ones, and he kept one for his own use in Nairobi too. He was also good at shooting. Even when we were living in town, my father liked to be outdoors. He was very fond of picnics and every Sunday he'd take us all on an outing somewhere. He was a strict parent (it was our mother who was the soft one) and a very serious person (he always dressed very well, in jacket and trousers when not in uniform). But he also had a good sense of humour and liked to relax with his friends. He had close friends in all the communities, Hindus, Sikhs, Muslims, and Europeans too (he was a good friend of Dr. Leakey, the old Leakey who was a naturalist). He was usually very busy with his CID work all day, but in the evenings his friends would come around and visit him. Often he'd have visitors from India, especially people wanting his help in getting settled here. Once my father resigned from the police force for a day. There had been theft of money at the Norfolk hotel. Fingerprints were taken and suspicion pointed to a European woman. When my father was driving her to the police station she became terribly upset. He assured her she would not go to jail. But when she was searched, the money was found in her panties. My father let her go anyway; as he said, he'd promised her she would not go to jail, and he could not go back on his word. When the Commissioner found out he was furious. My father, knowing that according to regulations he should have charged her, submitted his resignation. The next day the Commissioner came to him and said, 'Forget your resignation. You're on duty.' My father retired in 1945/46 but then was recalled because of the Emergency. He left the management of the farm in the hands of a nephew; a son of his brother Laxman Singh. (Both his own sons were otherwise occupied: the elder, who worked in the post office, was also a police reservist, and the younger was in a special branch of the police.) Things did not go well and in 1968 he sold out and returned to Gagobuha. (My mother had passed away in 1948.) He came back for a visit in 1976. While he was here he attended the cremation of a very close friend Mistri Mangal Singh and there encountered Mitchell, the Assistant Commissioner of Police. My father asked, Do you remember me?' and Mitchell said, 'Of course. You're the oldest police officer in Kenya.'

HYPNOTIC COP From interviews with Bhupinder S Sandhu, Nairobi

In 1954 I married Mohinder Kaur, the only daughter of Satbachan Singh, and came to live in Kenya. I got to know my father-in-law very well, and found him a fascinating person for as well as being a strict police officer, Satbachan Singh was deeply interested in spiritualism. He had been greatly influenced by a man named Dunichand, one of Satbachan Singh's teachers in school here in Nairobi. Dunichand was like a guru to Satbachan Singh. Dunichand was very strict about such things as drinking and although Satbachan Singh was very fond of good food (his wife was an excellent cook), he never took a drink of alcohol in his life. Satbachan Singh developed an ability to hypnotise people. He didn't learn that from Dunichand. Maybe he had a teacher or perhaps he learned from books. (He gave me several lessons but we had to give it up because I drink, and you cannot take alcohol at all if you want to be able to hypnotise.) Although he gave one or two shows on hypnotism, Satbachan Singh didn't use his skill for fun, or for getting people to confess things in police cases. He used it only for healing people. He never advertised it in any way but people came to know of it and if someone came to him whom he thought he could help he would do what he could. I can vouch for some of his cures, for I saw them myself. I saw him hypnotise and cure an Asian lady who was so crippled she was bedridden. After his treatment she was able to walk again, with crutches. He cured another woman I know of migraine headaches. He cured one of his servants who had crippled hands. It was not easy; he would have to prepare by magnetising himself when he had a patient to treat. He would then be able to transfer his suggestions from himself to his patient through passes. Satbachan Singh could communicate with spirits. He would sometimes hypnotise a person and use that person as a medium. He said there were a few of his African sergeants he could hypnotise. Satbachan Singh was an active member of the Theosophical Society. He was also a Freemason. I think this and his hypnotism were like vents from the strain of being a high-ranking police officer.

A TOWER OF STRENGTH

From 'Cuckoo in Kenya' By WR. Foran (pp 102-6 passim)

On the morning of May 16, 1904, I duly reported for duty at Ewart's office in the small row of shanties facing the Public Gardens. I expected to be trained in the work under his personal tutelage, but such hopes were rudely shattered immediately. He posted me to the charge of the Nairobi police station, with instructions to take over my new duties at once. I was to relieve Besant Singh, the Sikh Inspector, who would serve under my command henceforth. Once more I emphasised my complete ig-norance of police work, the laws of the land, and the Swahili or Hindustani languages. This did not seem to worry Ewart. Presently I walked diffidently into Nairobi's police-station, introduced myself to the stalwart, black-bearded Besant Singh, and acknowledged the salutes of my new subordinates. The Sikh Inspector accepted being deposed with a friendly smile, which I thought did him immense credit, and seemed anxious to prove helpful to the stranger within their midst. The staff of the police station consisted entirely of Indian and African police. All the records were kept in Urdu by the Indian police-writers; and Besant Singh seemed the only man of'the staff with more than a superficial knowledge of English. The handicap confronting me made my heart sink into the pit of my stomach. I felt like a lamb among wolves. Still more agitated now than when I entered the police station, I transferred my interest to a hefty stack of police files and criminal investigation reports. Besant Singh had quietly placed them on the table, speaking in rapid and fluent Hindustani far too fluent for me to understand all he said. I glanced up sheepishly at the smiling, watchful Sikh Inspector, seeking inspiration from his non-committal face. There glowed no ray of hope for me behind those bright brown eyes and the carefully trimmed black beard. My heart slumped down into my boots. I much question if be then realized how great was the chasm of my ignorance. If be did grasp this, he was gentleman and sportsman enough to conceal the fact. I owe Besant Singh much for steering me safely through those trying days of my noviciate.

The splendid Sikh had served with the Railway Police from the very beginning of construction work on the railway, and for the past two years had been in full charge of Nairobi's police station. He was a great 'shikari', a brave man and worthy of the highest traditions of the gallant Sikh units in the Indian Army in which he served with honour before transferring to the Indian Police and then coming to British East Africa. Besant Singh had killed twenty-four lions during the advance of the railway to Nairobi, making a habit of hunting them with a .303-rifle, for which he possessed only .256 calibre ammunition. To make these cartridges fit his rifle, he wrapped them around with paper. This intrepid Sikh sportsman was a first-class shot, but there are not many who would have dared tackle lions with ammunition that did not fit the rifle. Certainly I would not. . What, at first, seemed like almost insurmountable handicaps now faded into comparative insignificance. Inspector Besant Singh was a tower of strength, often saving me from making an abject idiot of myself through over-hasty action or sheer ignorance.

WHY I FEEL SAD From interviews with Trilok Singh Nayer, Nairobi

I have been very unfortunate in my life. Why? Because I was not able to help my father. I was just too young to realise what was happening, or to be of any use. This is what happened. I have no idea what precisely prompted my father - his name was Gurdit Singh Nayer - to leave home in Lahore. Again, I was too young, too young to even think of asking things like that. I just know that like other Indians seeking to improve their economic prospects, he ventured into Africa to explore business opportunities to see whether he could make a home in this part of the world. He left in 1889. He wasn't an adventurous youth, he was a grown man of thirty-two, working for the Bank of India.

The bank was just beginning to operate in East Africa and my father agreed to go there. After travelling forty-five days by dhow, he finally reached Mombasa. He was a cashier with the Bank, travelling to remote areas, living in tents and keeping his moneybags under the bed. Ultimately he reached Nairobi. He saw the business prospects were thriving, so he left the Bank and returned to Lahore to recruit artisans such as carpenters, blacksmiths, and masons. He arrived back in Nairobi with about fifty people and his personal capital. People like Labh Singh Sagoo, Bulaka Siugh, Bhawal Mal, Bhawani Shankar and Nauhria Ram Maini who later became key figures in the Indian community, were in the same gang. Shankar became the first president of the Hindu Punjabis' SSD (Shree Sanatan Dharam), Maini the second -

My father established his own furniture business in Nairobi, and did very well. He made good quality furniture and was the first person in Kenya to import teakwood from Burma. He did so well that by 1913 he had enough money to build one of the most prestigious buildings in Nairobi, the 'Nayer Building'. It was close to the old Uganda Railway line and during the First World War the Government wanted to use the building as a warehouse so he leased it to them free of charge or remuneration, Today, the former Nayer Buliding, now known as Kipande House and occupied by the Kenya Commercial Bank, is considered as one of the 'Historic' buildings in Kenya. And of course he owned other notable properties in town. Before leaving India, my father got married to the only child of a high-up, wealthy Lahori family. After he got settled in Kenya, he brought his wife, Damyanti, over and all of us children were born here. (I was born in 1919, number six of eleven) When I was very young we lived for a couple of years in Mombasa. I remember only that we stayed in the Liwali's building. Mainly we lived in Nairobi, where the Odeon cinema is now. My father was a cultured person, versed in the Persian language, and he gained respect as a musician, actor and dramatist. He was a very generous person, and everything he could do to help other people. Helping people how? Well, for instance he would contribute money for marriages when people couldn't afford the expense.

He became a leading member in the Sikh community, and was known by the title of Sardar. For many years he was a member of the main Sikh temple in Nairobi, he Siri Guru Singh Sabha, but he had some dispute - politics, not religion - with the management. He walked out. For half or year of so one of the rooms in his Nayer Building was used as a Sikh Temple while he built a proper one in the bazaar. It was opened in 1918. To avoid having any sectarian name attached to it, he called it simply the (Gurdwara Bazaar - the essence of Sikhism is that it is for everyone, not just for one particular group. Having built the Gurdwara, he handed over the keys for other people to run it.

He was also a prominent person amongst the Indian Community at large. People like Allidina Visram (of Mombasa who had a school named after him), Suleman Virjee (later he had the Suleman Virjee Indian Gymkhana named after him), they were my father's friends - I saw them in our house. At one point he was chosen by the Indian National Congress here to represent the Indian Community to the Governor of those days.

And then - he had a disaster in his business. He lost all his wealth. How he lost it I can't say. I was too young to understand what was going on, so I never thought to ask him. I Just know that he became very worried. What I regret is that I was so young that I didn't realise what was going on, and that I wasn't old enough to help him. But even in those bad times - my mother told me - he would do what he could to help other people.

In 1932, when I was only thirteen, he took us all back to Lahore. This photo of my father was taken early that year, here in Kenya, shortly before we left. Soon after we got to India he died. He was 75 years old. My mother and all of us children stayed there for five years. Then we returned to Kenya. Although my mother was from a high up family and always dressed well with matching shoes and purse, she was a down-to-earth-person. During the war she worked as a volunteer for St. Johns. She died in 1984, more than half a century after her husband. She used to say she had lived both like a queen and like a servant. I know my mother did what she could. It is only unfortunate that I could not help my father. I was too young. I always tell young people to do what they can to help their fathers because I was not able to myself I'm telling you, I have sad feelings about that.

THE MECHANICAL MINDED GUNGA DIN From Wheels Over Black Cotton By ]ohn Bate (pp 31-32)

The spare part situation in East Africa was always generally good in my experience for the run of the mill vehicles. There were occasions though, when the hole in wall garage or agent was a godsend. I remember one of those types very well. Lal Singh was a motorcycle expert who plied his trade at the Victoria-end of Government Road. During those early days he had been appointed an agent for one of the world's most sought after piston rings. They still are! I think Lal Singh was a little upset at not being able to hoist the 'By appointment' sign outside his shed. Lal looked like a wild Afghan tribesman during working and only needed a long rifle to complete the illusion. A visit there invariably him squatting on his haunches, gazing with Asiatic reverence, or bloody-minded at the entrails of a motor cycle bleeding to death on the floor, depending on the and whether he had traced the trouble. Over the years, many a set of rings and other knick-knacks were bought by me from old Lal Singh to be able to complete the engines of the weird (so I was told) motors I couldn't resist acquiring. A visit was always illuminating and amusing. There was just enough room in the shed for one machine, provided it had no sidecar. The surrounding walls and rafters were a wonderful sight. Old frames and wheels hung in garlanded profusion. Engines and gearboxes lurked in dark corners. Tyres, tubes, etc. draped the rafters keeping company with the varied chains and exhausts. However, pride of place was reserved for a Welsh dresser affair, modified over the years, and housing the new stock proudly for all to see. Valves, pistons, chains, the odd exhaust pipe, carburettors, and boxes of his pride and joy. After the usual polite greetings were exchanged he would say, "What you wanting sahib?" "A set of rings for an Austin 7, (for example) ten-thou oversize," I would reply. Lal would rise from the floor and twist his trousers tip over a considerable paunch and pause to ponder awhile. His ruminations were somewhat pedantic at times. He would stand with one hand scratching his head, resulting in a sideways movement of his turban, sort of rocking the boat exercise, and at others, a circular motion taking the turban round in slow circles, whilst the other hand would be reflectively scratching his -~ well, abdomen, I suppose, or thereabouts. It always reminded me of that child's game we played donkey's years ago, rubbing the top of the head with one hand and patting the stomach with the other without g There would be much muttering and a very downhearted, "Austin, oh my Gard," now and then, the expletives usually spelling doom, out of stock. But no, he would open the dresser affair and peering through the gloom, extract a cardboard box as though it contained the Ten Commandments or Magna Carta and peer at the printed label. Then a large smile would split that nuggety countenance revealing a couple of gold teeth, and the correct parts would he handed to me. This mechanically minded Gunga Din never failed once, with me anyway, to produce the part asked for. He actually supplied me with a set of rings for my six cylinder Star. I thought that I had him well and truly stumped here!

WHY KENYAN SIKHS ARE CALLED 'KALASINGAS' Contributed by Hansraj Aggarwal, Nairobi

-A long time ago, it must have been in the 1880s or somewhere then, my grandfather Munshi Ram and his friend Kala Singh came to Kenya. They were both from the same village. Maur Mandi in Patiala State in the Punjab. Munsbi Ram's family was well to do, a family of Aggarwals, a Hindu business community in the Punjab. Kala Singh's peop1e were Jat Sikh farmers. In India Aggarwals were sort of commission agents. People like my great-grandfather Hiramal would buy produce, mainly grain from the farmers and then sell it. There was a big market at Maur (Mandi means market), and the businessmen and the farmers would meet there.

Munshi Ram and Kala Singh got to be friends in India and came over together. You know in those days there was no difference between Hindus and Sikhs. We were all called Hindus even the Sikhs. It was only when the Muslims began attacking the Hindus that some became warriors under the guidance of Guru Nanak Devji (Guru Gobind Singh Ji [Kanwal]). In my grandfather's time even now in India it wasn't only the Sikhs who wore turbans; all the older men wore turbans. They served as protection from swords and also were a mark of respect. My grandfather, who was a tall man, had like all the Punjabi Hindus a beard and a turban, and so of course did his friend Kala Singh.The two friends established a business in River Road in the name of Munshiram Kalasingh & Company'. This must have been in the very beginning of Nairobi even before the Railway. I know Nairobi existed before the Railwav because I've seen oil pictures in the papers. Their main business was selling steel bars and some hardware. (Later they opened a construction/hardware business in Eldoret.) They were also supplying ballast for the Railways, from a quarry they had in Limuru where they employed a large African labour force and some Indians. Kala Singh made an indelible mark on the minds of the Africans. He was a pioneer among Sikhs. He was a brave man and he travelled a lot away from the Railway line, in far off places in Masailand where his turban and beard were strange. Later Kala Singh and Munshi Ram brought many Sikhs from our village and most of them settled in Kijabe and in Loliando in Masailand. The most successful of the Sikhs who settled in Kijabe was Kehar Singh Dhillon, and he also had a shop at Loliando.(See part 2 -"Out of Africa")

About the same time, perhaps even earlier, my grandfather's elder brother Anant Ram came to Kenya. He also opened a shop on River Road. His son Darbari Lal also came here, and Grandfather Palimal as well. I always called him grandfather but he must have been a cousin of my grandfather's. He didn't stay long but later his son Kasturi Lal came and opened up a business in Nanyuki. We were a prosperous family, working all together. But we could have become much more prosperous. There was one Governor of Kenya - I don't remember his name who used to go around to the Asian shops. He knew my Grandfather well. He said to him, 'Mr. Munshi Ram, I'll give you some land, about 10 acres, at a very cheap price (I think it was something like 10 shillings or 50 shillings an acre). If you buy that land your children and your grandchildren will remember you always because Nairobi is going to develop and it will become extremely valuable property.' But my father replied we are only here for a few years, for business purposes. We don't intend to settle we're well off at home.' So he didn't buy that land. You know where it was? The middle of it was in what became the centre of Nairobi, where the statue of Lord Delamere used to be (near New Stanley Hotel). Ironically', my grandfather's family did settle here. He never brought his wife over, but all his sons came. The wives never came over in those early days. That was the general system of Indians. We Aggarwals married other Aggarwals but the men here would get their wives in India and leave them there, to raise the children. Munshi Ram got married to an Aggarwal girl and they had three sons: W'aliati Ram, Puranchand and Lekraj who was my father. All three came to Kenya but Waliati Ram only came to look, for being the eldest he was running the family business back in India. Puranchand lived here until 1954 and then he returned to India with all of his sons. When my father grew up he was married in India to a girl named Durgadevi. But by then things were different and ladies were coming to Kenya. She came and stayed here and had eight children five sons and three daughters. We Aggarwals, the family of Munshi Rain did a lot to develop Eldoret and Nanyuki and Timau but it is Kala Singh's name who is most remembered by the Africans. Kala Singh parted company with my grandfather that's when our business name became Munshiram & Co.; and eventually he went back to India and he died there. No, it's not true that he had a Masai wife. He was not that sort: he came from a good family' and had a wife back home in India. He had one son who returned and lived in Arusha but I think now he too has left. But Kala Singh is probably the best known name in all of Kenya. To this day all Sikhs in Kenya are known as Kalasingas.

COPS AND LIONS From interviews with Mohinder Singh Chadha, Nairohi

My family was helping maintain law and order in Kenya from the very beginning of the century, for it was in 1901 that my eldest uncle, Ladha Singh Chadha, came here. He had been in the police in India, in the town of Jhelum. Recruiting was going on there for people to come to Kenya, and extra pay was being offered. So Ladha Singh volunteered and came here. He was first posted to Nairobi. He used to make extra money by shooting lions, for the Government was offering 50 rupees per lion killed. He used to go to the river below where the museum is now in the evening and wait for them when they came to drink. (I've never shot a lion; there weren't any around Kericho where I grew up, and anyway I don't like killing.) Subsequently he was transferred to many places, ending up in Nakuru, his post when he retired. He came with his wife and infant daughter, and all the rest of his children were born here. The middle brother, Lakha Singh, was so very well educated but his elder brother called him over anyway and got him a job with the Prisons Department as a warden. He was stationed in Nairobi and several other places, then finally at Kisumu. The youngest brother was my father Bishen Singh. Ladha Siugh called him over as soon as he finished his studies in 1907. He was posted in Lumbwa (or perhaps it was Londiani), and then in Nairobi where he was in the Intelligence section until he retired.

WITH A LEOPARD PERCHED ON HIS SHOULDERS From Kill or Be Killed by W Robert Foran (pp 53-55 passim)

The hunt was organised by G. McL. Tew, the Superintendent of the Railway Police; and he told me the story of what happened. Three other Europeans and a stalwart Sikh policeman volunteered to accompany Tew, and one afternoon they set out on their little private war with the leopards. Between Nakuru and the lake is a wide grassy plain, covered by scattered and stunted bushes . . . The sportsmen passed through the long grass in extended formation, shouting at the tops of their voices in the hope of disturbing a slumbering leopard and getting a shot at it. Harnam Singh, the Sikh policeman, easily drowned the noise of the others by his lusty shouts. Tew said that he had every appearance of thoroughly enjoying his share in the hunt. Finally, he noticed that the Sikh was lagging behind the line of attack, but paid little attention to this, being far too intent on keeping his eyes watchful for any movement in the grass to indicate a leopard's presence.

After a time, Tew became conscious that the Sikh was yelling louder than ever; and now there was a note of extreme terror in his vocal efforts. He turned round to see what was the matter. The Sikh was running toward them at top speed, with his turban dragged off his head, and a big leopard perched on his shoulders. The brute's body clung round the back of the man's neck like a woman's fur, and its paws clutched at Harnam Singh's khaki uniform. The others all ran back swiftly to the man's assistance, while the Sikh rushed to meet them, yelling wildly. He came bounding along with huge leaps, shouting in abject terror as he came. The leopard was having a rough ride on his shoulders. No one dared to shoot, for fear of hitting the Sikh instead of the leopard. On seeing the other four men, the beast appeared to take a sudden dislike to so much human company. It slipped off its perch, flinging Harnam Singh to the ground in doing so, and slunk off out of sight into the tall grass. Everyone was so much concerned with the Sikh's plight that not a single shot was fired at the leopard. The injured man was hurried back to Nakuru, where his slight injuries were treated and dressed. They were mostly claw scratches, for the beast had not used its teeth at all. Thereafter nothing could induce Harnam Singh to go out on a hunting expedition! He served under me for two years at Kisumu after this incident, but I had only to mention the word leopard to see his big body shudder violently and his face go ashen-grey.

A MODEL POLICE SERGEANT From A Cuckoo in Kenya by W R. Foran (pp 102-106 passim,142~ 175)

At last, however, I held the key to the solution of the burglaries in the [Kisumu] bazaar. As the Indian police alone patrolled the bazaar region, I suspected something must be radically wrong with their work. Without any warning, I moved them to the railway area and substituted African askaris in the Indian bazaar. As if by magic, the burglaries there ceased immediately. The natural inference to draw was that the Indian police were themselves the burglars. I caused enquiries to be made as to the antecedents of these men and, in due course, received a full report from Nairobi. For the most part they were men with bad criminal records in India; while some were even wanted for crimes by the Indian police. They had been engaged for police work in East Africa without any enquiry as to their suitability. On landing at Mombasa, the entire twenty-five new policemen were sent direct to Kisumu. . . . Only one, a Sikh, enjoyed a perfectly clean record. . . I retained the services of the Sikh, Harnam Singh. He had been a 'naik' (corporal) in the 14th Sikhs, serving with them through the Boxer Rebellion in China, and then going on pension. Harnam Singh swore that he had no knowledge of what was going on, and had not been in the confidence of the others. I promoted him to sergeant and placed him in charge of the Indian bazaar area. Harnam Singh proved a model police sergeant, and continued to serve well and honourably until taking his discharge some years after I left East Africa. He was a fine figure of a man, and upheld the best traditions of the Indian Army throughout his career in Africa.

CATTLEMEN

From interviews with Mohinder Singh Chadha, Nairobi

When my father, Bishen Singli Chadha, retired from the Police, he didn't want to go hack to India. He worked for the Railway for a year or so, I think as an ASM (Assistant Station Master) or perhaps as a Goods Clerk. In the meantime a European suggested to him that he and his brothers {see 'Cops & Lions"] settle in Kenya. My father checked around and decided that Kericho would be best for business and so in 1916 all three brothers settled there. Kericho is in Kipsigis country, and the Kipsigis raised very good cattle, so Kericho had become a cattle-trading centre. There were some Punjabi Muslims settled there, in the cattle business, and that is what the brothers did too. They would buy cattle from the Kipsigis and then sell them to the Somali traders who would then walk them to Nairobi and even Mombasa and resell them. The brothers kept horses and mules and used to ride around to the local markets, in the radius of about '30 miles, and buy cattle from the Kipsigis. (When we children were little my father kept a brown pony for us; we all knew how to ride in those days.) The Kipsigis women liked heads and wire for ornaments and it was cheaper to barter with such things than to pay cash for the cattle. The brothers then started a shop, selling beads and wire, and sugar and such things. 'There were already some shops in Kericho one was belonging to the Anandji family also were Gujaratis (i.e. Hindus; see To C.I. Sheet Shops in Kericho"]. The brothers lived in a house behind the shop, all made of corrugated iron sheets. In time the land around got taken up for planting tea and there were government restrictions on the Kipsigis living around so the cattle became very few. The Somalis began leaving Kericho. But my father and uncles stayed, starting a grocery shop called 'B.S. Chadha and Bros'. They also built a grinding mill down by the river, powered by the fast-flowing water. This was called a rego-rego' because of the noise it made. Lakha lived down at the mill. My father stayed in the town and looked after the grocery shop. Ladha and all his family went back to Jhelum around then, in 1920, and he started a money-lending business -- we're still in touch with our cousins on that side, Lakha never married. He kept a Nandi woman as a wife for a year or so but they didn't have any children.

KERICHO KIDS

My father got married when he was 25 and had been in Kenya for several years. He went back to India where his parents had arranged for him to marry a girl named Thakardevi. When my father returned to Kenya she came too, for in those days women followed their husbands like lambs. I was their first child, born in Kericho 1918, on Christmas Day. The first World War had just ended, in November, there were great celebrations in Kericho with a big Victory Parade and trees e planted in the Boma to commemorate the occasion; those trees and I are the same age. After me another son was born, and then two daughters; later there were more sons and two more daughters: we were ten in all. Although money was scarcce we were happy in those days. There were only four or five Indian children in Kericho when I was little, not enough for there to be a proper school. One shopkeeper hired a small maize store as a school. It was cleared out so the sacks of maize were all piled up on one side and we students sat on the floor on empty gunny bags. Our teacher was one local Gujaratis, and I went there for my first two years of schooling. We only studied in Gujarati (though my family is Punjabi speaking, of course). Later the Government primary school, called the Kericho Highland Indian School, which went up to standard 6, where English was taught. I also used to speak Kipsigis, the language of the local people. In 1926 my mother took all of us children (I had two brothers and two sisters it) to India. It was the first time she had seen her parents since she married here. We stayed two years in Daryajalib near jhelum, and then returned in January1928. When we returned, my father sent me and my 'younger brother to schooling, and my two sisters too. My mother came to look after us. We went to the Indian Primary School, which was about 200 yards from the KhalsaBoys and Girls School. This school was made of corrugated iron sheets and it had only kindergarten and Standard I. In that school we were taught in Urdu and we learnt oral English. For Standards 2, 3 and 4 there was another school, opposite the Railway headquarters are now. For the 5th Standard there was the Government Secondary School (now called Jamhuri School). That had a hostel attached behind the school, so we lived there and our mother was able to go back to Kericho. The girls went to the Punjabi Girls School. One of my schoolmates was the son of Mrs. Mascrenhas, a Goan lady who ran a shop in Kisii. She was a slim woman, very quiet. That is why she could compete with the Gujaratis. We used to go back to Kericho for vacations every three months. The nearest train station was Lumbwa (it is now called Kipkelion); between Lumbwa and Kericho we travelled by cart. My father had a small Scotch cart, the kind covered with A tarpaulin, drawn by 7 pairs of oxen. We would leave Kericho at 7 in the morning and do about 11 miles. Then we would stop and unyoke the oxen so they could drink water and eat grass. We would spend the night in the jungle, sleeping in the cart, while the drivers slept underneath. Then we would leave early next morning and reach Lumbwa in time to each lunch at the dak bungalow. The train would come in about 1 pm and stop for an hour so all the passengers could eat at the dak bungalow too. There were waiters employed there, and the food was very good. There were many different stationmasters and I can't remember their names, except I recall that in 1938 there was one called Gurbachan Singh. The train would travel all night and we would arrive in Nairobi about 9 in the morning, and then we would hire a rickshaw, drawn by two men, to go to our hostel - the rickshaw journey cost just 4 shillings.

CROSSING KENYA WITH THE RAILWAY Contributed by late Gurdial Singh Pandhal. Kibos

Oh yes, we've heen here a long time, a very long time. My father got to Mombasa in 1894, before the Railway. He had a shamba there, everything. My father Baba Jagat 'Macho Dogo' and a friend of his Lal Singh left India in 1892/3. They were from Jullunder District. They were very young and very poor. They had no clothes, no money. They paid their passage on a steamer by firing the boiler. They got to Mombasa even before the Railwav started. But when it started my father got a job as a clerk, second division service. He was getting clothes, food, accommodation and medical attention, plus 17 rupees 50 pice per month. They worked their way up with the Railway. They left Mombasa and went to Changamwe, the Railway headquarters. Then they moved with the Railway on to Mile 7. And so they worked their way up the line. There were many Sikhs working on the Railway, and Punjabis and Muslims. They got to Mackinnon Road. They and the Railwav continued. People were being eaten by lions at Tsavo. They, the Indians, made a cave with boulders to sleep in. But even so they weren't safe. My father saw one Indian being taken by a lion. The Railway went on across the Rift Valley. Then near Fort Ternan the Africans, the Nandi, stopped the Railwav for a while. In 1901 the Railway arrived at Lake Victoria and so did my father and his friend. The Railway brought the steamer. My father stayed here a little while, near German Point. There was sand there, lots of it, but there was no use for the sand; it was lake sand and dirty. Then my father went to Port Bell. People continued to settle in this area, slowly, slowly. In 1914 came the war. Many people died. The British and the Germans were competing to build a railway into Uganda. The British got there first.

FARMING WITH STONE TOOLS

After the Railwav reached Kisumu, the Government gave the employees tents and asked them to take up farming. Because the Indians had worked very hard the Government gave them 1500 acres divided between 30 people. Some people took 10 acres, some 50 and some 100, depending on what they thought they could manage. The land was between Kisumn and Muhoroni, and the people were a mixed lot, Gujaratis, Punjabi Muslims, Hindu Punjabis and Sikhs. My father was one of the people who got a farm. He got a farm No. L. R.650/ 4, 105 acres of freehold land near the Kibos River. That was good because he came of a farming family and knew about the work. He was a small man but stout and very tough. The Government gave the land for farming but not any implements, only some pangas.

It was all forest, you couldn't see your neighbours. The settlers cleared the trees from the land with just pangas. My father and the others had to make their own implements out of wood, there wasn't even iron for hoes or ploughs. They'd do the final shaping using sharp stones. When he was settled he called my mother Raj Kaur. She came in 1906. I was their first child, born here on the night of 10 June 1908. Then there was another son and four daughters. The Government liked the work my father was doing and they said to him to bring more farmers like him from India. So my father went back to India in 1908/ 9 and brought over family members such as his brother and others who wanted to come. They had better tools but they still had a hard time. There were no roads. The nearest railway station was at Kibos, two and a half miles from our farm. Other farms were much farther away from the station, seven or eight miles. People used to travel in ox-carts with roofs. The carts were made by carpenters from India, some Sikhs and some others. Some carts had two wheels, others had four. People would travel right up to Busia and Uganda in those ox-carts. People who didn't have carts went on foot. It would take two to three hours to walk to Kisumu from our farm. We didn't have donkeys in those days, although now we have some to pull the weeding plows. We bought one horse but it died- its legs swelled up. The area was very unhealthy when we settled here, with many diseases. There was a lot of malaria and blackwater and yellow fever. We had to take people to Kisumu with Ox-carts to the hospital there if they were sick. Sometimes people died on the way. At first we planted the local crops, wimbi and mtama [types of millet] and they were very good. We tried wheat, but it was not successful here. Then we planted maize and vegetables and many sorts of pulses. Sugar was introduced here in 1910/12 and was very successful, and also cotton. We found this was a very good place for farming. We made our own water mill for grinding posho on the Kibos River. Other people built mills too; there were eight on the Kibos and the Awatch rivers. We had very good labour too, mostly the Luos. They nicknamed my father 'Macho dogo' because he had 'small eyes'. We lived with our labourers as we still do, all in tie compound (though in separate houses of course). In those early days we were all like brothers, Europeans, Indians and Africans. When the Railway reached Kisumu Muslims had their mosque and the Hindus their temple both in one temporary building in the landhies. That building was made of mud and poles with a mabati roof. There was no trouble, there was lots of good feeling between everyone. The 1914 war came here. The Government seized all our oxen and carts. They gave us a bit of money but almost nothing. They returned some of the oxen and carts after the war. The one bad thing was that there was no [Indian] school in Kisumu except a private Gujarati one. So in 1920 our whole family went back to India for studies. My uncle and cousins stayed here on the farm. I got married when I was there, in 1928, to Basant Kaur. She and myself and my father came back in 1929, and my mother and sisters and brothers came a bit later, in the 1930s. In 1920 the Government started to auction land. That was when we got this farm. Then they auctioned more land in 1930. That was the year that the locusts came in big swarms and ruined everything. The Government auctioned 4,200 acres upside, which was bought by the Waljee Hirjee Estate. But Waijee Hirjee' couldn't manage all that land, so they sold it in bits to others. By the time all this land was settled there were about 100 families altogether, half of them assorted Gujaratis and Punjabis, and half of them Sikhs. There was a real sense of community amongst all the farmers. My father's friend Lal Singh had got a farm in Miwani. There were also two or three European farmers here, but not more because of the malaria. Most of the European farms were beyond Chemelil, around Songhor and Muhoroni. In 1920 a man named Eric Mayers came from Australia and surveyed here. Then he looked for a site for a sugar factory. He saw that Miwani was a good place and he brought a factory in 1922 and it started working in 1924. Then a Railway station was made at Miwani. The sugar factory paid 6/- to 8/- for a ton of cane then. But they couldn't sell sugar in the depression, there was so much coming from Uganda. The sugar industry revived a bit in 1935 but it really picked up only after 1947.

OUR FAMILY TRADITION From interview with late Naranjan Singh Chaggar

I'm pleased that you and Mr Lakhani have been able to come the dinner; it's more pleasant here than in my timber yard in town. But I'm afraid you'll find this big house rather empty since I now live here alone. My wife died many years ago. I hope you like vegetarian food; I'm a complete vegetarian. [And I never drink alcohol.) Now, let me tell you what I can about my family. You know, in the early days there were many Indian artisans, especially Sikhs, working on the European farms and sawmills. In most cases they would go only for a short while, when they were called to do some particular work. They'd stay a month or two, whatever was needed, and then go somewhere else to do some other job. There were only a few Indian fundis employed full-time on the European farms, but four men in my family were amongst those few. My grandfather's brother Labhu Ram Singh was the first of the four, for he came here sometime before World War I. He was working for Col. Swinton-Holme who had a farm at Soy, a place 30 miles from Eldoret. He had Scotch carts and big wagons, all pulled by teams of many oxen, which he used for transporting passengers and goods. Labhu Ram Singh was in charge of making and repairing the carts, and all general fundi work on the farm. The Colonel was a very active man, running the Soy Club, involved in the post office and in the police. Subsequently all his four sons were here; the eldest and youngest were working with him at Soy, while the other two worked us Kitale and various places. The grandsons are still in Kenya one at Kitale. Then Labhu Ram's nephew, my father's brother Kartar Singh, came. He worked at the 'Elgeyo Sawmills' for a few years (there were a lot of Indians working there, about 70) and then he worked for Mr E.W. d'Ollier on his 'Endebess Estates'. That was a large coffee plantation and it had a big factory where all the farmers around would send their coffee. My Uncle Kartar Singh was an all-around artisan, a carpenter, blacksmith and mechanic. He was in charge of all the machinery on the farm. He worked there for all the rest of his life. Both Kartar Singh and his only son have died, but the two granddaughters are still in Kenya. The third person in the family to come was my father, Thakar Singh. He came around 1923/4. First he joined his brother Kartar at the Elgeyo Sawmills but then he went with Mervyn Ridley and worked with him on his farm the rest of his life, until 1964. He stopped working just before he died. Mr Ridley's farm was at Moiben and it was a very big farm. There was maize, cattle, fruit, all types of things. My father was the only Indian working on the farm. He was a blacksmith and carpenter, doing all types of artisan work. He made wagons and wheels for the old ox-carts, everything. Mr. Ridley was an extremely nice man, very helpful to anyone who went to him- although he'd be very strict if someone told lies or cheated. He and my father got on very well, and his house was open to us 24 hours a day. Both my uncle and my father were married in India hut they left their wives there. Neither wife ever came to Kenya, they both died there, within seven days of each other. I was born there in 1916. Where is there? Our family was originally from the village of Chaggar (which we have taken as a surname) in Hashiapur District but then had moved to a small town called Aur, which was 28 miles from Jullunder, 21 from Ludhiana. Aur was the post office centre for 25 villages around; it was about the size of Kitale as I recall. Our family had a small workshop there, making such things as axes for chopping, hammers, and big karais for cooking jaggery. My father and his brother were both experts at all that work. All my family but me knew such work. We do what our fathers do, we just go with our fathers and we learn their work that's how it was in the old days. But I was sent to a proper school as well. As soon as I finished school I got married to a girl called Mohinder Kaur and six months later I came to Kenya. My uncle was still working for the Elgeyo Sawmills then, and I stayed with him and worked there for a while. Then I went to work at the Mt Elgon Sawmill, which belonged to the Josselyn family. Mr Josselyn had died and Mrs Josselyn was running the business together with the partner Mr Sundy and her son Richard who was just my age. I was in charge of all the workshops and building and machinery. There were a lot of 2-tonner lorries and we'd build all the bodies for our lorries. There were plenty of vehicles around by the time I came to this area, but the roads were terrible. I remember one European, Mr Richard Hartley, would get very angry if he found you on the road when he wanted to pass. He was very kali. But if he found you stuck in the mud or some other trouble, he'd not leave until you were out. My employers were just as good to me as my parents, they were as good people as I have ever met. And they were just as nice to my wife, who had come to join me in Kenya two years, after I arrived. Mrs Josselyn, Fanny was her first name liked us to go up to her house every day She was always helping us. I remember one incident with particular gratitude. One day my wife Mohinder got a terrible pain. We took her to Dr Broadbent and he said she had appendicitis and had to be operated on within 24 hours. At that time there was no Indian hospital at Kitale, and we Indians weren't permitted to go to the European one even for emergencies just as we weren't allowed in the Kitale Hotel. The nearest hospital was at Eldoret. So Mrs Josselyn herself drove us to Eldoret. And she stayed with us until the operation was over and my wife was out of danger. I'll never forget that. Yes, my wife liked Kenya. That was natural everybody liked Kenya. And those days were the best. Nobody will see days like those again. Now those olden times are gone. I worked for the Josselyns for 33 years until they sold the sawmill. I was following what had become our family tradition to work steadily for one European employer, on very friendly terms. For if you are good to people you will find that people are good to you.

RITUALLY CORRECT From Castle to Caravan by Victoria Fletcher (p 33)

The owner {of Keringet' farm, 20 miles from Molo] was Italian, Miles [my husband, the manager] was Australian, I was English, there was a Seychellois mechanic, a Sikh farm carpenter and Africans of several tribes. We bought from the Estate any milk that we required, and once a week, a sheep would be slaughtered. When the Sikh wanted some mutton he had to perform the ceremony. Usually on the lawn on the bottom of our garden, a nervous African would lie down holding the sheep by one leg at arm's length, and the Sikh would produce a knife with a two-foot handle, and a short blade. To be ritually correct so that he could eat the meat, the head had to be severed with one blow. He never needed two.

THE WAGON-WRIGHT OF THIKA From interview with Guru Singh Gill, Thika.

In the old days there weren't any roads here, or any motor vehicles. All the transport was done by ox wagons. My father Basant Singh made those wagons. He had a business called Thika Wagon Works'. He knew how to make wagons from top to bottom because he was both a carpenter and a blacksmith. That was his work. In India where he came from people were using ox wagons too. He came from Hoshiarpur in the Punjab. He was born in 1889-I think. And he came here in 1909. He stayed a while in Nairobi but I don't know how long. But he must have shifted to Thika by around 1920 at the latest, because in 1926 he went back to India to get married to my mother and brought her here and she says that when she arrived my father was already well established, in the old Thika. I think my father may have been the first Sikh to settle in Thika. He did very good business here because there were so many European farmers around and they were all needing ox wagons for their shambas. All the settlers knew him and would order their wagons from him. There were wagons of several types, from the big ones that could carry two tons - those were pulled by six oxen - to the small carts pulled by just two oxen. He could make all the types. He used cedar and podo and a kind of wood called 'machargi'. He made his own tools, handmade tools. There was very little machinery in those days. He was a hefty man, strong, calm. (Even when he died, in 1973, he was still strong.) He could do all the work. But he had such a big business that he brought relatives over from India to help him, and employed local people too. My uncle Gopal Singh was one of the relatives who came over. My father enjoyed his life here, I'm sure. He was a well-known person. He could make furniture too (for that he used oak wood and mahogany), and do construction work, anything. He helped build our Sikh temple and I believe he built part of the Blue Posts Hotel too. There were some other carpenters in town making furniture, another Sikh and two or three shops of Hindus. But only my father could make ox wagons and carts.

WAGON-WRIGHT'S WIFE From interview with Durgi Gill, Thika

I was born in India. My father was a carpenter. When I was 16 I got married to Basant Singh who was also a carpenter and came here with him to Thika where he had his wagon business. I was happy to come here. This was a nice place. The town was over by the Blue Posts Hotel then. We stayed there for three years, and then shifted to this side. We had a stone house. Later there got to be quite a lot of Punjabis here, and we used to visit back and forth and go to the temple. There were 30 Sikh families and we have our own gurdwara. We would go to the temple. My husband and others built that temple soon after I came. {She married and came in 1926, the Sikh Gurudwara Thika was built in 1932-33.) Even when I first came my husband had about three motorcars so we could drive around. One was a Rugby. Sometimes we'd go to Nyeri or to Nairobi if there were some function at a Sikh temple. But mostly I stayed in the house, cooking and all that. At first I didn't have a servant to help me but when we moved to this side I then had servants. The servants were Kamba and Kikuyu, but I never learned their languages, just some little Swahili. I did all the cooking myself. There was no trouble getting provisions here in Thika; we could get all our Indian vegetables and spices, even long ago. I have never cooked meat, never even touched' meat, not even chicken, not even eggs. If my husband wanted to eat meat he would cook it himself outside the house on the veranda, and my son does the same. There has never been meat in my house, nor alcohol either.

THE MERU MELTING POT From interview with late Nauranga (Rangi) Singh, Meru

Of all the Sikhs now in this area, Amar Singh was the first. He came in 1933, ten years before I got here. He came by himself, a bachelor, and then later he married daughter of Kirparam Singh of Kianjai. Amar Singh is still there in Lare. He's about 80, and retired and his son runs the duka. He had several children and in l955 I married his daughter. Both Amar Singh and I are Jemadar Sikhs, that is farmers rather than artisans; so are most of the Sikhs up here. After Amar Sigh's Indian wife died he married a girl who was the daughter a Sikh father and a Meru mother. They got married according to Sikh religion in our gurdwara, the temple I built (I am a contractor) in I 962. Nooran Singh also married a Sikh-Meru wife, and so did Meher Singh. There are a lot of half-caste children. Some have followed their fathers and become Sikhs, but not all of them wear turbans. (Most of those Africans you see wearing turbans are the 'Seven-Dayers'; they wear turbans but in a different Style from us Sikhs.) A Goan chap, he also had a Meru wife and lots of children who now run different businesses in town. That woman had sister who married a Patel. The Indians started an Indian primary school here in 1940. It was for all Indians. Hindus and Muslims, everyone. It had four teachers, two Patels and two Shahs who had come from India with their wives. My children all went to school there. All the children of Indian men married to African or half-African mothers studied there too. That was no problem.

MY PARENTS From interview with Anu Wanja Singh, Lare

My father was Kirparam Singh who had come from the Punjab a long time ago. He came here as a fundi, and to build. He was working first at Meru, and then for three years in Mana, and then here in Lare. After that he went to Nanyuki. My mother was a Meru. Her name was Wanja. Her family was from near Nkubu but her parents had shifted to Kianjai which is in the area of the Tigania section of the Meru. They were farmers. After they met my father settled at Kianjai and we children (six girls and three boys) were born there. Although my father was Puniabi he never taught us his language; he and my mother used to talk in Swahili, and we children would speak Swahili, or Meru with our mother. Our mother never learned Punjabi, and our father never learnt Meru. Our father never taught us anything of the Sikh religion. Our mother was following the traditional Meru religion. Yes, she was happy being married to a Sikh. My father died some time ago. My mother died only last year. I met Meher in Meru, and we got married at my parents' home in Kianjai. Other Sikh people came from Meru town and there was much feasting. My sister Kamuli also got married to a Sikh. She got married to Amar Singh and they are living here in Lare, too.

WHY TRAINS SLOW DOWN AT MACKINNON ROAD From interviews with late Ikram Hassan, Mombasa

Yes, it is true. Many people stop at the mosque at Mackinnon Road, and even the through trains and buses slow down, or at least they used to. It is because a holy man known as Seyyid Baghali is buried there. But that was not his real name. A lot of strange things have been related and written about him. I will tell you the true story. It was told to me by the father of M. Akbar Shah (whose letter, with a slightly different version, I enclose) and was later confirmed to me by the man's sister. My family, like his, comes from one of the group of three villages near Lahore that are composed mostly of Seyyids. We are all descended from descendants of the Prophet who came through Iraq and Persia to teach Islam. When Genghis Khan devastated Persia my ancestors packed up and left and came down to Multan, then moved on to the Punjab and Central India. My family is from the village of Moin--ud-deen-pur, some one and a half miles from Gujrat. The other two Seyyid villages are very close by. There are about 30-40,000 people in the three villages and we all know of each other. I am in fact distantly related to 'Seyyid Baghali', for my father's sister was married into his family. As Punjabis were known as good fighters and tough people, the British first recruited Punjabis into their army in India, and then they set up recruitment stations to get more Punjabis to build the railway in Kenya. Our people were happy to volunteer since they got double pay plus transport and rations. Two of my maternal uncles, Sardar Shah and Hakim Shah, came to work on the railway in the early 1890s. They returned home with money and good reports, saying that despite the dangerous animals they had lived well and ate well. So my father decided to come, in 1906 Lsee "A Real Aristocrat"1. And so had the man known as 'Seyyid Baghali'. Seyyid Baghali's real name was Seyyid Fateh Shah. He came from my village, one of three sons of a family of farmers. He was a very strong and hefty young man and so strong that he would carry great weights lifted over his head, not resting on his head. He was married and had a small child. One evening Fateh Shah came in from the fields very tired and, in front of his wife, his father-in-law [more likely his father, I think] rebuked him for something. The next morning Fateh Shah went into town. He saw the recruiting station, with a crowd around. His friends encouraged him to sign up. He went home and hardly ate. Next day he disappeared. Word got back that he had joined the railway, but nothing more was heard of him. When my father came in 1906, he was asked by Fateh Shah's family to try to locate him. My father could not trace anyone of that name. It was only much later that the truth became clear. In the meantime a legend had grown up about someone called Seyyid Baghali, a Punjabi Muslim who was tremendously strong. It was often said that he was seen walking with his laden karai floating over-- not resting upon -- his head. Because he was a Seyyid as well as being very strong, he had been made a foreman. He died on the railway, along with two other people, when a trolley they were riding on got out of control. Seyyid Baghali was buried there where he was killed. The grave was made by the European in charge, who had great respect for Baghali. Every year a cloth was put on the grave. In 1941 I was stationed in the Taru, at Mackinnon Road, where I was cutting timber. I was there for 3 years with 500 men under me. One of my local guides had his old father, named Magado, with him. Magado told us stories about a very strong Indian. He said he had seen him with his own eyes. (The locals used to hide in the woods and watch the Indians -- they themselves did not work because for Africans carrying loads was work for women, not men.) Magado recalled seeing a chap carrying a laden karai, holding it over, not resting it upon, his head. This was the man called Seyyid Baghali; he was obviously the missing Fateh Shah. He obviously had signed up under a false name, fearing that the news would get to his family before he was able to leave. In the 1940s when I went there the grave was still a simple one surrounded by bush. Some people would stop there, for they knew it was the grave of a Seyvid and thus of a holy man'. They were not only Muslims but also Hindus and especially Sikhs would stop at the grave and ask boons there. People would say when they arrived safely at their destination that it was because they had stopped at the Seyyid's grave. And so his reputation grew, and the legend started. It was Mohammed Fazel, a Kashmiri from Jhelum, who was a cattle trader under my father, who started building up the tomb. Then a Luhar from Mombasa, one Hashem (whom 1 knew), used to go up to Mackinnon Road and look after the grave. The grave is now run by a barber from Navsari called Ahmed Shah who is posing as a Seyyid; he makes much money.

After Ikram had told me what he knew at Fateh Shah, he said he would write to a friend in Pakistan to get more information. The following is the letter he got in response.

LETTER CONCERNING THE PIR OF MACKINNON ROAD My dear Ikram -- Asslamu Ilaqum

[Thank your for] Your kind letter dated 18/6 to hand. I am enclosing here my information about Uncle Fateh Shah along with our Shagra (family tree] which will show you his relationship with us all. My father Syed Ali Mohammed Shah was the real cousin of Syed Fateh Shah. Fateh Shah and his two real brothers Syed Ishaqu Shah and Syed Said Mian Shah were the sons of Syed Alam Shah. (He was the grandson of Syed Akbar Shah Sahib, well known Saint of Gujrat District who had performed Seven Haj on foot [as was done] in those days and whose grave is in the village 'Malkab' in Gujrat District.) Syed Alam Shah was also a virtuous man. He was basically a farmer and his eldest son Fateh Shah was a source of great help to him. From his very birth Fateh Shah, as per his family traditions, was courageous and strictly followed Islamic orders and never deviated from them from his very childhood. He married and had a son Rasul Shah (who died about ten years back). He was very strong and also a fast runner. He was so fast that he could easily catch a peacock or a vulture before they were able fly away. Once he caught a running cat that had devoured his cockerel. Alam Shah went into litigation with some people in the city of Gujrat over a piece of land. The case went on for about 12 years and it shattered the financial position of Alam Shah. Fateh Shah, seeing his father in trouble, made up his mind to recruit himself in the Railway department for its project in Africa. In early 1890 he signed up, together with Sardar Shah and Hakim Shah (maternal uncles of Ikram Hassan], Mohammed Din Awan and others of the village of Moin-ud-din-pur. His parents, brothers and an elder sister Nur Begum tried their level best to stop him but he was firm in his decision and he left for Africa. He was, as I said, very strong, for he could easily run fast carrying three maunds over [not on] his head. People looking at him with such a load many times imagined the load carried by him was actually flying some two or three feet above his head. This phenomenon was also witnessed by his fellow workers in Africa when Fateh Shah used to carry heavy stones for the Railway tracks. Even English people, his officers had noted this feature many times and this [increased his reputation] for spiritual values and piety. He never told a lie, and never touched 'haram' food. He was generous, helpful to needy and weak people, and he never failed in the observance of the tenets of Islam. May God bless his Soul. Affectionately, M. Akbar Shah (Moinuddinpur, Gujrat)

THE MOST GRUESOME SIGHT. From The Man-Eaters of Tsavo by J.H.Patterson (pp 21-24 passim)

About three weeks after my arrival [at Tsavo, December 1898], I was roused one morning about daybreak and told that one of my 'jemadars', a fine powerful Sikh named Ungan Singh, had been seized in his tent during the night, and dragged off and eaten.... Moreover, the 'jemadar' shared his tent with half a dozen other workmen, and one of his bedfellows had actually witnessed the occurrence.

He graphically described how, at about midnight, the lion suddenly put its head in at the open tent door and seized Ungan Singh - who happened to be nearest the opening - by the throat. The unfortunate fellow cried out "Choro" ("Let go"), and threw his arms up round the lion's neck. The next moment he was gone, and his panic-stricken companions lay helpless, forced to listen to the terrible struggle, which took place outside. Poor Ungan Singh must have died hard; but what chance had he? As a coolie gravely remarked, "Was he not fighting with a lion?" On hearing this dreadful story I at once set out to try to track the animal. Pools of blood marked these halting-places On reaching the spot where the body had been devoured, a dreadful spectacle presented itself; The ground all round was covered with blood and morsels of flesh and bones, but the unfortunate 'jemadar's' head had been left intact, save for the holes made by the lion's tusks on seizing him, and lay a short distance away from the other remains, the eyes staring wide open with a startled, horrified look in them It was the most gruesome sight I had ever seen. We collected the remains as well as we could and heaped stones on them, the head with its fixed, terrified stare seeming to watch us all the time.

THE FRUITS OF THE RAILWAY LINE From INTERVIEWS with Shah Niwas Awan, Chicago / Nairobi

In June 1924 my father was again transferred to Voi. One of the few Indians at Voi when my father was there was Attar Singh Jhandhu, the Permanent Way Inspector. He was a real pioneer - he'd come to work with the Railway in 1897. In 1907 he was made a junior PWI, the only Indian in a grade then exclusively European. He was posted to Mackinnon Road and then to Voi. He was a very enterprising man. You've seen those mango trees in many places along the Railway line, especially from Samburu to Voi? And the other fruit trees? Well, Attar Singh planted most of them. Every few miles along the Railway there was a 'landhi', a barrack-like accom-modation for the Railway track maintenance staff. The landhies were made of brick with corrugated iron sheet roofing and each building had ten rooms as quarters for the resident Railway workers. While Attar Singh was PWI he had planted at every landhi in his area three kinds of fruit trees: a mango, a jackfruit and a jaman, the tree with those small shiny purple fruits that the Swahili call jamarau' [or misambarau]. This is the Syzygium cuminii, the Java plum or jambolan, indigenous to India.] He'd plant vegetables too. He'd bring seedlings of trees with him from India each time he returned from leave. Attar Singh's contribution to the building of the Voi Mosque in the Railway residential Asian quarters must also be mentioned. He was responsible for allocating railway materials such as bricks and timber (with approval obtained from the Engineering Department in Nairobi) and he personally supervised the construction of the mosque and he donated financially from his own funds as well, along with the Muslims. Attar Singh had two wives. His first wife was a Sikh lady whom he'd married in India. She didn't have any children. It was she who got him married to a young Taita woman named Shanti who bore him a son but the infant died after about two weeks. So he adopted several children, four as I recollect, and I think all Sikh children. (Adopting in those days did not need any official documentation, etc.) The eldest was a young man who was already a Sub-PWI when I first saw him in 1929. Attar Singh was the most hospitable man ever seen in this country, as attested by the many who knew him. He looked after other people's children and he looked after people who were out of work. After he retired he settled on the small shamba he had bought up near Kilifi. Even after his retirement he often had people living on his farm. However, his money wasn't enough to support everyone and he couldn't make ends meet. (He had retired with a lump sum called a Provident Fund. It wasn't until some time in the 1940s that the Railway administration introduced a pension scheme) In my opinion he was hospitable to a fault, considering his dire financial limitations. In 1930 he was re-employed by he Railways and sent as PWI to Kumi Station. That was the most beautiful thing the Railways did. In January 1938 I was travelling by train from Nairobi to Mombasa on my way to overseas' leave when I happened to see him at Mazeras Railway Station, old, thin, weak, stooping. I asked 'Oh Uncle, what are you doing here?' and he replied, 'Shah Niwas, I wrote to the Railways and said I was starving and they gave me this job.' He must have died shortly after that, in Mombasa. Unfortunately, he never came to my mind when I returned from my overseas leave in May that year. In the early 1940s I saw his elder widow passing my place on Fort Hall Road. I called her in and introduced her to my wife and we talked about the good old days at Voi. But I never thought of asking her for any photo or papers relating to her late husband. However he is well remembered in many peoples' minds for his hospitality and generosity. Soon after his death I was accosted by a young man on River Road who told me he was Prem, one of the adopted, and how grateful he was to Attar Singh. He is also remembered for his contribution to the land, for all those trees he planted are like a memorial. Attar Singh was indeed unique in his attributes, a man of towering personality and magnanimity. P.S. I had access to all the departments of the Railway as I was in charge of Railway communications with my office in Railway headquarters. I could have found out much more about him, hut I didn't. I do feel guilty for my negligence. THE STATIONS OF THE RAILWAYS Translated from Light on Africa by H. Ismailji Jeeavanji (pp 69-70)

The Railway starts from the Island of Mombasa. After crossing the Salisbury Bridge it reaches Rabai, going through a hilly area. The next station is Changamwe where there are many Arab traders who have huge fruit orchards. The Changamwe area is very fertile and especially suited to the growing of coconuts. The line then passes through Mazeras Station, which is in a flat plain covered with thick green bush. The next fifty miles it passes through dry, semi-desert area with dense thorn trees, up to Taru. The thorn trees are so thick that it is impossible for the sun's rays to reach the ground. This area extends up to Tsavo Station. The fifth station after Mombasa is Meriakani, sixth is Maji Chumvi, seventh is Samburu, eighth Mackinnon Road, ninth Maungu and the tenth is Voi. There is nothing much to learn from Meriakani to Maungu but the dense forests and deep valleys are really worth seeing. Voi Station is 101 miles from Mombasa. There is a bazaar behind the station. Many Indian traders have built corrugated iron sheet houses and shops. Some of them live in tents. The Taita and the Wanyika tribes come to sell their goods to the officials of the Railway. They exchange elephant tusks, ostrich feathers, rubber, cattle, skins of wild animals, and hippopotamus skins and horns for the goods they need from the shops. Exactly opposite Voi are the Taita Hills where most of the Taita and the Wanyika tribes live. They are short and black and very compact people. About ten years ago these people used to go about naked. After the coming of the foreigners they started covering themselves. They used to live in the valleys and caves and grow enough maize and millet for their needs. They are not aggressive and of all the tribes they are the kindest. By nature they are lazy but they make sure they have enough food to look after their families. Many of them perished during the famine in 1899. The Railway passes through their country so it seems there is a possibility of improved standard of living and trade for them in the future. They have strange marriage customs. The bride and the groom cannot marry until the groom gives one dozen cows and one dozen sheep to the bride's father. For the festivities they apply red paint on their faces and smear coconut oil on their bodies. They express their joy by abandoned dancing. The bridegroom has to provide a huge feast for the bride's parents and relatives. The eleventh station after Mombasa is Ndi, which is 2045 ft., above sea level. The twelfth station is Tsavo, thirteenth Kenani and the fourteenth is Mitito Andei. The land between these four stations is fertile with dense forests. The primitive tribes living there grow enough for themselves and they also keep cattle. They come to the station to sell milk and the ghee that they make from the milk. The fifteenth station is Darajani which is 175 miles from Mombasa and about 2500 ft above sea level. The sixteenth station is Masongoleni, the seventeenth Kibwezi and the eighteenth is Makindu, which is 5275 ft above the sea. The area from Darajani to Makindu is hilly and full of wild animals. There are huge, dense trees on either side of the railway line and it is impossible to see what is beyond them even when you are standing close to them. The Government has spent a lot of money to strengthen the Railway by using strong iron rails and by building bridges The Wadigo tribe used to live in the Makindu area. Their shelters were primitive. After building a station at Makindu the place has developed into a small trading centre. The station is clean, strongly built and has all the amenities required by the first and second class passengers. The nineteenth station is Kibosho. The twentieth station is Simba, which is 5545 ft above sea level. There are barren hills and on the left side can be seen Mt. Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Africa. The summit is always covered with ice. It is 19,800 fi above sea level. The twenty-first station is Sultan Hamud, twenty-second is Kima, twenty-third Kiu, twenty-fourth Machakos Road, twenty-fifth Athi Lukenya and twenty-sixth is Nairobi. Nairobi was a flat area full of wild animals such as lions and hippos. The dense forest is full of green grass, and the soil is of the black type. The soil in Nairobi is dry but areas around the river are suitable for farming. Indians have managed to grow potatoes and poppy successfully. The black soil is full of water so it is difficult to walk on it. You see many people cleaning their shoes as they walk along the main roads of Nairobi. Kikuyu Station is five miles beyond Nairobi. The fierce Maasai tribe hunts elephants here. They sold the tusks to the Arabs from Mombasa for a yard of cloth. Kikuyu is extremely fertile and well sited for agriculture. The soil is always moist and there are many streams, rivers and waterfalls. The Maasai have been growing maize, millet and sweet potatoes for hundreds of years there. Indians have further developed the land and have started fruit orchards. Escarpment is the highest area around Nairobi. It is about 8330 ft above sea level. There is a big valley to the south of the Escarpment. The valley is about 25-30 miles wide and its floor is not flat. On one side of the valley is the Kikuyu land, which is about 8000-10,000 ft above sea level. The land is very fertile and excellent for agriculture. Lake Naivasha and Lake Nakuru are not far from Nairobi by railway. Lake Naivasha is about 60 ft deep. Herds of elephants come to drink water along the shores of Lake Naivasha. The people living around kill them who use sharp spears and arrows. The elephants are killed for their valuable tusks, which are carried to Zanzibar via Mombasa from where they are exported to London. One tusk, which weighed 259 lb was sold for one thousand pounds. The second tusk was sent to Germany. Port Florence is the last station, on Lake Victoria Nyanza. The lake is like a huge ocean, but of sweet water. The waves are very violent and along the shores can be heard the roaring of lions. There are thunderstorms and lightning every day. The vegetation changes at once. There are dense forests of huge trees with grass growing underneath like a carpet. The land is flat and fertile. Thousands of elephants and wild animals live in the thick forest

The history of the South Asians in East Africa is not very old. It is only about 100 years since the first Indians landed on the shores of Kenya, namely Mombasa. The journeys in those days were accomplished in dhows which were the main source of transport and starting from Bombay the journeys could take as much as months to complete as the dhows depended on the state of the winds. It was after a lot of hardships that some of our ancestors reached Kenya to serve in the Uganda Railways which was being built from Mombasa to Kampala.

The Punjabis (Hindus, Muslims & Sikhs) were the main source of skilled and semi skilled labourers who worked on the railways. They suffered numerous hardships including the lions of Tsavo.

Do You or Your parents or Grandparents had any escapades, adventures, memorable incidents, interesting stories, their rise to fame or riches, old photographs or mementoes, souvenirs, brochures of Kenya, Uganda, Tanganyika - magazines printed by gurdwaras or federations, clubs, schools, students etc. Any documents or photos about East Africa – anything!

I am in the process of writing a book on the ‘Punjabi Heritage in East Africa’ and I need information as much as possible. Just get in touch with me and send me the information (which will be returned after use). Your name will be acknowledged in the book.

Your assistance would help in inserting your ancestors’ names in the history of East Africa.

Kindly contact,

Harjinder Singh Kanwal, 20 Trewint Close, Exhall, Coventry CV7 9FG U.K.

Phone: 024 7631 9483 E/mail: [email protected]

REad Further http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/heritage/sikhhert%20EAfrica/sikhsEAfricapart2.htm