https://www.sikhiwiki.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Sikhdigitallibrary&feedformat=atomSikhiWiki - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T15:29:34ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.39.6https://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Hum_Hindu_Nahin&diff=120646Hum Hindu Nahin2021-12-10T06:20:16Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* External links */</p>
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<div>'''Ham Hindu Nahin''', by [[Bhai Kahn Singh]], lit. "We, ([[Sikh]]s), are not Hindus," is a clear-cut declaration of Sikh identity registered by a Sikh scholar and intellectual towards the close of the nineteenth century. The statement constitutes the basic dictum of the book which appeared under this challenging title in 1898. In the signed introduction to the work, the author puts down HB as his initials. Decoded, the initials stand for Kahn Singh.<br />
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The book was registered under this title in the Punjab Gazette on 30 June 1899 at number 447. The author's name, Kahn Singh, started appearing in the book from 1907. The book recalled the days of long-drawn polemic between Hindus and Sikhs. Hindus argued that Sikhism was part of the vast Hindu complex and that it had no independent status of its own.<br />
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Sikhs, especially those influenced by the [[Singh Sabha]] ideology, joining the debate from the other side, argued vehemently that [[Sikhism]] was an autonomous faith with its own history, religious symbols and philosophy. <br />
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Even some Sikhs not initiated to the new ideas supported the theory that the Sikhs did not belong to a religious tradition different from the Hindus. This school found strong support in elements saturated in Hindu thought and ideology. The view that the Sikhs are Hindus found strong support in an address given in 1897 by Baba Sir Khem Singh Bedi, a direct lineal descendant of Guru Nanak, at the Diamond Jubilee function at the Institute of Technology at Lahore saying that the Sikhs are not separate from Hindus. In his tract published in 1899, Baba Narain Singh repeated the assertion that Sikhs are Hindus.<br />
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Ham Hindu Nahin appeared in the form of a dialogue between a Hindu and a Sikh:<br />
the Hindu was asking questions which are answered by the Sikh. The bulk of the book consists largely of texts drawn mainly from the Sikh scripture and presented as evidence that [[Khalsa]] faith and conduct differ from Hindu tradition to such an extent that Sikhism must be regarded as a separate religious system, distinct and autonomous in its own right. The texts are grouped under such headings as religious texts, caste system, divine incarnation, rituals, idol-worship, belief in gods and goddesses, etc. <br />
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Thus pressing its claims vehemently and vigorously to a distinctly separate Sikh identity, the book concludes with a versified note by the author, describing characteristics of the [[Khalsa]].<br />
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==External links==<br />
* [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/11/hum-hindu-nahin-kahn-singh-nabha.html <nowiki>Hum Hindu Nahin - Kahn Singh Nabha [ਹਮ ਹਿੰਦੂ ਨਹੀਂ - ਭਾਈ ਕਾਨ੍ਹ ਸਿੰਘ ਨਾਭਾ] (1973 reprint)</nowiki>]<br />
* [http://www.sikhphilosophy.net/sikh-sikhi-sikhism/26356-hum-hindu-nahin.html Another Perspective on Sikhs Not Being Hindus]<br />
<br />
'''Articles/Excerpts taken from 'Hum Hindu Nahin'''' <br />
Translated by Dr. Jarnail Singh<br />
<br />
[http://www.searchsikhism.com/hind5.html Six Questions by Hindus]<br />
<br />
[http://www.searchsikhism.com/hind7.html Conversation]<br />
<br />
[http://www.searchsikhism.com/hind8.html Vedas, Shastras and Puranas]<br />
<br />
[http://www.searchsikhism.com/hind10.html Avatars]<br />
<br />
[http://www.searchsikhism.com/hind12.html Worshiping of Idols]<br />
<br />
[http://www.searchsikhism.com/hind14.html Sutak Patak - Puerperium]<br />
<br />
[http://www.searchsikhism.com/hind16.html Fasting] <br />
<br />
[http://www.searchsikhism.com/hind18.html Pret Kirya, Shradha - Rites for the dead]<br />
<br />
[http://www.searchsikhism.com/hind20.html Yag and Homa]<br />
<br />
[http://www.searchsikhism.com/hind9.html Caste Varna]<br />
<br />
[http://www.searchsikhism.com/hind11.html Gods and Godesses]<br />
<br />
[http://www.searchsikhism.com/hind13.html Sandhya Tarpan]<br />
<br />
[http://www.searchsikhism.com/hind15.html Chauka Kaar - Sacred Square]<br />
<br />
[http://www.searchsikhism.com/hind17.html Mahurat - Omens]<br />
<br />
[http://www.searchsikhism.com/hind19.html Mantras - Incantations]<br />
<br />
[http://www.searchsikhism.com/hind21.html Rites and Symbols]<br />
<br />
[http://www.searchsikhism.com/hind22.html Conclusion]<br />
<br />
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[[category:books]]</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Bhai_Kahn_Singh_Nabha&diff=120645Bhai Kahn Singh Nabha2021-12-10T06:18:49Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* Significant works */</p>
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<div>{{fa|330}}<br />
{{p|Image:Kahnsinghnabha.jpg| [[Bhai Kahn Singh]]}}<br />
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'''Bhai Kahn Singh''' ([[Punjabi]] ਭਾਈ ਕਾਨਹ ਸਿਂਘ ਨਾਭਾ ), of [[Nabha]] ([[30 August]] [[1861]]- [[24 November]] [[1938]]), was a celebrated scholar and encyclopedia writer. He was born on 30 August 1861 (Bhadori vadi 10, 1918 Bk), in a Dhillon Jatt family at the village of Sabaz Banera, about 5 miles from [[Nabha]], in what was then territory of the princely ruler of [[Patiala]]. His father was Narain Singh and his mother was Har Kaur. His father was a man of saintly character who became in-charge of Gurdwara Dera Baba Ajapal Singh, at [[Nabha]], on the death in 1861 of his grandfather, Sarup Singh. <br />
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==Early Life==<br />
<br />
Bhai Kahn Singh, the eldest of three brothers and one sister, did not attend any school or college for formal education as his father arranged his studies in Hindi, Brij Bhasha and Sanskrit from [[pandit]]s in and around Nabha who also tutored him in the writing of poetry. By the age of 10, he could recite freely both the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] and the [[Dasam Granth]]. <br />
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He learned music from a famous musicologist, Mahant Gajja Singh. When he was 20 years old he wanted to study [[Persian]]. Learning of this, people urged his father, Baba Narayan Singh to not let his son study Persian. Never-the-less, Bhai Sahib sought out Maulawis (Muslim preachers) in [[Delhi]] to teach him the language that many of the [[Sikh Gurus]] had been proficient in such as the ''[[Zafarnama]]'' of [[Guru Gobind Singh]].<br />
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==His Career begins==<br />
{{pl|File:Bhai Kahn Singh of Nabha.jpg|Bhai Kahn Singh of Nabha}}<br />
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In 1883 he went to [[Lahore]] where during his two year stay he studied Persian texts and assisted Professor Gurmukh Singh, a leading figure in the [[Singh Sabha]], in the publication of his Sudhdrdrak. In 1887 he was appointed tutor to Tikka Ripudaman Singh, the heir apparent of Nabha state. From the Maharaja's private secretary to judge of the High Court, he held several different appointments in the state, serving for a brief interregnum, 1915-17, in the neighbouring Sikh state of Patiala. <br />
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In 1885, he had a chance meeting with [[Max Arthur Macauliffe]] which led to a lifelong friendship. Macauliffe depended a great deal on his advice and guidance in the work he was then doing on Sikh scriptures and on the history of early [[Sikhism]]. He took him along to England when his 6 volume, ''The Sikh Religion'' was being printed at the Clarendon Press. Such was his admiration for Bhai Kahn Singh that he assigned to him the copyright of the book.<br />
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==Literary works ==<br />
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From among Bhai Kahn Singh's works, [[Mahan Kosh|Gurushabad Ratandkar Mahan Kosh (1930)]], an encyclopaedia of Sikh literature, will remain a permanent monument to his unmatched industry and erudition. He spent 14 long years writing the Mahan Kosh which is a clear, succinct and wonderful exposition of the history, religion, culture and literature of the [[Punjab]] and the [[Sikh]]s. This reference book was published through the patronage of the [[Maharaja Bhupendra Singh]] of [[Patiala]] and is a standard reference text, still in print. It is considered an authentic interpretation of Sikh ethos.<br />
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His maiden work, Raj Dharam (1884), written at the instance of Maharaja Hira Singh of Nabha, was followed by Natak Bhavaarth Dipika (1888), an exegesis of extracts from the Hanuman Nalak, based on his notes prepared for the instruction of the young prince under his tutelage. <br />
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In 1898, he published [[Hum Hindu Nahin]] which set forth forcefully the [[Singh Sabha]] standpoint with regard to Sikh identity. The "Gurmat Prabhakar", a glossary of Sikh terminology, concepts and institutions, was published in 1898, and "Gurmat Sudhakar", an anthology of important Sikh texts, scriptural and historical, in 1899. His Guru Chhand Divdkar (1924) and Gur Sabad Alankar (1925) deal primarily with rhetoric and prosody employed in the Guru Granth Sahib and some other Sikh texts. <br />
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His Guru Gird Kasauti answers some of the questions raised by his pupil, Tikka Ripudaman Singh, about the meanings of certain hymns in the [[Guru Granth Sahib]], and his Sharab Nikhedh (1907) is a didactic work stressing the harmful effects of drinking. Among his other works are tikas or exegeses of Jameni Asvamedh (1896), Visnu Purana (1903), Steek Chandi di Var (1935). <br />
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From among his works which were published posthumously, Gurmat Martand (2 volumes) which essentially follows the formal of his earlier Gurmat Prabhdkar but includes much more explanatory material was published in 1960. A travelogue was published in 1984.<br />
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==Man of great influence ==<br />
{{p|File:Maharaja Hira Singh of Nabha, Tikka Ripudaman Singh and Bhai Kahn Singh.jpg|Sitting from left, Maharaja Hira Singh of Nabha, Tikka Ripudaman Singh and Bhai Kahn Singh}}<br />
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Bhai Kahn Singh lived in seclusion, totally immersed in his scholarly pursuit, yet his influence transcended the bounds he had created around himself. From the privacy of his study, he continued to enrich contemporary Sikh life in its diverse aspects. A man of aristocratic bearing, he was extraordinarily handsome, with sharp, chiselled features. <br />
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He had the interests of an aesthete and loved art, flowers and music. In several spheres, he was the arbiter of taste. Through his writings, he subtly moulded the course of Sikh awakening at the turn of the century. On later day Sikh learning, he has left a permanent imprint.<br />
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==A True Sikh through and through==<br />
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Bhai Kahn Singh practised what he preached. He advocated inter-caste marriages and his son’s marriage was such. His niece, a widow, was remarried, in accordance with his wishes. Overall, he lived the life of an erudite country squire. He lived in Nabha, where his great-grandson, Major A P Singh, resides now. <br />
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He would retire to the hills of Solan and Simla in summers, and was also known as a good tennis player. He contributed financially and otherwise to the [[Khalsa College, Amritsar]], and presided over the Sikh Educational Conference in 1931, a singular honour. In 1932, the British government gave him the title of Sardar Bahadur. In 1933, he was presented a sword by King Nadir Shah of Afghanistan, where he had gone for research.<br />
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==Demise of a great literary genius==<br />
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Bhai Kahn Singh passed away on November 24, 1938, leving behind a rich legacy. Many generations have passed, but this extraordinary scholar still lives through his works.He was given the honorific title of "Sardar Bahadur" in 1933 by, the British government. In 1933, he was presented a sword by King Nadir Shah of Afghanistan, where he had gone to do research. <br />
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His keen interest in religious issues touched the life of many and earned the wrath of certain Hindu elements. He was furious and wanted that the Sikh religion and its dictates be taken seriously and depicted correctly. "Hum Hindu Nahin" was published to prove the point. <br />
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He was responsible for the removal of all kinds of idols from the Parkarma of [[Harmandir Sahib]], condemning it as idol worship. He always protected truth and fought injustice in all spheres of life. His social and political programs were always directed to fulfil his literary and religious agenda.<br />
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==Significant works==<br />
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Raj Dharam (1884)<br><br />
Nanak Bhavarth Dipika (1888)<br><br />
[[Hum Hindu Nahin]] (1898)<br />
<br />
[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/11/hum-hindu-nahin-kahn-singh-nabha.html <nowiki>Hum Hindu Nahin - Kahn Singh Nabha [ਹਮ ਹਿੰਦੂ ਨਹੀਂ - ਭਾਈ ਕਾਨ੍ਹ ਸਿੰਘ ਨਾਭਾ] (1973 reprint)</nowiki>]<br><br />
Gurmat Prabhakar (1898)<br><br />
Gurmat Sudhakar (1899)<br><br />
Guru Chand Divakar (1924)<br><br />
Gur Sabad Alankar (1925)<br><br />
Gur Gira Kasauti (1899)<br><br />
Sharab Nikhedh (1907)v<br />
[[Gurushabad Ratanakar Mahan Kosh]] (1930)<br />
<br />
===Tikas or exegeses===<br />
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Jaimant Assamedh (1896)<br><br />
Visnu Purana (1903)<br><br />
Sadu and Chandi di Var (1935)<br><br />
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===Posthumously published===<br />
<br />
Gurmat Martand<br><br />
(2 volumes) (1962)<br><br />
Bhai Kahn Singh Nabha de Aprakshiet Safarname (1984)<br><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
'''* [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/03/bhai-kahn-singh-ik-adhyeyan.html Bhai Kahn Singh - Ik Adhyeyan] '''<br />
'''<br />
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'''* [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/03/bhai-kahn-singh-nabha-tey-unah-dian.html Bhai Kahn Singh Nabha tey Unah Dian Rachnavaan]''' <br />
<br />
* [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041121/spectrum/main3.htm Punjabi’s pioneering encyclopaedist]<br />
* [http://www.searchgurbani.com/main.php?book=mahan_kosh&action=nabha A Tribute to Bhai Kahn Singh Nabha]<br />
*Web about Bhai Kahan Singh Nabha------http://www.hvcfoundation.com/ <br />
[[Category:Sikh Scholars]]<br />
[[category:bhai]]</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Partition_of_Punjab&diff=119337Partition of Punjab2021-08-29T09:47:56Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* Additional References */</p>
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<div>[[Image:Partition_punjab.jpg |right]]<br />
'''Sir Syed Ahmad Khan''', founder of the Mohammadan Anglo-Oriental College which later became Aligarh State university was encouraged by the British to communalise politics. He became a staunch ally of the British and lent his commanding influence to preach gospel of loyalty among Muslims. He first opened his campaign againt the Indian National Congress in 1887. <br />
<br />
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The Indian national congress was founded in 1885 by Some British and Anglo-Indians to demand a legislative assembly and other democratic rights for the citizens of India) <br />
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==First efforts at a Muslim State==<br />
His speech in Lucknow in 18 December 1887 was full of venom. His primary aim was to win the Muslims a reprieve for their part in the mutiny of 1857. In 1893, Syed Ahmad Khan established the Mohammadan Anglo-Oriental Defence Association of Upper India which was opened only to Muslims and Englishmen. Thus started a long campaign to create a separate state for Muslims. Syed Ahmad Khan died in 1898 but with the creation of [[Aligarh University]] and by his planting of 'seeds of venom' he had done his damage. <br />
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His path to the evential holocaust was taken over by the [[Agha Khan]]. Lord Minto on October 1, 1906 in front of Agha Khan and other Muslim and British dignatories at Simla said, <br />
<br />
:" I claim that in any system of representation whether it affects a muncipality, a District, or Legislative council, in which it is proposed to introduce or increase Mohammadan community should be represented as a community." (quote from '''Heritage of Sikhs''', page 255, written by Harbans Singh). <br />
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This statment by the Governor General was an open inticement to Muslim separatism. In 1909, Minto-Morley reforms gave weighted representatin to Muslims in provinces in which they were in minority. This created a permanent separatism between Muslims and Hindus. In 1916 Congress attempted to appease muslims by giving them several separate communal laws and claims in a pact called the [[Lucknow Pact]]. In [[Punjab]], '''50 percent''' of seats were reserved for Muslims under this League-Congress pact while the Sikhs were completely ignored. In 1916, A Sikh representative [[Sardar Gajjan Singh]] of [[Ludhiana]] moved an ammendment be attached recommending the addition of the words, "subject to the just claims of the sikhs". <br />
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This proposal was opposed by both Hindus and Muslims. At this time there were only two Sikhs in the legislative assembly. The franchise committee was established by British to look into the matter of composition of new legislatures based on religion. Sikhs were given 15 percent of the seats, but were only 12 percent of Punjab, while Muslims in Bihar and Orissa were less than 10 percent and got 25 percent of total legislature seats. <br />
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Though [[Sikhs]] were smallest minority in Punjab, they had been generally aversed to any participation in communal representation. The muslims, in spite of being a majority, had been given statutory protection and weightage in form of separate electorates and reservation of seats. This created among the Sikhs a sense of grievance and they demanded to be treated on a par with the Muslims in the matter of political rights.<br />
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==Chief Khalsa Diwan supports Separation of 'Church and State'==<br />
[[Chief Khalsa Diwan]] in 1928 observed that Sikhs are anxious to maintain their individuality while at the same time they are ready to co-operate with their sister communities for the development of a united nation. They would, therefore, be the first to welcome a declaration that no consideration of caste or religion shall affect the matter of organization of a national government in the country. Sikhs are prepared to stand on merit alone. The British appointed a committee under [[Moti Lal Nehru]] to work out a scheme of government that was acceptable to all. The committee prepared a report which was published in August 1928.<br />
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Muslim opinion was totally against this report and Mohammad Ali Jinnah, an emerging leader of the Muslims suggested a number of amendments to it. Sikhs rejected the Nehru report for different reasons [[Baba Kharak Singh]] in his speech put these points forth;<br />
*first this report asked only for dominion status of Indians under British and not total freedom<br />
*second this report had laid the foundation of communalism by accepting separate electorates<br />
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On December 20, 1929, Baba Kharak Singh gave a speech at Lajpat Nagar, Lahore reiterated the Sikhs determination not to let any single community establish its political hegemony in Punjab. Sikhs he said had suffered more then anyone else, of the 31 Indian patriots sentenced to death, 27 were Sikhs, and out of 121 sentenced to long imprisonment, 91 were Sikhs. Nehru and Gandhi met with Baba Kharak Singh and assured him of Sikh representation and keeping the country united while the Muslims remained silent. <br />
<br />
But things slowly were changing. Muslim league in the elections of 1936 won only two seats in Punjab and the Unionist party led by [[Sikandar Hayat Khan]] formed the government, this party was mostly composed of feudal land lords. After these elections, Muslims league started showing its true colors. Several incidents inciting muslims against infidels were reported in muslim newspapers. Leaders like Jinnah and Liaqat Ali Khan who behaved more like englishmen than subcontinent muslims, started exploiting the sentiments of Muslims through out India. Jinnah, although an accomplished lawyer, was a petty, shrewd person who was only the second generation of neuveau-riche liberal muslims. He was called a pseudo British or a brown sahib. Though a muslim he drank liquor, wore the best of Saville Row bespoke suits and even ate pork. He always had a cigarette in hand lighting another before he finished his last. Another thing to note is that he never really took part in any struggle for independence, while other leaders like Maulana Abul Kalam, M. K. Gandhi, Sardar V. Patel and Jawaharlal Nehru were put in jail for many years. The situation until 1940 had turned bad throughout [[India]] and relations between Hindus and Muslims were turning cold.<br />
<br />
==Trouble looms as Sikhs are a minority in every district==<br />
In 1940, Mohammad Ali Jinnah called for a separate state for muslims called Pakistan to be created out of those areas which had a Muslims majority. This was a shock for Sikhs, as Sikhs although they were spread out throughout punjab, they were only a minority in all its provinces. The British appointed Sir Stafford Cripps in 1942 to look after the creation of new provinces or a separate state for Muslims. Sikh representation told this comission: "Why should a province that fails to secure three-fifths majority of its legislature, in which a religious community enjoys statutory majority, be allowed to hold a plebiscite and given the benefit of a bare majority. <br />
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In fairness, this right should have been conceded to communities who are in permanent minority in the legislature. From the boundry of Delhi to the banks of Ravi River the population is divided as follows: Muslims, 4,505,000; Sikhs and other non-muslims, 7,060,000. To this may be added the population of Sikh states of Patiala, Nabha, Jind, Kapurthala and Faridkot, which is about 2,600,000, of this Muslims constitute barely 20 percent and this reduces the ratio of Muslim population still further. <br />
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We shall resist by all possible means, the separation of Punjab from the all-India union. We shall never permit our motherland to be at the mercy of those who disown it. After it was a certainity that Pakistan would be formed, [[Giani Kartar Singh]] in 1943 declared a call for a Separate state called [[Azad Punjab]], to be comprised of Ambala, Jullundar, Lahore, Multan, and Lyallpur districts. [[Master Tara Singh]] president of SAD and other Sikh leaders such as [[Giani Sher Singh]], [[Sadhu Singh Hamdard]], [[Amar Singh Dosanjh]], [[Ajit Singh Ambalvi]] supported this call for Azad Punjab. Then in a speech in Amritsar in August 1944, Master Tara Singh declared that Sikhs were a nation and as such a demand was formerly put forward by the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] in a resolution passed on March 22, 1946 for a separate Sikh state. <br />
<br />
After this, the situation in Punjab got very tense. On one hand Jinnah and the Muslim league was calling for 'blood or Pakistan' and declaring that Muslims are no believers of ahimsa and will resort to any means possible to achieve their means. Muslim league declared August 16th 1946 to be observed as 'Direct Action Day', where all muslims were asked to show the support for Pakistan by rioting. Explaining the implications of the Direct Action Day threat, Liaqat Ali Khan, general secretary of Muslim league said "Direct action means resort to non-constitutional methods that can take any form which many suit the conditions under which we live. We cannot eliminate any methods. Direct Action means any action against the law." Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar spoke in more forthright terms: "Pakistan can be achieved through shedding blood of others. Muslims are no believers in ahimsa.<br />
<br />
==Muslims go on the Rampage, yet Jinnah never arrested==<br />
The decree of violence and jingoism was enthusiastically embraced by the Muslim masses. The Muslim league created a private army called Muslim National Guards. Arms were being secretely amassed, petrol stored and lethel weapons laid in. Muslim league volunteers were especially trained in the skills of stabbing and fire-raising. Simultaneously, a chorus of hate and inflammatory exhortation flowed from the League pulpiteers and newspapers. Communal frenzy was worked up to a dangerous pitch and on appointed day the storm burst in Calcutta. H.S. Suhrawardy, Muslim league leader from Bengal let loose horron on the Hindu population on the morning of August 16 1946. Stabbing, looting, burning were the order of the day. For four days the League desperados had the city at their mercy. According to rough estimated about 15,000 persons were killed and injured while one hundred thousands were rendered homeless. Then on 2nd September in Noakhali and Tippera (Bengal) where Hindus were in minority, violence broke out. Thousands of Hindus were cruelly murdered, their womenfolks abducted and compelled to marry Muslims, property looted. The Sikhs of Calcutta did a notable humanitarium job at the time of the Great killing, saving many innocent lives in Hindus as well as in Muslim localities. Soon violence spread northwards. According to Muslim league, the Sikhs were the only viable obstruction to Pakistan. Justice G.D. Khosla of the Fact Finding Organization setup by Government of India observed: "Sikhs had opposed the partition of India with even greater vigour than Hindus, because they felt that as a community they could only expect disaster in Pakistan, therefore it was against the Sikhs that spearpoint of the Muslim league attack was first aimed. In the March 1947 riots, the Sikhs or Rawalpindi faced ahhihilation and large number of them left the district. Within a few weeks almost the entire Sikh population had migrated from the district. Rioting in Punjab started in first week of December in the district of Hazara. A Holy war was declared on Hindus and Sikhs. Sikh habitations were wiped out, Gurdwaras were desecrated. Rioting in Lahore was started in March 4 1947, it started out as stabbing and small incidents and spread out to become arson and murder. Soon after Muslims in Amritsar (muslims were about 40-50% of population before partition) went rioting, a mob tried to attack Golden Temple and were repulsed with a pitched battle fought between handful of Sikhs under Jathedar Udham Singh Nagoke. Same day muslims of Sharifpura (a suburb of Amristar), stopped a train full of refugees from Pakistan for slaughter. After this incident, Sikhs and Hindus in Amritsar were furious and many innocent muslims had to bear the fury of anger. Soon after [[Amritsar]] was empty of Muslims. While total number of casualties were about same on both sides, about 100-150 million refugees were exchanged between both countries. There were large number of atrocities inflicted on women, many were abducted and raped. In village Thoh Khalsa (now in Pakistan), 1000 [[Sikh]] and Hindu women jumped into well to save their honor after their menfolks were killed by Muslim mobs. It is estimated that about 1 million Hindus/Sikhs/Muslims were murdered and 10-50 millions were injured. Property lost was in trillion of dollars. Sikh leadership opted for India and millions of Sikhs migrated to East Punjab and [[Delhi]].<br />
<br />
== '''Additional References''' ==<br />
<br />
'''1) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/10/the-sikh-martys-of-western-punjab.html The Sikh Martys of Western Punjab - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
'''2) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/08/pakistan-andar-rahe-gurudware-tract-no.html Pakistan Andar Rahe Gurudware Tract No. 138]'''<br />
<br />
'''3) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2017/09/1947-ghaluhgarey-di-kavita-dr-jasbir.html 1947 Ghaluhgarey di Kavita - Dr. Jasbir Singh Sarna (Ed.)]'''<br />
<br />
'''4) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/08/a-diary-of-partition-days-1947-dr-ganda.html A Diary Of The Partition Days 1947 - Dr. Ganda Singh]'''<br />
<br />
'''5) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/kyon-kito-vesah-part-2-narain-singh.html Kyon Kito Vesah Part 2 - Narain Singh Tract No. 272]'''<br />
<br />
'''6)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/06/kyon-kito-vesah-part-3-narain-singh.html '''Kyon Kito Vesah Part 3 - Narain Singh Tract No. 273''']<br />
<br />
'''7) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/06/kyon-kito-vesah-part-4-narain-singh.html Kyon Kito Vesah Part 4 - Narain Singh Tract No. 277]'''<br />
<br />
'''8) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/06/punjab-homeland-of-sikhs-together-with.html Punjab - The Homeland of The Sikhs, together with The Sikh Memorandum to the sapru conciliation committee - Harnam Singh]'''<br />
<br />
'''9) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/07/muslim-league-attacks-on-sikhs-and.html Muslim League Attacks on Sikhs and hindus in the Punjab 1947]'''<br />
[[Category:History]]</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Partition_of_Punjab&diff=119336Partition of Punjab2021-08-29T09:45:57Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* Additional References */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Partition_punjab.jpg |right]]<br />
'''Sir Syed Ahmad Khan''', founder of the Mohammadan Anglo-Oriental College which later became Aligarh State university was encouraged by the British to communalise politics. He became a staunch ally of the British and lent his commanding influence to preach gospel of loyalty among Muslims. He first opened his campaign againt the Indian National Congress in 1887. <br />
<br />
-----<br />
-----<br />
The Indian national congress was founded in 1885 by Some British and Anglo-Indians to demand a legislative assembly and other democratic rights for the citizens of India) <br />
-----<br />
-----<br />
<br />
==First efforts at a Muslim State==<br />
His speech in Lucknow in 18 December 1887 was full of venom. His primary aim was to win the Muslims a reprieve for their part in the mutiny of 1857. In 1893, Syed Ahmad Khan established the Mohammadan Anglo-Oriental Defence Association of Upper India which was opened only to Muslims and Englishmen. Thus started a long campaign to create a separate state for Muslims. Syed Ahmad Khan died in 1898 but with the creation of [[Aligarh University]] and by his planting of 'seeds of venom' he had done his damage. <br />
<br />
His path to the evential holocaust was taken over by the [[Agha Khan]]. Lord Minto on October 1, 1906 in front of Agha Khan and other Muslim and British dignatories at Simla said, <br />
<br />
:" I claim that in any system of representation whether it affects a muncipality, a District, or Legislative council, in which it is proposed to introduce or increase Mohammadan community should be represented as a community." (quote from '''Heritage of Sikhs''', page 255, written by Harbans Singh). <br />
<br />
This statment by the Governor General was an open inticement to Muslim separatism. In 1909, Minto-Morley reforms gave weighted representatin to Muslims in provinces in which they were in minority. This created a permanent separatism between Muslims and Hindus. In 1916 Congress attempted to appease muslims by giving them several separate communal laws and claims in a pact called the [[Lucknow Pact]]. In [[Punjab]], '''50 percent''' of seats were reserved for Muslims under this League-Congress pact while the Sikhs were completely ignored. In 1916, A Sikh representative [[Sardar Gajjan Singh]] of [[Ludhiana]] moved an ammendment be attached recommending the addition of the words, "subject to the just claims of the sikhs". <br />
<br />
This proposal was opposed by both Hindus and Muslims. At this time there were only two Sikhs in the legislative assembly. The franchise committee was established by British to look into the matter of composition of new legislatures based on religion. Sikhs were given 15 percent of the seats, but were only 12 percent of Punjab, while Muslims in Bihar and Orissa were less than 10 percent and got 25 percent of total legislature seats. <br />
<br />
Though [[Sikhs]] were smallest minority in Punjab, they had been generally aversed to any participation in communal representation. The muslims, in spite of being a majority, had been given statutory protection and weightage in form of separate electorates and reservation of seats. This created among the Sikhs a sense of grievance and they demanded to be treated on a par with the Muslims in the matter of political rights.<br />
<br />
==Chief Khalsa Diwan supports Separation of 'Church and State'==<br />
[[Chief Khalsa Diwan]] in 1928 observed that Sikhs are anxious to maintain their individuality while at the same time they are ready to co-operate with their sister communities for the development of a united nation. They would, therefore, be the first to welcome a declaration that no consideration of caste or religion shall affect the matter of organization of a national government in the country. Sikhs are prepared to stand on merit alone. The British appointed a committee under [[Moti Lal Nehru]] to work out a scheme of government that was acceptable to all. The committee prepared a report which was published in August 1928.<br />
<br />
Muslim opinion was totally against this report and Mohammad Ali Jinnah, an emerging leader of the Muslims suggested a number of amendments to it. Sikhs rejected the Nehru report for different reasons [[Baba Kharak Singh]] in his speech put these points forth;<br />
*first this report asked only for dominion status of Indians under British and not total freedom<br />
*second this report had laid the foundation of communalism by accepting separate electorates<br />
<br />
On December 20, 1929, Baba Kharak Singh gave a speech at Lajpat Nagar, Lahore reiterated the Sikhs determination not to let any single community establish its political hegemony in Punjab. Sikhs he said had suffered more then anyone else, of the 31 Indian patriots sentenced to death, 27 were Sikhs, and out of 121 sentenced to long imprisonment, 91 were Sikhs. Nehru and Gandhi met with Baba Kharak Singh and assured him of Sikh representation and keeping the country united while the Muslims remained silent. <br />
<br />
But things slowly were changing. Muslim league in the elections of 1936 won only two seats in Punjab and the Unionist party led by [[Sikandar Hayat Khan]] formed the government, this party was mostly composed of feudal land lords. After these elections, Muslims league started showing its true colors. Several incidents inciting muslims against infidels were reported in muslim newspapers. Leaders like Jinnah and Liaqat Ali Khan who behaved more like englishmen than subcontinent muslims, started exploiting the sentiments of Muslims through out India. Jinnah, although an accomplished lawyer, was a petty, shrewd person who was only the second generation of neuveau-riche liberal muslims. He was called a pseudo British or a brown sahib. Though a muslim he drank liquor, wore the best of Saville Row bespoke suits and even ate pork. He always had a cigarette in hand lighting another before he finished his last. Another thing to note is that he never really took part in any struggle for independence, while other leaders like Maulana Abul Kalam, M. K. Gandhi, Sardar V. Patel and Jawaharlal Nehru were put in jail for many years. The situation until 1940 had turned bad throughout [[India]] and relations between Hindus and Muslims were turning cold.<br />
<br />
==Trouble looms as Sikhs are a minority in every district==<br />
In 1940, Mohammad Ali Jinnah called for a separate state for muslims called Pakistan to be created out of those areas which had a Muslims majority. This was a shock for Sikhs, as Sikhs although they were spread out throughout punjab, they were only a minority in all its provinces. The British appointed Sir Stafford Cripps in 1942 to look after the creation of new provinces or a separate state for Muslims. Sikh representation told this comission: "Why should a province that fails to secure three-fifths majority of its legislature, in which a religious community enjoys statutory majority, be allowed to hold a plebiscite and given the benefit of a bare majority. <br />
<br />
In fairness, this right should have been conceded to communities who are in permanent minority in the legislature. From the boundry of Delhi to the banks of Ravi River the population is divided as follows: Muslims, 4,505,000; Sikhs and other non-muslims, 7,060,000. To this may be added the population of Sikh states of Patiala, Nabha, Jind, Kapurthala and Faridkot, which is about 2,600,000, of this Muslims constitute barely 20 percent and this reduces the ratio of Muslim population still further. <br />
<br />
We shall resist by all possible means, the separation of Punjab from the all-India union. We shall never permit our motherland to be at the mercy of those who disown it. After it was a certainity that Pakistan would be formed, [[Giani Kartar Singh]] in 1943 declared a call for a Separate state called [[Azad Punjab]], to be comprised of Ambala, Jullundar, Lahore, Multan, and Lyallpur districts. [[Master Tara Singh]] president of SAD and other Sikh leaders such as [[Giani Sher Singh]], [[Sadhu Singh Hamdard]], [[Amar Singh Dosanjh]], [[Ajit Singh Ambalvi]] supported this call for Azad Punjab. Then in a speech in Amritsar in August 1944, Master Tara Singh declared that Sikhs were a nation and as such a demand was formerly put forward by the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] in a resolution passed on March 22, 1946 for a separate Sikh state. <br />
<br />
After this, the situation in Punjab got very tense. On one hand Jinnah and the Muslim league was calling for 'blood or Pakistan' and declaring that Muslims are no believers of ahimsa and will resort to any means possible to achieve their means. Muslim league declared August 16th 1946 to be observed as 'Direct Action Day', where all muslims were asked to show the support for Pakistan by rioting. Explaining the implications of the Direct Action Day threat, Liaqat Ali Khan, general secretary of Muslim league said "Direct action means resort to non-constitutional methods that can take any form which many suit the conditions under which we live. We cannot eliminate any methods. Direct Action means any action against the law." Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar spoke in more forthright terms: "Pakistan can be achieved through shedding blood of others. Muslims are no believers in ahimsa.<br />
<br />
==Muslims go on the Rampage, yet Jinnah never arrested==<br />
The decree of violence and jingoism was enthusiastically embraced by the Muslim masses. The Muslim league created a private army called Muslim National Guards. Arms were being secretely amassed, petrol stored and lethel weapons laid in. Muslim league volunteers were especially trained in the skills of stabbing and fire-raising. Simultaneously, a chorus of hate and inflammatory exhortation flowed from the League pulpiteers and newspapers. Communal frenzy was worked up to a dangerous pitch and on appointed day the storm burst in Calcutta. H.S. Suhrawardy, Muslim league leader from Bengal let loose horron on the Hindu population on the morning of August 16 1946. Stabbing, looting, burning were the order of the day. For four days the League desperados had the city at their mercy. According to rough estimated about 15,000 persons were killed and injured while one hundred thousands were rendered homeless. Then on 2nd September in Noakhali and Tippera (Bengal) where Hindus were in minority, violence broke out. Thousands of Hindus were cruelly murdered, their womenfolks abducted and compelled to marry Muslims, property looted. The Sikhs of Calcutta did a notable humanitarium job at the time of the Great killing, saving many innocent lives in Hindus as well as in Muslim localities. Soon violence spread northwards. According to Muslim league, the Sikhs were the only viable obstruction to Pakistan. Justice G.D. Khosla of the Fact Finding Organization setup by Government of India observed: "Sikhs had opposed the partition of India with even greater vigour than Hindus, because they felt that as a community they could only expect disaster in Pakistan, therefore it was against the Sikhs that spearpoint of the Muslim league attack was first aimed. In the March 1947 riots, the Sikhs or Rawalpindi faced ahhihilation and large number of them left the district. Within a few weeks almost the entire Sikh population had migrated from the district. Rioting in Punjab started in first week of December in the district of Hazara. A Holy war was declared on Hindus and Sikhs. Sikh habitations were wiped out, Gurdwaras were desecrated. Rioting in Lahore was started in March 4 1947, it started out as stabbing and small incidents and spread out to become arson and murder. Soon after Muslims in Amritsar (muslims were about 40-50% of population before partition) went rioting, a mob tried to attack Golden Temple and were repulsed with a pitched battle fought between handful of Sikhs under Jathedar Udham Singh Nagoke. Same day muslims of Sharifpura (a suburb of Amristar), stopped a train full of refugees from Pakistan for slaughter. After this incident, Sikhs and Hindus in Amritsar were furious and many innocent muslims had to bear the fury of anger. Soon after [[Amritsar]] was empty of Muslims. While total number of casualties were about same on both sides, about 100-150 million refugees were exchanged between both countries. There were large number of atrocities inflicted on women, many were abducted and raped. In village Thoh Khalsa (now in Pakistan), 1000 [[Sikh]] and Hindu women jumped into well to save their honor after their menfolks were killed by Muslim mobs. It is estimated that about 1 million Hindus/Sikhs/Muslims were murdered and 10-50 millions were injured. Property lost was in trillion of dollars. Sikh leadership opted for India and millions of Sikhs migrated to East Punjab and [[Delhi]].<br />
<br />
== '''Additional References''' ==<br />
<br />
'''1) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/10/the-sikh-martys-of-western-punjab.html The Sikh Martys of Western Punjab - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
'''2) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/08/pakistan-andar-rahe-gurudware-tract-no.html Pakistan Andar Rahe Gurudware Tract No. 138]'''<br />
<br />
'''3) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2017/09/1947-ghaluhgarey-di-kavita-dr-jasbir.html 1947 Ghaluhgarey di Kavita - Dr. Jasbir Singh Sarna (Ed.)]'''<br />
<br />
'''4) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/08/a-diary-of-partition-days-1947-dr-ganda.html A Diary Of The Partition Days 1947 - Dr. Ganda Singh]'''<br />
<br />
'''5) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/kyon-kito-vesah-part-2-narain-singh.html Kyon Kito Vesah Part 2 - Narain Singh Tract No. 272]'''<br />
<br />
'''6) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/06/punjab-homeland-of-sikhs-together-with.html Punjab - The Homeland of The Sikhs, together with The Sikh Memorandum to the sapru conciliation committee - Harnam Singh]'''<br />
<br />
'''7) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/07/muslim-league-attacks-on-sikhs-and.html Muslim League Attacks on Sikhs and hindus in the Punjab 1947]'''<br />
[[Category:History]]</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Partition_of_Punjab&diff=119335Partition of Punjab2021-08-29T09:45:41Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* Additional References */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Partition_punjab.jpg |right]]<br />
'''Sir Syed Ahmad Khan''', founder of the Mohammadan Anglo-Oriental College which later became Aligarh State university was encouraged by the British to communalise politics. He became a staunch ally of the British and lent his commanding influence to preach gospel of loyalty among Muslims. He first opened his campaign againt the Indian National Congress in 1887. <br />
<br />
-----<br />
-----<br />
The Indian national congress was founded in 1885 by Some British and Anglo-Indians to demand a legislative assembly and other democratic rights for the citizens of India) <br />
-----<br />
-----<br />
<br />
==First efforts at a Muslim State==<br />
His speech in Lucknow in 18 December 1887 was full of venom. His primary aim was to win the Muslims a reprieve for their part in the mutiny of 1857. In 1893, Syed Ahmad Khan established the Mohammadan Anglo-Oriental Defence Association of Upper India which was opened only to Muslims and Englishmen. Thus started a long campaign to create a separate state for Muslims. Syed Ahmad Khan died in 1898 but with the creation of [[Aligarh University]] and by his planting of 'seeds of venom' he had done his damage. <br />
<br />
His path to the evential holocaust was taken over by the [[Agha Khan]]. Lord Minto on October 1, 1906 in front of Agha Khan and other Muslim and British dignatories at Simla said, <br />
<br />
:" I claim that in any system of representation whether it affects a muncipality, a District, or Legislative council, in which it is proposed to introduce or increase Mohammadan community should be represented as a community." (quote from '''Heritage of Sikhs''', page 255, written by Harbans Singh). <br />
<br />
This statment by the Governor General was an open inticement to Muslim separatism. In 1909, Minto-Morley reforms gave weighted representatin to Muslims in provinces in which they were in minority. This created a permanent separatism between Muslims and Hindus. In 1916 Congress attempted to appease muslims by giving them several separate communal laws and claims in a pact called the [[Lucknow Pact]]. In [[Punjab]], '''50 percent''' of seats were reserved for Muslims under this League-Congress pact while the Sikhs were completely ignored. In 1916, A Sikh representative [[Sardar Gajjan Singh]] of [[Ludhiana]] moved an ammendment be attached recommending the addition of the words, "subject to the just claims of the sikhs". <br />
<br />
This proposal was opposed by both Hindus and Muslims. At this time there were only two Sikhs in the legislative assembly. The franchise committee was established by British to look into the matter of composition of new legislatures based on religion. Sikhs were given 15 percent of the seats, but were only 12 percent of Punjab, while Muslims in Bihar and Orissa were less than 10 percent and got 25 percent of total legislature seats. <br />
<br />
Though [[Sikhs]] were smallest minority in Punjab, they had been generally aversed to any participation in communal representation. The muslims, in spite of being a majority, had been given statutory protection and weightage in form of separate electorates and reservation of seats. This created among the Sikhs a sense of grievance and they demanded to be treated on a par with the Muslims in the matter of political rights.<br />
<br />
==Chief Khalsa Diwan supports Separation of 'Church and State'==<br />
[[Chief Khalsa Diwan]] in 1928 observed that Sikhs are anxious to maintain their individuality while at the same time they are ready to co-operate with their sister communities for the development of a united nation. They would, therefore, be the first to welcome a declaration that no consideration of caste or religion shall affect the matter of organization of a national government in the country. Sikhs are prepared to stand on merit alone. The British appointed a committee under [[Moti Lal Nehru]] to work out a scheme of government that was acceptable to all. The committee prepared a report which was published in August 1928.<br />
<br />
Muslim opinion was totally against this report and Mohammad Ali Jinnah, an emerging leader of the Muslims suggested a number of amendments to it. Sikhs rejected the Nehru report for different reasons [[Baba Kharak Singh]] in his speech put these points forth;<br />
*first this report asked only for dominion status of Indians under British and not total freedom<br />
*second this report had laid the foundation of communalism by accepting separate electorates<br />
<br />
On December 20, 1929, Baba Kharak Singh gave a speech at Lajpat Nagar, Lahore reiterated the Sikhs determination not to let any single community establish its political hegemony in Punjab. Sikhs he said had suffered more then anyone else, of the 31 Indian patriots sentenced to death, 27 were Sikhs, and out of 121 sentenced to long imprisonment, 91 were Sikhs. Nehru and Gandhi met with Baba Kharak Singh and assured him of Sikh representation and keeping the country united while the Muslims remained silent. <br />
<br />
But things slowly were changing. Muslim league in the elections of 1936 won only two seats in Punjab and the Unionist party led by [[Sikandar Hayat Khan]] formed the government, this party was mostly composed of feudal land lords. After these elections, Muslims league started showing its true colors. Several incidents inciting muslims against infidels were reported in muslim newspapers. Leaders like Jinnah and Liaqat Ali Khan who behaved more like englishmen than subcontinent muslims, started exploiting the sentiments of Muslims through out India. Jinnah, although an accomplished lawyer, was a petty, shrewd person who was only the second generation of neuveau-riche liberal muslims. He was called a pseudo British or a brown sahib. Though a muslim he drank liquor, wore the best of Saville Row bespoke suits and even ate pork. He always had a cigarette in hand lighting another before he finished his last. Another thing to note is that he never really took part in any struggle for independence, while other leaders like Maulana Abul Kalam, M. K. Gandhi, Sardar V. Patel and Jawaharlal Nehru were put in jail for many years. The situation until 1940 had turned bad throughout [[India]] and relations between Hindus and Muslims were turning cold.<br />
<br />
==Trouble looms as Sikhs are a minority in every district==<br />
In 1940, Mohammad Ali Jinnah called for a separate state for muslims called Pakistan to be created out of those areas which had a Muslims majority. This was a shock for Sikhs, as Sikhs although they were spread out throughout punjab, they were only a minority in all its provinces. The British appointed Sir Stafford Cripps in 1942 to look after the creation of new provinces or a separate state for Muslims. Sikh representation told this comission: "Why should a province that fails to secure three-fifths majority of its legislature, in which a religious community enjoys statutory majority, be allowed to hold a plebiscite and given the benefit of a bare majority. <br />
<br />
In fairness, this right should have been conceded to communities who are in permanent minority in the legislature. From the boundry of Delhi to the banks of Ravi River the population is divided as follows: Muslims, 4,505,000; Sikhs and other non-muslims, 7,060,000. To this may be added the population of Sikh states of Patiala, Nabha, Jind, Kapurthala and Faridkot, which is about 2,600,000, of this Muslims constitute barely 20 percent and this reduces the ratio of Muslim population still further. <br />
<br />
We shall resist by all possible means, the separation of Punjab from the all-India union. We shall never permit our motherland to be at the mercy of those who disown it. After it was a certainity that Pakistan would be formed, [[Giani Kartar Singh]] in 1943 declared a call for a Separate state called [[Azad Punjab]], to be comprised of Ambala, Jullundar, Lahore, Multan, and Lyallpur districts. [[Master Tara Singh]] president of SAD and other Sikh leaders such as [[Giani Sher Singh]], [[Sadhu Singh Hamdard]], [[Amar Singh Dosanjh]], [[Ajit Singh Ambalvi]] supported this call for Azad Punjab. Then in a speech in Amritsar in August 1944, Master Tara Singh declared that Sikhs were a nation and as such a demand was formerly put forward by the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] in a resolution passed on March 22, 1946 for a separate Sikh state. <br />
<br />
After this, the situation in Punjab got very tense. On one hand Jinnah and the Muslim league was calling for 'blood or Pakistan' and declaring that Muslims are no believers of ahimsa and will resort to any means possible to achieve their means. Muslim league declared August 16th 1946 to be observed as 'Direct Action Day', where all muslims were asked to show the support for Pakistan by rioting. Explaining the implications of the Direct Action Day threat, Liaqat Ali Khan, general secretary of Muslim league said "Direct action means resort to non-constitutional methods that can take any form which many suit the conditions under which we live. We cannot eliminate any methods. Direct Action means any action against the law." Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar spoke in more forthright terms: "Pakistan can be achieved through shedding blood of others. Muslims are no believers in ahimsa.<br />
<br />
==Muslims go on the Rampage, yet Jinnah never arrested==<br />
The decree of violence and jingoism was enthusiastically embraced by the Muslim masses. The Muslim league created a private army called Muslim National Guards. Arms were being secretely amassed, petrol stored and lethel weapons laid in. Muslim league volunteers were especially trained in the skills of stabbing and fire-raising. Simultaneously, a chorus of hate and inflammatory exhortation flowed from the League pulpiteers and newspapers. Communal frenzy was worked up to a dangerous pitch and on appointed day the storm burst in Calcutta. H.S. Suhrawardy, Muslim league leader from Bengal let loose horron on the Hindu population on the morning of August 16 1946. Stabbing, looting, burning were the order of the day. For four days the League desperados had the city at their mercy. According to rough estimated about 15,000 persons were killed and injured while one hundred thousands were rendered homeless. Then on 2nd September in Noakhali and Tippera (Bengal) where Hindus were in minority, violence broke out. Thousands of Hindus were cruelly murdered, their womenfolks abducted and compelled to marry Muslims, property looted. The Sikhs of Calcutta did a notable humanitarium job at the time of the Great killing, saving many innocent lives in Hindus as well as in Muslim localities. Soon violence spread northwards. According to Muslim league, the Sikhs were the only viable obstruction to Pakistan. Justice G.D. Khosla of the Fact Finding Organization setup by Government of India observed: "Sikhs had opposed the partition of India with even greater vigour than Hindus, because they felt that as a community they could only expect disaster in Pakistan, therefore it was against the Sikhs that spearpoint of the Muslim league attack was first aimed. In the March 1947 riots, the Sikhs or Rawalpindi faced ahhihilation and large number of them left the district. Within a few weeks almost the entire Sikh population had migrated from the district. Rioting in Punjab started in first week of December in the district of Hazara. A Holy war was declared on Hindus and Sikhs. Sikh habitations were wiped out, Gurdwaras were desecrated. Rioting in Lahore was started in March 4 1947, it started out as stabbing and small incidents and spread out to become arson and murder. Soon after Muslims in Amritsar (muslims were about 40-50% of population before partition) went rioting, a mob tried to attack Golden Temple and were repulsed with a pitched battle fought between handful of Sikhs under Jathedar Udham Singh Nagoke. Same day muslims of Sharifpura (a suburb of Amristar), stopped a train full of refugees from Pakistan for slaughter. After this incident, Sikhs and Hindus in Amritsar were furious and many innocent muslims had to bear the fury of anger. Soon after [[Amritsar]] was empty of Muslims. While total number of casualties were about same on both sides, about 100-150 million refugees were exchanged between both countries. There were large number of atrocities inflicted on women, many were abducted and raped. In village Thoh Khalsa (now in Pakistan), 1000 [[Sikh]] and Hindu women jumped into well to save their honor after their menfolks were killed by Muslim mobs. It is estimated that about 1 million Hindus/Sikhs/Muslims were murdered and 10-50 millions were injured. Property lost was in trillion of dollars. Sikh leadership opted for India and millions of Sikhs migrated to East Punjab and [[Delhi]].<br />
<br />
== '''Additional References''' ==<br />
<br />
'''1) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/10/the-sikh-martys-of-western-punjab.html The Sikh Martys of Western Punjab - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
'''2) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/08/pakistan-andar-rahe-gurudware-tract-no.html Pakistan Andar Rahe Gurudware Tract No. 138]'''<br />
<br />
'''3) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2017/09/1947-ghaluhgarey-di-kavita-dr-jasbir.html 1947 Ghaluhgarey di Kavita - Dr. Jasbir Singh Sarna (Ed.)]'''<br />
<br />
'''4) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/08/a-diary-of-partition-days-1947-dr-ganda.html A Diary Of The Partition Days 1947 - Dr. Ganda Singh]'''<br />
<br />
'''5) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/kyon-kito-vesah-part-2-narain-singh.html Kyon Kito Vesah Part 2 - Narain Singh Tract No. 272]'''<br />
<br />
'''6) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/06/punjab-homeland-of-sikhs-together-with.html Punjab - The Homeland of The Sikhs, together with The Sikh Memorandum to the sapru conciliation committee - Harnam Singh]'''<br />
<br />
[[Category:History]]<br />
'''7) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/07/muslim-league-attacks-on-sikhs-and.html Muslim League Attacks on Sikhs and hindus in the Punjab 1947]'''</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Gurbachan_Singh_Talib&diff=119334Gurbachan Singh Talib2021-08-29T09:39:29Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: link</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Gurbachan Singh Talib''' (1911 - 1986), scholar, author and teacher, famous for his command of the English language. He was master equally of the written as well as of the spoken word. He was born in a small town, Munak, in the present Sarigrur district, on 7 April 1911, the son of Sardar Kartar Singh and MataJai Kaur. His father was an employee of the princely state of Sarigrur. He passed his matriculation examination from the Raj High School, Sarigrur, in 1927, securing a merit scholarship, and went up to the Khalsa College, Amritsar, where he received his Master's degree in English literature in 1933 topping the Panjab University. Soon after receiving his Master's degree he became a lecturer in his own college, starting a very spectacular scholastic career. His first class first in the M.A. examination was an unprecedented event in the annals of the University for never before had the distinction been claimed by a mofussil college. This halo won him the instant esteem of his colleagues and pupils. He took to the academic groove like fish to water. Much mythology accrued to his name. Soon he became a legendary figure in the college. Many stories became current about his exceptional diligence, his spontaneity in the English language and the diversity of his scholarship.<br />
<br />
He left the Khalsa College in 1940 to join the newly started Sikh National College at Lahore where he served in the Department of English as a lecturer for several years. From 1949 to 1962 he worked as principal, successively, at Lyallpur Khalsa College, Jalandhar, Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Khalsa College, Delhi, Khalsa College, Bombay, Guru Gobind Singh College, Palna, and National College, Sirsa. He was Reader in English at Kurukshetra University from 1962 to 1969, and Professor of Sikh Studies in the Guru Nanak Chair, Panjab University, Chandigarh, from 1969 to 1973. In 1973, he translated himself to the Punjabi University, Patiala, where he began the most productive years of his career. He took over at Banaras Hindu University the Guru Nanak Chair of Sikh Studies, but had to leave soon for reasons of health. Back at Patiala, he was made a fellow of the Punjabi University in 1976 and he launched upon the stupendous project of rendering the entire Guru Granth Sahib into English. In 1985, he received the Government of India award Padma Bhushan. He resigned the Punjabi University fellowship in 1985 to take up the National fellowship offered by the Indian Council of Historical Research, New Delhi. He suffered a massive heart attack in July 1976 which he survived; the second one on the morning of 9 April 1986 however proved fatal.<br />
<br />
Professor Gurbachan Singh Talib was a prolific writer both in English and Punjabi, though he knew Persian and Urdu very well, too. Among his bestknown books in Punjabi are: Anapachhdte Rah (1952); Adhunik Punjabi Sdhit (Punjabi Kav) (1955); Pavittar jivan Kathdvdn (1971); Bdbd Shaikh F and (1975), and in English Muslim League Attack on the Sikhs and Hindus in Punjab, 1947 (1950); The Impact of Guru Gobind Singh on Indian Society (1966), Guru Nanak: His Personality and Vi<br />
sion (1969), Bhai Vir Singh: Life, Times and Works (1973); Baba Shaikh Farid (1974); Guru Tegh Bahadur: Background and Supreme Sacrifice (1976); Japuji: The Immortal Prayerchant (1977); and his classical translation in English of the Adi Granth (four volumes). Besides these books, he kept up an unending flow of articles and papers contributed to different learned journals.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sikh Scholars]]<br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
<br />
# '''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/07/muslim-league-attacks-on-sikhs-and.html Muslim League Attacks on Sikhs and hindus in the Punjab 1947]'''</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Parchian_Sewa_Das&diff=119333Parchian Sewa Das2021-08-29T09:26:00Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* Read Online */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Parchian Sewa Das''' is also known as "Parchian Pathshahi 10", "Sakhian Seva Das Udasi", "Mahalan Dasan Kian Sakhian" and "Sakhian Dasan Patshahian Kian". <br />
<br />
It is one of the earliest available narrations, in prose, of 50 sakhis (episodes) from the lives of the Gurus, of which 38 relate events in the life of [[Guru Gobind Singh]]. Its date of completion coincides with the date of the [[Joti Jot]] (emerging with the eternal) of [[Guru Gobind Singh]] and it seems to have been written at [[Hazur Sahib]], Nander. <br />
<br />
==Its history==<br />
Dated October 1708, all that is known of its author [[Seva Das]], comes from the work's colophon, which relates that Seva Das was a member of the [[Udasi]] sect during the life of [[Guru Gobind Singh]]. <br />
<br />
The work is in the collection of Khalsa College, Amritsar, under the number of MS. No. 2300E. <br />
<br />
Bhasha Vibhag (Language Department), Punjab first published this work in 1961, and a second edition was brought out in 1978. <br />
<br />
==Its content==<br />
<br />
The work is rather hagiographical than historical in nature, although several episodes agree with similiar accounts in other sources such as the Gurbilases and Sri Gur Pratap Suraj Granth. The language is old Punjabi. Special mention is made of the [[Zafarnamah]], in which Guru Gobind Singh's major battles against the hill chiefs and the Mughal government are alluded to. <br />
<br />
===Sakhis on each Guru===<br />
Only one sakhi each relates to the first eight Gurus, four are connectred to the Ninth Guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur, and the remaining 38 narrate incidents from the life of Guru Gobind Singh. <br />
<br />
===Delivering Zafarnamah to Aurangzeb===<br />
Although none of the sakhis describes the Creation of the Khalsa in 1699 (in any form) the very first episode, after giving "a brief sample" of the [[Zafarnamah]], tells us: <br />
<br />
:"The letter contained the warning, “Beware, the Khalsa is born, the real idol-breaker Khalsa. Khalsa will punish you (Aurangzeb). You will not be spared.”<br />
<br />
"The name of the messenger who delivered this letter was Bhai Daya Singh. When Aurangzeb read this line of the letter, he looked at Bhai Daya Singh and asked, ‘Has the Khalsa taken birth’? ‘Yes, Sir, the Khalsa has appeared,’ replied Bhai Daya Singh. ‘It should not have appeared15. That is a novel nectar to be prepared with the use of a double at this time. I see doom ahead.’ Saying this, Aurangzeb’s face turned pale, and he died." <ref>Sewa Das, Parchian, op. cit., parchi no.13; Episodes from Lives of the Gurus, Chandigarh-1995, op. cit., pp. 39 & 135/83, 157-8.</ref>. <br />
<br />
===Other Sakhis===<br />
<br />
The abolition of the institution of masands is ascribed to the corruption that had overtaken the institution. Guru Gobind Singh's friendship with [[Bahadur Shah]], the son of Emperor Aurangzeb, is justified by the author on the grounds that Bahadur Shah was a great lover of saints who had served them with devotion in a previous life. The circumstances of the death of the Guru are described in some detail. His orders for Sikhs to venerate the Adi Granth as Guru after him and to read barn daily are said to have been explained to a Sikh named [[Prahlad Singh]]. A great part of [[Rahitnama Prahlad Singh]] is reproduced in the text in 31 stanzas in a mixed form of poetry and prose.<br />
<br />
=== Episode No. 47 ===<br />
<br />
Its episode No. 47 refers to a violation of Rehat, the Code of Socio-religious Conduct and discipline prescribed for the Khalsa, at Dadu Dwara - Guru’s salutation, Khalsa’s notice, Guru’s explanation and acceptance of the [[Tankhah]] (a form of punishment), given to the Guru by the Khalsa.<ref>Sewa Das, Parchian, op. cit., parchi no.13; Episodes from Lives of the Gurus, Chandigarh-1995, op. cit., pp. 39 & 135/83, 157-8.</ref>.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Scriptures]]<br />
<br />
== Read Online ==<br />
[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/08/parchian-seva-das-prof-hari-singh-qadian.html '''ਪਰਚੀਆਂ ਸੇਵਾ ਦਾਸ - ਸੰਪਾਦਕ : ਪ੍ਰੋ. ਹਰੀ ਸਿੰਘ; ਸੋਧਕ : ਡਾ. ਗੰਡਾ ਸਿੰਘ''']</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Parchian_Sewa_Das&diff=119332Parchian Sewa Das2021-08-29T09:25:10Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: important</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Parchian Sewa Das''' is also known as "Parchian Pathshahi 10", "Sakhian Seva Das Udasi", "Mahalan Dasan Kian Sakhian" and "Sakhian Dasan Patshahian Kian". <br />
<br />
It is one of the earliest available narrations, in prose, of 50 sakhis (episodes) from the lives of the Gurus, of which 38 relate events in the life of [[Guru Gobind Singh]]. Its date of completion coincides with the date of the [[Joti Jot]] (emerging with the eternal) of [[Guru Gobind Singh]] and it seems to have been written at [[Hazur Sahib]], Nander. <br />
<br />
==Its history==<br />
Dated October 1708, all that is known of its author [[Seva Das]], comes from the work's colophon, which relates that Seva Das was a member of the [[Udasi]] sect during the life of [[Guru Gobind Singh]]. <br />
<br />
The work is in the collection of Khalsa College, Amritsar, under the number of MS. No. 2300E. <br />
<br />
Bhasha Vibhag (Language Department), Punjab first published this work in 1961, and a second edition was brought out in 1978. <br />
<br />
==Its content==<br />
<br />
The work is rather hagiographical than historical in nature, although several episodes agree with similiar accounts in other sources such as the Gurbilases and Sri Gur Pratap Suraj Granth. The language is old Punjabi. Special mention is made of the [[Zafarnamah]], in which Guru Gobind Singh's major battles against the hill chiefs and the Mughal government are alluded to. <br />
<br />
===Sakhis on each Guru===<br />
Only one sakhi each relates to the first eight Gurus, four are connectred to the Ninth Guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur, and the remaining 38 narrate incidents from the life of Guru Gobind Singh. <br />
<br />
===Delivering Zafarnamah to Aurangzeb===<br />
Although none of the sakhis describes the Creation of the Khalsa in 1699 (in any form) the very first episode, after giving "a brief sample" of the [[Zafarnamah]], tells us: <br />
<br />
:"The letter contained the warning, “Beware, the Khalsa is born, the real idol-breaker Khalsa. Khalsa will punish you (Aurangzeb). You will not be spared.”<br />
<br />
"The name of the messenger who delivered this letter was Bhai Daya Singh. When Aurangzeb read this line of the letter, he looked at Bhai Daya Singh and asked, ‘Has the Khalsa taken birth’? ‘Yes, Sir, the Khalsa has appeared,’ replied Bhai Daya Singh. ‘It should not have appeared15. That is a novel nectar to be prepared with the use of a double at this time. I see doom ahead.’ Saying this, Aurangzeb’s face turned pale, and he died." <ref>Sewa Das, Parchian, op. cit., parchi no.13; Episodes from Lives of the Gurus, Chandigarh-1995, op. cit., pp. 39 & 135/83, 157-8.</ref>. <br />
<br />
===Other Sakhis===<br />
<br />
The abolition of the institution of masands is ascribed to the corruption that had overtaken the institution. Guru Gobind Singh's friendship with [[Bahadur Shah]], the son of Emperor Aurangzeb, is justified by the author on the grounds that Bahadur Shah was a great lover of saints who had served them with devotion in a previous life. The circumstances of the death of the Guru are described in some detail. His orders for Sikhs to venerate the Adi Granth as Guru after him and to read barn daily are said to have been explained to a Sikh named [[Prahlad Singh]]. A great part of [[Rahitnama Prahlad Singh]] is reproduced in the text in 31 stanzas in a mixed form of poetry and prose.<br />
<br />
=== Episode No. 47 ===<br />
<br />
Its episode No. 47 refers to a violation of Rehat, the Code of Socio-religious Conduct and discipline prescribed for the Khalsa, at Dadu Dwara - Guru’s salutation, Khalsa’s notice, Guru’s explanation and acceptance of the [[Tankhah]] (a form of punishment), given to the Guru by the Khalsa.<ref>Sewa Das, Parchian, op. cit., parchi no.13; Episodes from Lives of the Gurus, Chandigarh-1995, op. cit., pp. 39 & 135/83, 157-8.</ref>.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Scriptures]]<br />
<br />
=== Read Online ===<br />
[http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/08/parchian-seva-das-prof-hari-singh-qadian.html ਪਰਚੀਆਂ ਸੇਵਾ ਦਾਸ - ਸੰਪਾਦਕ : ਪ੍ਰੋ. ਹਰੀ ਸਿੰਘ; ਸੋਧਕ : ਡਾ. ਗੰਡਾ ਸਿੰਘ]</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Partition_of_Punjab&diff=118763Partition of Punjab2021-06-11T19:08:38Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* Additional References */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Partition_punjab.jpg |right]]<br />
'''Sir Syed Ahmad Khan''', founder of the Mohammadan Anglo-Oriental College which later became Aligarh State university was encouraged by the British to communalise politics. He became a staunch ally of the British and lent his commanding influence to preach gospel of loyalty among Muslims. He first opened his campaign againt the Indian National Congress in 1887. <br />
<br />
-----<br />
-----<br />
The Indian national congress was founded in 1885 by Some British and Anglo-Indians to demand a legislative assembly and other democratic rights for the citizens of India) <br />
-----<br />
-----<br />
<br />
==First efforts at a Muslim State==<br />
His speech in Lucknow in 18 December 1887 was full of venom. His primary aim was to win the Muslims a reprieve for their part in the mutiny of 1857. In 1893, Syed Ahmad Khan established the Mohammadan Anglo-Oriental Defence Association of Upper India which was opened only to Muslims and Englishmen. Thus started a long campaign to create a separate state for Muslims. Syed Ahmad Khan died in 1898 but with the creation of [[Aligarh University]] and by his planting of 'seeds of venom' he had done his damage. <br />
<br />
His path to the evential holocaust was taken over by the [[Agha Khan]]. Lord Minto on October 1, 1906 in front of Agha Khan and other Muslim and British dignatories at Simla said, <br />
<br />
:" I claim that in any system of representation whether it affects a muncipality, a District, or Legislative council, in which it is proposed to introduce or increase Mohammadan community should be represented as a community." (quote from '''Heritage of Sikhs''', page 255, written by Harbans Singh). <br />
<br />
This statment by the Governor General was an open inticement to Muslim separatism. In 1909, Minto-Morley reforms gave weighted representatin to Muslims in provinces in which they were in minority. This created a permanent separatism between Muslims and Hindus. In 1916 Congress attempted to appease muslims by giving them several separate communal laws and claims in a pact called the [[Lucknow Pact]]. In [[Punjab]], '''50 percent''' of seats were reserved for Muslims under this League-Congress pact while the Sikhs were completely ignored. In 1916, A Sikh representative [[Sardar Gajjan Singh]] of [[Ludhiana]] moved an ammendment be attached recommending the addition of the words, "subject to the just claims of the sikhs". <br />
<br />
This proposal was opposed by both Hindus and Muslims. At this time there were only two Sikhs in the legislative assembly. The franchise committee was established by British to look into the matter of composition of new legislatures based on religion. Sikhs were given 15 percent of the seats, but were only 12 percent of Punjab, while Muslims in Bihar and Orissa were less than 10 percent and got 25 percent of total legislature seats. <br />
<br />
Though [[Sikhs]] were smallest minority in Punjab, they had been generally aversed to any participation in communal representation. The muslims, in spite of being a majority, had been given statutory protection and weightage in form of separate electorates and reservation of seats. This created among the Sikhs a sense of grievance and they demanded to be treated on a par with the Muslims in the matter of political rights.<br />
<br />
==Chief Khalsa Diwan supports Separation of 'Church and State'==<br />
[[Chief Khalsa Diwan]] in 1928 observed that Sikhs are anxious to maintain their individuality while at the same time they are ready to co-operate with their sister communities for the development of a united nation. They would, therefore, be the first to welcome a declaration that no consideration of caste or religion shall affect the matter of organization of a national government in the country. Sikhs are prepared to stand on merit alone. The British appointed a committee under [[Moti Lal Nehru]] to work out a scheme of government that was acceptable to all. The committee prepared a report which was published in August 1928.<br />
<br />
Muslim opinion was totally against this report and Mohammad Ali Jinnah, an emerging leader of the Muslims suggested a number of amendments to it. Sikhs rejected the Nehru report for different reasons [[Baba Kharak Singh]] in his speech put these points forth;<br />
*first this report asked only for dominion status of Indians under British and not total freedom<br />
*second this report had laid the foundation of communalism by accepting separate electorates<br />
<br />
On December 20, 1929, Baba Kharak Singh gave a speech at Lajpat Nagar, Lahore reiterated the Sikhs determination not to let any single community establish its political hegemony in Punjab. Sikhs he said had suffered more then anyone else, of the 31 Indian patriots sentenced to death, 27 were Sikhs, and out of 121 sentenced to long imprisonment, 91 were Sikhs. Nehru and Gandhi met with Baba Kharak Singh and assured him of Sikh representation and keeping the country united while the Muslims remained silent. <br />
<br />
But things slowly were changing. Muslim league in the elections of 1936 won only two seats in Punjab and the Unionist party led by [[Sikandar Hayat Khan]] formed the government, this party was mostly composed of feudal land lords. After these elections, Muslims league started showing its true colors. Several incidents inciting muslims against infidels were reported in muslim newspapers. Leaders like Jinnah and Liaqat Ali Khan who behaved more like englishmen than subcontinent muslims, started exploiting the sentiments of Muslims through out India. Jinnah, although an accomplished lawyer, was a petty, shrewd person who was only the second generation of neuveau-riche liberal muslims. He was called a pseudo British or a brown sahib. Though a muslim he drank liquor, wore the best of Saville Row bespoke suits and even ate pork. He always had a cigarette in hand lighting another before he finished his last. Another thing to note is that he never really took part in any struggle for independence, while other leaders like Maulana Abul Kalam, M. K. Gandhi, Sardar V. Patel and Jawaharlal Nehru were put in jail for many years. The situation until 1940 had turned bad throughout [[India]] and relations between Hindus and Muslims were turning cold.<br />
<br />
==Trouble looms as Sikhs are a minority in every district==<br />
In 1940, Mohammad Ali Jinnah called for a separate state for muslims called Pakistan to be created out of those areas which had a Muslims majority. This was a shock for Sikhs, as Sikhs although they were spread out throughout punjab, they were only a minority in all its provinces. The British appointed Sir Stafford Cripps in 1942 to look after the creation of new provinces or a separate state for Muslims. Sikh representation told this comission: "Why should a province that fails to secure three-fifths majority of its legislature, in which a religious community enjoys statutory majority, be allowed to hold a plebiscite and given the benefit of a bare majority. <br />
<br />
In fairness, this right should have been conceded to communities who are in permanent minority in the legislature. From the boundry of Delhi to the banks of Ravi River the population is divided as follows: Muslims, 4,505,000; Sikhs and other non-muslims, 7,060,000. To this may be added the population of Sikh states of Patiala, Nabha, Jind, Kapurthala and Faridkot, which is about 2,600,000, of this Muslims constitute barely 20 percent and this reduces the ratio of Muslim population still further. <br />
<br />
We shall resist by all possible means, the separation of Punjab from the all-India union. We shall never permit our motherland to be at the mercy of those who disown it. After it was a certainity that Pakistan would be formed, [[Giani Kartar Singh]] in 1943 declared a call for a Separate state called [[Azad Punjab]], to be comprised of Ambala, Jullundar, Lahore, Multan, and Lyallpur districts. [[Master Tara Singh]] president of SAD and other Sikh leaders such as [[Giani Sher Singh]], [[Sadhu Singh Hamdard]], [[Amar Singh Dosanjh]], [[Ajit Singh Ambalvi]] supported this call for Azad Punjab. Then in a speech in Amritsar in August 1944, Master Tara Singh declared that Sikhs were a nation and as such a demand was formerly put forward by the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] in a resolution passed on March 22, 1946 for a separate Sikh state. <br />
<br />
After this, the situation in Punjab got very tense. On one hand Jinnah and the Muslim league was calling for 'blood or Pakistan' and declaring that Muslims are no believers of ahimsa and will resort to any means possible to achieve their means. Muslim league declared August 16th 1946 to be observed as 'Direct Action Day', where all muslims were asked to show the support for Pakistan by rioting. Explaining the implications of the Direct Action Day threat, Liaqat Ali Khan, general secretary of Muslim league said "Direct action means resort to non-constitutional methods that can take any form which many suit the conditions under which we live. We cannot eliminate any methods. Direct Action means any action against the law." Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar spoke in more forthright terms: "Pakistan can be achieved through shedding blood of others. Muslims are no believers in ahimsa.<br />
<br />
==Muslims go on the Rampage, yet Jinnah never arrested==<br />
The decree of violence and jingoism was enthusiastically embraced by the Muslim masses. The Muslim league created a private army called Muslim National Guards. Arms were being secretely amassed, petrol stored and lethel weapons laid in. Muslim league volunteers were especially trained in the skills of stabbing and fire-raising. Simultaneously, a chorus of hate and inflammatory exhortation flowed from the League pulpiteers and newspapers. Communal frenzy was worked up to a dangerous pitch and on appointed day the storm burst in Calcutta. H.S. Suhrawardy, Muslim league leader from Bengal let loose horron on the Hindu population on the morning of August 16 1946. Stabbing, looting, burning were the order of the day. For four days the League desperados had the city at their mercy. According to rough estimated about 15,000 persons were killed and injured while one hundred thousands were rendered homeless. Then on 2nd September in Noakhali and Tippera (Bengal) where Hindus were in minority, violence broke out. Thousands of Hindus were cruelly murdered, their womenfolks abducted and compelled to marry Muslims, property looted. The Sikhs of Calcutta did a notable humanitarium job at the time of the Great killing, saving many innocent lives in Hindus as well as in Muslim localities. Soon violence spread northwards. According to Muslim league, the Sikhs were the only viable obstruction to Pakistan. Justice G.D. Khosla of the Fact Finding Organization setup by Government of India observed: "Sikhs had opposed the partition of India with even greater vigour than Hindus, because they felt that as a community they could only expect disaster in Pakistan, therefore it was against the Sikhs that spearpoint of the Muslim league attack was first aimed. In the March 1947 riots, the Sikhs or Rawalpindi faced ahhihilation and large number of them left the district. Within a few weeks almost the entire Sikh population had migrated from the district. Rioting in Punjab started in first week of December in the district of Hazara. A Holy war was declared on Hindus and Sikhs. Sikh habitations were wiped out, Gurdwaras were desecrated. Rioting in Lahore was started in March 4 1947, it started out as stabbing and small incidents and spread out to become arson and murder. Soon after Muslims in Amritsar (muslims were about 40-50% of population before partition) went rioting, a mob tried to attack Golden Temple and were repulsed with a pitched battle fought between handful of Sikhs under Jathedar Udham Singh Nagoke. Same day muslims of Sharifpura (a suburb of Amristar), stopped a train full of refugees from Pakistan for slaughter. After this incident, Sikhs and Hindus in Amritsar were furious and many innocent muslims had to bear the fury of anger. Soon after [[Amritsar]] was empty of Muslims. While total number of casualties were about same on both sides, about 100-150 million refugees were exchanged between both countries. There were large number of atrocities inflicted on women, many were abducted and raped. In village Thoh Khalsa (now in Pakistan), 1000 [[Sikh]] and Hindu women jumped into well to save their honor after their menfolks were killed by Muslim mobs. It is estimated that about 1 million Hindus/Sikhs/Muslims were murdered and 10-50 millions were injured. Property lost was in trillion of dollars. Sikh leadership opted for India and millions of Sikhs migrated to East Punjab and [[Delhi]].<br />
<br />
== '''Additional References''' ==<br />
<br />
'''1) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/10/the-sikh-martys-of-western-punjab.html The Sikh Martys of Western Punjab - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
'''2) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/08/pakistan-andar-rahe-gurudware-tract-no.html Pakistan Andar Rahe Gurudware Tract No. 138]'''<br />
<br />
'''3) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2017/09/1947-ghaluhgarey-di-kavita-dr-jasbir.html 1947 Ghaluhgarey di Kavita - Dr. Jasbir Singh Sarna (Ed.)]'''<br />
<br />
'''4) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/08/a-diary-of-partition-days-1947-dr-ganda.html A Diary Of The Partition Days 1947 - Dr. Ganda Singh]'''<br />
<br />
'''5) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/kyon-kito-vesah-part-2-narain-singh.html Kyon Kito Vesah Part 2 - Narain Singh Tract No. 272]'''<br />
<br />
'''6) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/06/punjab-homeland-of-sikhs-together-with.html Punjab - The Homeland of The Sikhs, together with The Sikh Memorandum to the sapru conciliation committee - Harnam Singh]'''<br />
<br />
[[Category:History]]</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Bhai_Narain_Singh&diff=118760Bhai Narain Singh2021-06-10T20:02:35Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* List of books, tracts, edited works:- */</p>
<hr />
<div>Bhai Narain Singh served as the Manager of Sri Nanakana Sahib Gurdwara.<br />
He was also one of the founder members of Guru Nanak Dev Mission, Patiala.<br />
<br />
'''References:-'''<br />
<br />
[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/09/sikhan-di-janam-bhoomi-sri-nanakana.html '''* Sikhan di Janam Bhoomi - Sri Nanakana Sahib Tract No. 432''']<br />
<br />
[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/06/narain-singh-jeevan-rachna-tey-den.html '''* Narain Singh - Jeevan, Rachna tey Den''']<br />
<br />
===== List of books, tracts, edited works:- =====<br />
<br />
# '''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/03/akali-lehar-1920-25-da-ik-mukh-naik.html ਅਕਾਲੀ ਲਹਿਰ (1920-25) ਦਾ ਇਕ ਮੁੱਖ ਨਾਇਕ - ਭਾਈ ਕਰਤਾਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਝੱਬਰ (ਅਤੁੱਟ ਵਿਸ਼ਵਾਸ਼, ਮਰਦਊ ਪੁਣੇ ਤੇ ਪਿਆਰ ਦੀ ਇੱਕ ਝਾਕੀ) - ਨਰੈਣ ਸਿੰਘ ਸਾਬਕਾ ਮੈਨੇਜਰ (੧੯੩੨-੪੭) ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਸੀਰੀਜ਼ ਨੂੰ ੨੩੬]'''<br />
# [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/03/akali-lehar-1920-25-da-ik-mukh-naik_10.html '''ਅਕਾਲੀ ਲਹਿਰ (1920-25) ਦਾ ਇਕ ਮੁੱਖ ਨਾਇਕ ਭਾਈ ਕਰਤਾਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਝੱਬਰ ਅੰਕ ਦੂਜਾ - ਨਰੈਣ ਸਿੰਘ ਸਾਬਕਾ ਮੈਨੇਜਰ (੧੯੩੨-੪੭) ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਸੀਰੀਜ਼ ਨੂੰ ੨੪੧''']<br />
# '''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/03/akali-lehar-da-ik-mukh-naik-bhai-kartar.html ਭਾਈ ਕਰਤਾਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਝੱਬਰ ਅੰਕ ੩ - ਨਰੈਣ ਸਿੰਘ ਸਾਬਕਾ ਮੈਨੇਜਰ (੧੯੩੨-੪੭) ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਸੀਰੀਜ਼ ਨੂੰ ੨੫੦]''' <br />
# '''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/03/akali-lehar-da-ik-mukh-naik-bhai-kartar_12.html ਅਕਾਲੀ ਲਹਿਰ ਦਾ ਮੁੱਖ ਨਾਇਕ ਭਾਈ ਕਰਤਾਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਝੱਬਰ ਅੰਕ ਚੌਥਾ - ਨਰੈਣ ਸਿੰਘ ਸਾਬਕਾ ਮੈਨੇਜਰ (੧੯੩੨-੪੭) ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਸੀਰੀਜ਼ ਨੂੰ ੨੭੪]'''<br />
# '''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/kyon-kito-vesah-part-2-narain-singh.html ਕਿਉਂ ਕੀਤੇ ਵੇਸਾਹੁ ਅੰਕ ੨ - ਨਰੈਣ ਸਿੰਘ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਸੀਰੀਜ਼ ਨੂੰ ੨੭੨]'''<br />
# '''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/06/kyon-kito-vesah-part-3-narain-singh.html ਕਿਉਂ ਕੀਤੇ ਵੇਸਾਹੁ ਅੰਕ ੩ - ਨਰੈਣ ਸਿੰਘ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਸੀਰੀਜ਼ ਨੂੰ ੨੭੩]'''<br />
# '''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/06/kyon-kito-vesah-part-4-narain-singh.html ਕਿਉਂ ਕੀਤੇ ਵੇਸਾਹੁ ਅੰਕ ੪ - ਨਰੈਣ ਸਿੰਘ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਸੀਰੀਜ਼ ਨੂੰ ੨੭੭]'''</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Professor_Ganda_Singh&diff=118759Professor Ganda Singh2021-06-10T18:24:15Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* List of Dr. Ganda Singh's Writings:- */</p>
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<div>[[Image:Gandasingh.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Prof. Ganda Singh]]<br />
<br />
'''GANDA SINGH''' ([[15 November]] [[1900]] - [[27 December]] [[1987]]), celebrated [[Punjab]] historian who by his sustained and pioneer work in the field of historical research initiated new trends in [[Sikh]] historiography and who by his critically important work became a vital and pervasive influence in historical learning in northern India, was born on 15 November 1900, the son of Javala Singh of [[Haryana|Hariana]], an old town close to the city of [[Hoshiarpur]] in the Punjab. <br />
<br />
He began his education in the village mosque, later translating himself to the primary school. He passed the middle standard examination from D A.V. (Dayanand Anglo-Vernacular ) Middle School, Hoshiarpur, and his matriculation from Government High School in the same town. He joined the Forman Christian college at Lahore, but soon left it to enlist in the army (1919). He served at the Supply and Transport Corps Base Depot, [[Rawalpindi]], and at the divisional office at Peshawar before he was attached to the Mesopotamia Expeditionary Force, Basra, in 1920 and later to the British Royal Army Pay Corps, also at Basra, in 1921. <br />
<br />
There he had his thigh torn by a bullet shot and he was hospitalized. After recovery he was repatriated to India, but had been mistakenly reported dead to his family. This led to a dramatic situation. When he suddenly appeared at the door of his home in the village late one evening, he was taken to be a spirit and was refused admittance. As he was recognized the following morning at the doorstep of his house, the family's horror turned into jubilation .<br />
<br />
==Moved abroad==<br />
<br />
Ganda Singh did not stay at home for long. He went back to Mesopotamia (now Iraq) and then to Iran, there to join the Anglo-persian Oil Company at Abadan as accounts officer. At Abadan, he came under the influence of the British scholar, Sir Arnold Wilson, who besides his official duties as general manager of the company was working on his Bibliography of Persia. Young Ganda Singh now aspired to prepare a bibliograplly of his native Punjab. <br />
<br />
On his return to Punjab towards the end of 1930, he first worked on the editorial board of the Phulvari, a Punjabi monthly published from Lahore. One long-lasting friendship he picked up there was with Bhagat Lakshman Singh, a Sikh reformer and educationist He however missed meeting with Karam Singh, the historian, then very enthusiastic in promoting the cause of Sikh history. Karam Singh died before Ganda Singh could meet him.<br />
<br />
==Began work as Researcher & Historian==<br />
In October 1931 began Dr Ganda Singh long and fruitful career as a researcher and historian. The [[Khalsa College]] at [[Amritsar]] placed him in charge of its newly-created Sikh History Research Department, which position he kept till 1949. During this period he travelled extensively, rummaging various public libraries, archives and private collections throughout India in quest of materials on Sikh history, enriching the library of his department and also brought out several books and tracts based on these.<br />
<br />
In 1949, he came to [[Patiala]] where he was appointed Director of Archives and Curator of Museum under the Government of PEPSU (Patiala and East Punjab States Union). In 1950 he received the additional charge of Director of the Punjabi Department. His thesis on Ahmad Shah Durranl earned hiln the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the Punjab University, Chandlgarh, in 1954, as well as much applause from scholars and historians Among them the counted Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, a leading Indian savant of the day.<br />
<br />
Dr Ganda Singh was principal of the Khalsa College, Patiala, when he was invited by the Punjabi University, Patiala, to organize its Department of Punjab Historical Studies. He set up Punjab History Conference in 1965 which became a very active forum for the discussion of matters relating to Punjab history. In l967, he launched the University's journal, the bi-annual The Punjab Past and Present of which he himself was the editor and which gathered high repute and much prestige over the years.<br />
<br />
==Takes charge of Historical organisations==<br />
<br />
In 1938, he had been appointed a corresponding member of Indian Historical Records Commission of Government of India, and was a full member of the Commission front 1950 to 1956. He was nominated member of Punjab Regional Committee for the Survey of Historical Records, Government of Punjab, Lahore, and of Indian Historical Records commission, Government of India. <br />
<br />
He was secretary of the Committee for the History of Freedom Movement in PEPSU, Patiala, and chairman of the Regional Records Survey Committee for History of Freedom Movement, Shimla/Patiala, from November 1957 to December 1962. He held membership of Asiatic Society, Calcutta, Indian Institute of Historical Studies, Calcutta, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, London, and Itihas Sanshodhak Mandal, Poona. <br />
<br />
He presided over the medieval section of Punjab History Conference session of the Institute of Historical Studies, Calcutta, held at Shillong in 1974 as well as over its 13th session held at Panaji (Goa) in 1975. In 1974, he presided the 35th session of Indian History Congress at Jadavpur.<br />
<br />
==Receives Honours and Awards==<br />
<br />
Dr Ganda Singh was a prolific writer in addition to scores of research papers, booklets and pamphelets, he published over two dozen full-length volumes of high historical value. Dr Ganda Singh's magnificent work was widely acknowledged and lauded in his lifetime, and he received honours from a number of professional institutions and associations. <br />
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The Punjab Government invested him with the Award for literature on 31 March 1963 and the Shiromanl Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Amritsar, paid its tribute on 28 March 1964. On 19 December 1964, Muslim University, Aligarh, conferred on him the "degree of D. Litt. honoris causa." Sikh Educational Conference honoured him during its 52nd annual session held at Kanpur on 25-27 October 1974, and Punjabi University, Patiala, at the annual session of the Punjab History Conference held during November- 1976. <br />
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The University also brought out during the same year an anthology, Essays in Honour of Dr Ganda Singh, lovingly edited by his old pupil Professor Harbans Singh (author of the encyclopedia from where many documents have been published on this site). The University also awarded him the degree of Doctor of literature at its 15th convocation held on 25 February 1978. The Indian, history Congress during its Silver jubilee session held at Panaji (Goa) on 5-7 November- 1987 honored him as one of the five distinguished historians of India. The Government of India honoured him With the award of Padma Bhushan in 1983.<br />
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In the course of his long career as a researcher and scholar, Dr Ganda Singh had acquired a vast personal collection of rare books, maps, documents and manuscripts which occupied several rooms of his modest residence on the Lower Mall at Patiala. This Precious treasure is now the property of Punjabi University, Patiala, to which institution he donated the entire collection. Dr Ganda Singh died at Patiala on 27 December 1987. <br />
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<br />
== '''List of Dr. Ganda Singh's Writings:-''' ==<br />
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'''BOOKS/ MONOGRAPHS/ TRACTS'''<br />
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'''A) PUNJABI<br />
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'''1) Title: [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/05/kukian-di-vithya-vol1-drganda-singh.html Kukian di Vithya Vol.1];'''<br />
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Publisher: Author; Pages: 363 <br />
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'''2)''' '''Title: [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/04/afghanistan-da-safar-dr-ganda-singh.html Afghanistan da Safar]; '''<br />
<br />
Publisher: Parkash and Co, New Delhi.; Pages: 152'''<br />
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'''3) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/11/amarnama-pharsi-mool-panjabi-utara-tey.html Amarnama (Pharsi Mool, Panjabi Utara tey Arth) - Dr. Ganda Singh (Ed.)]'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''B) ENGLISH<br />
<br />
1)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/06/a-brief-account-of-sikhs-dr-ganda-singh.html A Brief Account Of The Sikhs]'''<br />
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'''2)''' '''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/07/guru-gobind-singhs-death-at-nanded.html Guru Gobind Singh's death at Nanded - An Examination Of Succession Theories]'''<br />
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'''3)''' '''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/09/the-indian-mutiny-of-1857-and-sikhs-dr.html The indian mutiny of 1857 and the Sikhs]'''<br />
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'''4) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/05/history-of-gurdwara-shahidganj-lahore.html History of The Gurdwara Shahidganj, Lahore, From its Origin To November 1935 Compiled From Original Sources, Judicial Records and Contemporary Materials]'''<br />
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'''5) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/10/life-of-banda-singh-bahadur-based-on.html Life of Banda Singh Bahadur Based on Contemporary and Original Records]'''<br />
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'''6) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/08/a-diary-of-partition-days-1947-dr-ganda.html A Diary Of The Partition Days 1947]''' <br />
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'''7) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/05/the-panjab-in-1839-40-selections-from.html The Panjab in 1839-40: Selections from the Punjab Akhbars, Punjab Intelligence, etc. preserved in the National Archives of India, New Delhi]'''<br />
'''<br />
'''8) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/04/importance-of-hair-and-turban-to-sikhs.html Importance Of Hair And Turban To The Sikhs - Dr. Ganda Singh Tract No. 396]'''<br />
'''<br />
<br />
'''9) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/some-confidential-papers-of-akali.html Some Confidential Papers of The Akali Movement]'''<br />
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'''10) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/maharaja-duleep-singh-correspondence.html Maharaja Duleep Singh Correspondence (History of the Freedom Movement in the Punjab Volume III)]'''<br />
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'''11) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/03/the-sikhs-and-their-religion-dr-ganda.html The Sikhs and Their Religion]'''<br />
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'''12) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/03/bhagat-lakshman-singh-autobiography-dr.html Bhagat Lakshman Singh Autobiography - Dr. Ganda Singh (Edited and Annotated)]'''<br />
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'''13) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/03/dr-ganda-singh-memorial-trust.html Dr. Ganda Singh Memorial Trust]'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''RESEARCH PAPERS/ ARTICLES'''<br />
<br />
'''English'''<br />
<br />
'''1) Proceedings of The Indian Historical Records Commission'''<br />
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'''A) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-persian-akhbars-in-alienation.html The Persian Akhbars in The Alienation Office, Poona (Vol. 16, 1939)]''' <br />
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'''B) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/some-new-light-on-treaty-of-bhyrowal.html Some New Light on the Treaty of Bhyrowal (December 16, 1846) thrown by the private letters of Sir Henry Hardinge (Vol. 17, 1940)]'''<br />
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'''C) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/akhbarat-i-lahaur-o-multan-dr-ganda.html Akhbarat-I-Lahaur-o-Multan (Vol. 21 December 1944)]'''<br />
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'''D) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-punjab-news-in-akhbar-i-darbar-i.html The Punjab News in the Akhbar-I-Darbar-I-Mualla (Vol. 24, February 1948)]'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''2) The Journal of Indian History'''<br />
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'''A) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/nanak-panthis-or-sikhs-and-sikhism-of.html Nanak Panthis or The Sikhs and Sikhism of the 17th Century]''' <br />
(Vol. 19(2); August 1940; pp 195-219)<br />
<br />
'''B) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2016/09/last-days-of-guru-gobind-singh-dr-ganda.html Last Days of Guru Gobind Singh] '''<br />
(Vol. 20(1); April 1941; pp 120-32)'''<br />
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'''C) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/some-correspondence-of-maharaja-duleep.html Some Correspondence of Maharaja Duleep Singh (Vol. 27(1); April 1949; pp 1-23)]'''<br />
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'''* Related Document:-''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/maharaja-duleep-singh-correspondence.html Maharaja Duleep Singh Correspondence (History of the Freedom Movement in the Punjab Volume III)]<br />
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'''D) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/08/a-diary-of-partition-days-1947-dr-ganda.html A Diary Of The Partition Days 1947] <br />
(Vol. 38(1); April 1960; pp 205-32 and Vol. 38(2); August 1960; pp 241-84)'''<br />
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'''E) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-origin-of-hindu-sikh-tension-in.html The Origin of the hindu-Sikh Tension in The Punjab] (Vol. 39(1); April 1961; pp 119-23)'''<br />
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'''F) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/three-letters-of-maharani-jind-kaur-dr.html Three Letters of Maharani Jind Kaur] (Vol. 42(1); April 1964; pp 265-80)'''<br />
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<br />
'''3) Proceedings of Indian History Congress'''<br />
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'''A) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/contemporary-sources-of-sikh-history.html Contemporary Sources of Sikh History (1469-1708) (1938)]'''<br />
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'''B) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-maratha-sikh-treaty-of-1785-dr.html The Maratha-Sikh Treaty of 1785 (1939)]'''<br />
'''*''' This research paper was also reprinted in January 1940 issue of 'Darbar', Khalsa College, Amritsar.<br />
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'''C) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-arrest-and-release-of-sardar-lahna.html The arrest and release of Sardar Lahna Singh Majithia (1940)]'''<br />
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'''D) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/muslim-relics-with-sikh-rulers-of.html Muslims Relics with the Sikh Rulers of Lahore (1943)]'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''4) The Sikh Review, Calcutta.'''<br />
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'''A) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-indian-society-as-guru-nanak-found.html The Indian Society as Guru Nanak Found it - Dr. Ganda Singh]'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Panjabi'''<br />
<br />
'''1) Gurmat Parkash, SGPC, Amritsar.'''<br />
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'''A) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/03/guru-gobind-singh-ji-di-bani-vich-karam.html Guru Gobind Singh ji di Bani Vich Karam-Yog; January 1997]''' <br />
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'''2) ਫੁਲਵਾੜੀ'''<br />
<br />
'''A)''' '''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/04/sikh-itihas-dr-ganda-singh.html ਸਿਖ-ਇਤਿਹਾਸ! ਕੀ ਸਿਖ ਭੀ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ ਸੰਬੰਧੀ ਕਦੀ ਆਪਣਾ ਫ਼ਰਜ਼ ਪਛਾਨਣਗੇ? ਆਓ, ਜੇ ਹੋਰ ਕੁਝ ਨਹੀਂ ਤਾਂ ਰੀਸ ਹੀ ਕਰੀਏ; ਫੁਲਵਾੜੀ ਵਰਾ ੧੪ਵਾਂ ਅੰਕ ੧ ਪੂਰਨ ਅੰਕ ੧੫੫ ਜਨਵਰੀ ੧੯੩੮]''' <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Commemoration Volume/ Abhinandan Granth''' <br />
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'''1) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/early-maratha-sikh-relations-dr-ganda.html Mahamahopadhyaya Prof. D.V.Potdar Commemoration Volume- Early Maratha-Sikh Relations]'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''BOOKS'''<br />
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'''1) Social and Religious Movements in the Punjab in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries - Dr. S.P. Sen (Ed.)<br />
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[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/socio-religious-movements-in-punjab-in.html — Socio-Religious Movements in the Punjab in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries - Dr. Ganda Singh]<br />
'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''BIBLIOGRAPHIES'''<br />
<br />
'''1) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/guru-nanaks-works-bibliography-compiled.html Guru Nanak's Works: A Bibliography]'''<br />
<br />
'''2) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-national-bibliography-of-indian.html The National Bibliography of Indian Literature (1901-1953) Vol. 3 (Panjabi)]'''<br />
<br />
'''3) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2016/11/bibliography-of-sikh-religious-and.html Bibliography Of Sikh Religious And Historical Literature]'''<br />
<br />
'''4) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/06/a-bibliography-of-patiala-and-east.html A Bibliography of Patiala and East Panjab States Union]'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''FOREWORDS'''<br />
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'''1) The Sikh Character and Sword''' <br />
<br />
(Sikh Culiminates in Khalsa Guru Nanak Dev Mission Tract No. 376)<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sikh Scholars]]</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Dr._Ganda_Singh&diff=118758Dr. Ganda Singh2021-06-10T18:23:03Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* Online Works */</p>
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<div>'''Dr. Ganda Singh''' celebrated [[Punjab]] historian (1900 - 1987), who by his sustained and pioneer work in the field of historical research initiated new trends in [[Sikh]] historiography and who by his critically important work became a vital and pervasive influence in historical learning in northern India, was born on 15 November 1900, the son of Javala Singh of Hariana, an old town close to the city of [[Hoshiarpur]] in the Punjab. He began his education in the village mosque, later translating himself to the primary school. He passed the middle standard examination from D.A.V. (Dayanand AngloVernacular) Middle School, Hoshiarpur, and his matriculation from Government High School in the same town. He joined the Forman Christian College at [[Lahore]], but soon left it to enlist in the army (1919). <br />
<br />
==Mesopotamia (Iraq) an Iran==<br />
He served at the Supply and Transport Corps Base Depot, [[Rawalpindi]], and at the divisional office at Peshawar before he was attached to the Mesopotamia Expeditionary Force, Basra, in 1920 and later to the British Royal Army Pay Corps, also at Basra, in 1921. At Basra he was shot in his thigh, after his recovery he was repatriated to India where his family had mistakenly been informed of his 'death'. This led to a dramatic situation when he suddenly appeared at the door of his home in the village late one evening. Taken to be a spirit, he was refused admittance. The following morning, still at the doorstep of his house, the family's horror turned into jubilation when they realized he wasn't a ghost. <br />
<br />
Ganda Singh did not stay at home for long. He went back to Mesopotamia (now Iraq) and then to Iran, there he joined the AngloPersian Oil Company at Abadan as accounts officer. At Abadan, he came under the influence of the British scholar, Sir Arnold Wilson, who besides his official duties as general manager of the company was working on his Bibliography of Persia. Young Ganda Singh now aspired to prepare a bibliography of his native Punjab. On his return to Punjab towards the end of 1930, he first worked on the editorial board of the Phuluari, a Punjabi monthly published from Lahore. One longlasting friendship he picked up there was with Bhagat Lakshman Singh, a Sikh reformer and educationist. He however missed meeting with Karam Singh, the historian, then very enthusiastic in promoting the cause of Sikh history. Karam Singh died before Ganda Singh could meet him.<br />
<br />
==Researcher and historian==<br />
In October 1931 began Dr Ganda Singh's long and fruitful career as a researcher and historian. The Khalsa College at Amritsar placed him in charge of its newly created Sikh History Research Department, which position he kept till 1949. During this period he travelled extensively, rummaging various public libraries, archives and private collections throughout India in quest of materials on Sikh history, enriching the library of his department. He also brought out several books and tracts based on these.<br />
<br />
In 1949 he was appointed Director of Archives and Curator of Museum under the Government of PEPSU (Patiala and East Punjab States Union). In 1950 he received the additional charge of Director of the Punjabi Department. His thesis on [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] earned him the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the Punjab University, Chandigarh, in 1954, as well as much applause from scholars and historians. Among them he counted Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, a leading Indian savant of the day.<br />
<br />
Dr Ganda Singh was principal of the Khalsa College, Patiala, when he was invited by the Punjabi University, Patiala, to organize its Department of Punjab Historical Studies. He set up Punjab History Conference in 1965 which became a very active forum for the discussion of matters relating to Punjab history. In 1967, he launched the University's journal, the biannual The Panjab Past and Present, of which he himself was the editor and which gathered high repute and much prestige over the years.<br />
<br />
In 1938, he had been appointed a corresponding member of Indian Historical Records Commission of Government of India, and was a full member of the Commission from 1950 to 1956. He was nominated member of Punjab Regional Committee for the Survey of Historical Records, Government of Punjab, Lahore, and of Indian Historical Records Commission, Government of India. He was secretary of the Committee for the History of Freedom Movement in PEPSU, Patiala, and chairman of the Regional Records Survey Committee for History of Freedom Movement, Shimla/Patiala, from November 1957 to December 1962. He held membership of Asiatic Society, Calcutta, Indian Institute of Historical Studies, Calcutta, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, London, and Bharat Itihas Sanshodhak Mandal, Poona. He presided over the medieval section of Punjab History Conference session of the Institute of Historical Studies, Calcutta, held at Shillong in 1974 as well as over its 13th session held at Panaji (Goa) in 1975. In 1974, he presided the 35th session of Indian History Congress at Jadavpur.<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Dr Ganda Singh was a prolific writer. In addition to scores of research papers, booklets and pamphlets, he published over two dozen fulllength volumes of high historical value. Chronologically they are: InkishafiHaqiqat (Urdu/Persian), 1926; Baisakhi Ka Khalsa Sandesh (Hindi), 1930; Life of Banda Singh Bahadur (English), 1935; History of Gurdwara Shahidganj Lahore (English), 1935; Maharaja Ranjit Singh (English), 1939; Maharaja Ranjit Singh: First Death Centenary Memorial Volume (English), 1939; Qazi Nur Muhammad Jangnama (English), 1939; Maharaja Kaura Mall Bahadur (Punjabi), 1942; Sardar Sham Singh Atrivala (Punjabi), 1942; Kukian di Vithia (Punjabi), 1944; M'akhaziTwdrikhiSikhan (ed. Persian), 1949; Mukhtsar Nanak Shahi Jantari (Urdu), 1949; A Short History of the Sikhs (English in collaboration with Teja Singh), 1950; Shahnama Ranjit Singh by Maulawi Ahmad Yar (ed. Persian/Urdu), 1951; The Panjab in 183940 (English), 1952; The First AngloSikh War (MS., English), 1955; Private Correspondence Relating to AngloSikh Wars (ed. English), 1955; Punjab Utte Angrezan da Qabza (Punjabi), 1957; Ahmad Shah Durrani (English), 1959; Sikhon Ka Sankshipt Itihas (Hindi), 1963; Banda Singh Bahadur (Punjabi), 1965; Some Confidential Papers of the Akali Movement (English), 1965; Bibliography of the Panjab (English), 1966; Sri Gur Sobha (ed. Punjabi), 1967; Hukamname (Punjabi), 1967; Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluvalia (Punjabi), 1969; Maharaja Duleep Singh Correspondence (English), 1977; Deportation of [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] and Sardar [[Ajit Singh]] (English), 1978; and Seditious Literature of the Panjab (English), 1987.<br />
<br />
==Online Works==<br />
* [http://www.scribd.com/doc/70213584/Life-of-Banda-Singh-Bahadar Life of Banda Singh Bahadar by Dr. Ganda Singh]<br />
* [http://www.gurmatveechar.com/books/English_Books/A.Short.History.of.The.Sikhs.by.Teja.Singh.Ganda.Singh.%28GurmatVeechar.com%29.pdf A Short History of the Sikhs by Ganda Singh and Teja Singh]<br />
* [http://www.scribd.com/doc/68910100/Sardar-Jassa-Singh-Ahluwalia Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia by Dr. Ganda Singh]<br />
<br />
'''Punjabi Books/ Tracts'''<br />
<br />
'''1.''' '''Title:''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/05/kukian-di-vithya-vol1-drganda-singh.html Kukian di Vithya Vol.1]<br />
Publisher: Author<br />
Pages: 363<br />
<br />
'''2. Title:''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/04/afghanistan-da-safar-dr-ganda-singh.html Afghanistan da Safar]<br />
Publisher: Parkash and Co, New Delhi.<br />
Pages: 152<br />
<br />
'''3. Title:''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/11/amarnama-pharsi-mool-panjabi-utara-tey.html Amarnama (Pharsi Mool, Panjabi Utara tey Arth)]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''English Books/ Tracts'''<br />
<br />
'''1.''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/06/a-brief-account-of-sikhs-dr-ganda-singh.html '''A Brief Account Of The Sikhs''']<br />
<br />
'''2''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/07/guru-gobind-singhs-death-at-nanded.html '''Guru Gobind Singh's death at Nanded - An Examination Of Succession Theories''']<br />
<br />
'''3.''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/09/the-indian-mutiny-of-1857-and-sikhs-dr.html '''The indian mutiny of 1857 and the Sikhs - Dr. Ganda Singh''']<br />
<br />
'''4.''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/05/history-of-gurdwara-shahidganj-lahore.html '''History of The Gurdwara Shahidganj, Lahore, From its Origin To November 1935 Compiled From Original Sources, Judicial Records and Contemporary Materials''']<br />
<br />
'''5.''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/10/life-of-banda-singh-bahadur-based-on.html '''Life of Banda Singh Bahadur Based on Contemporary and Original Records''']<br />
<br />
'''6.''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/08/a-diary-of-partition-days-1947-dr-ganda.html '''A Diary Of The Partition Days 1947'''] <br />
<br />
'''7.''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/04/importance-of-hair-and-turban-to-sikhs.html '''Importance Of Hair And Turban To The Sikhs - Dr. Ganda Singh Tract No. 396''']<br />
<br />
'''8.''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/05/the-panjab-in-1839-40-selections-from.html '''The Panjab in 1839-40: Selections from the Punjab Akhbars, Punjab Intelligence, etc. preserved in the National Archives of India, New Delhi - Dr. Ganda Singh (Ed.)''']<br />
<br />
'''9.''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/some-confidential-papers-of-akali.html '''Some Confidential Papers of The Akali Movement''']<br />
<br />
'''10.''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/guru-nanaks-impact-on-history-dr-ganda.html '''Guru Nanak's Impact On History - Guru Nanak Dev Mission Patiala Tract No. 332''']<br />
<br />
'''11.''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/03/the-sikhs-and-their-religion-dr-ganda.html '''The Sikhs and Their Religion'''] <br />
<br />
'''12.''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/03/bhagat-lakshman-singh-autobiography-dr.html '''Bhagat Lakshman Singh Autobiography - Dr. Ganda Singh (Edited and Annotated)''']<br />
<br />
'''13.''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/08/the-british-occupation-of-panjab-dr.html '''The British occupation of the Panjab''']<br />
<br />
'''14.''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/11/guru-nanak-his-life-and-teachings-3rd.html '''Guru Nanak - His Life and Teachings (3rd edition)'''] <br />
<br />
'''15.''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/03/dr-ganda-singh-memorial-trust.html '''Dr. Ganda Singh Memorial Trust''']<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''RESEARCH PAPERS/ ARTICLES<br />
<br />
'''ENGLISH'''<br />
<br />
'''1) Proceedings of The Indian Historical Records Commission'''<br />
<br />
'''A)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-persian-akhbars-in-alienation.html '''The Persian Akhbars in The Alienation Office, Poona (Vol. 16 1939)''']<br />
<br />
'''B)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/some-new-light-on-treaty-of-bhyrowal.html '''Some New Light on the Treaty of Bhyrowal (December 16, 1846) thrown by the private letters of Sir Henry Hardinge (Vol. 17 1940)''']<br />
<br />
'''C)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/akhbarat-i-lahaur-o-multan-dr-ganda.html '''Akhbarat-I-Lahaur-o-Multan (Vol. 21 December 1944)''']<br />
<br />
'''D)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-punjab-news-in-akhbar-i-darbar-i.html '''The Punjab News in the Akhbar-I-Darbar-I-Mualla (Vol. 24, February 1948)'''] <br />
<br />
<br />
'''2) The Journal of Indian History'''<br />
<br />
'''A)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/nanak-panthis-or-sikhs-and-sikhism-of.html '''Nanak Panthis or The Sikhs and Sikhism of the 17th Century (Vol. 19(2); Aug 1940; pp 195-219)''']<br />
<br />
'''B)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2016/09/last-days-of-guru-gobind-singh-dr-ganda.html '''Last Days of Guru Gobind Singh (Vol. 20(1); April 1941; pp 120-32)''']<br />
<br />
'''C)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/some-correspondence-of-maharaja-duleep.html '''Some Correspondence of Maharaja Duleep Singh (Vol. 27(1); April 1949; pp 1-23)''']<br />
<br />
'''D)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/08/a-diary-of-partition-days-1947-dr-ganda.html '''A Diary Of The Partition Days 1947 (Vol. 38(1); April 1960; pp 205-32 and Vol. 38(2); August 1960; pp 241-84)''']<br />
<br />
'''E)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-origin-of-hindu-sikh-tension-in.html '''The Origin of the hindu-Sikh Tension in The Punjab (Vol. 39(1); April 1961; pp 119-23)''']<br />
<br />
'''F)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/three-letters-of-maharani-jind-kaur-dr.html '''Three Letters of Maharani Jind Kaur (Vol. 42(1); April 1964; pp 265-80)''']<br />
<br />
<br />
'''3) Proceedings of Indian History Congress'''<br />
<br />
'''A)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/contemporary-sources-of-sikh-history.html '''Contemporary Sources of Sikh History (1469-1708) (1938)''']<br />
<br />
'''B)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-maratha-sikh-treaty-of-1785-dr.html '''The Maratha-Sikh Treaty of 1785 (1939)''']<br />
<br />
'''C)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-arrest-and-release-of-sardar-lahna.html '''The arrest and release of Sardar Lahna Singh Majithia (1940)''']<br />
<br />
'''D)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/muslim-relics-with-sikh-rulers-of.html '''Muslims Relics with the Sikh Rulers of Lahore (1943)''']<br />
<br />
<br />
'''4) The Sikh Review, Calcutta.'''<br />
<br />
'''A)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-indian-society-as-guru-nanak-found.html '''The Indian Society as Guru Nanak Found it''']<br />
<br />
<br />
'''5) The Panjab Past and Present'''<br />
<br />
'''1)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/03/secret-cid-memorandum-on-recent.html '''Secret C.I.D. Memorandum on Recent Developments in Sikh Politics 1911 - Mr. D. Petrie; Vol. 4 Part 2 Serial No. 8 October 1970, pp 300-379'''.]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''PANJABI'''<br />
<br />
'''1) ਫੁਲਵਾੜੀ''' <br />
<br />
'''A)''' '''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/04/sikh-itihas-dr-ganda-singh.html ਸਿਖ-ਇਤਿਹਾਸ! ਕੀ ਸਿਖ ਭੀ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ ਸੰਬੰਧੀ ਕਦੀ ਆਪਣਾ ਫ਼ਰਜ਼ ਪਛਾਨਣਗੇ? ਆਓ, ਜੇ ਹੋਰ ਕੁਝ ਨਹੀਂ ਤਾਂ ਰੀਸ ਹੀ ਕਰੀਏ; ਫੁਲਵਾੜੀ ਵਰਾ ੧੪ਵਾਂ ਅੰਕ ੧ ਪੂਰਨ ਅੰਕ ੧੫੫ ਜਨਵਰੀ ੧੯੩੮]'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Commemoration Volume/ Abhinandan Granth <br />
<br />
'''1) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/early-maratha-sikh-relations-dr-ganda.html Early Maratha-Sikh Relations (Mahamahopadhyaya Prof. D.V.Potdar Commemoration Volume)]'''<br />
<br />
'''2)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/08/panjab-1849-1960-bhai-jodh-singh.html '''Panjab (1849-1960) – Bhai Jodh Singh Abhinandan Granth - Dr. Ganda Singh ਪੰਜਾਬ (ਸਨ ੧੮੪੯ - ੧੯੬੦ ਈ.) - ਭਾਈ ਜੋਧ ਸਿੰਘ ਅਭਿਨੰਦਨ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ - ਡਾ. ਗੰਡਾ ਸਿੰਘ''']<br />
<br />
<br />
'''BOOKS<br />
<br />
1)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/socio-religious-movements-in-punjab-in.html Social and Religious Movements in the Punjab in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries - Dr. S.P. Sen (Ed.) — Socio-Religious Movements in the Punjab in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries - Dr. Ganda Singh]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''BIBLIOGRAPHIES<br />
<br />
'''1) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/guru-nanaks-works-bibliography-compiled.html Guru Nanak's Works: A Bibliography]'''<br />
<br />
'''2)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-national-bibliography-of-indian.html '''The National Bibliography of Indian Literature (1901-1953) Vol. 3 (Panjabi)''']<br />
<br />
'''3)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2016/11/bibliography-of-sikh-religious-and.html '''Bibliography Of Sikh Religious And Historical Literature''']<br />
<br />
'''4)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/12/a-select-bibliography-of-sikhs-and.html '''A Select Bibliography of the Sikhs and Sikhism''']<br />
<br />
'''5)''' '''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/06/a-bibliography-of-patiala-and-east.html A Bibliography of Patiala and East Panjab States Union]'''<br />
<br />
==Honors==<br />
Dr Ganda Singh's magnificent work was widely acknowledged and lauded in his lifetime, and he received honours from a number of professional institutions and associations. The Punjab Government invested him with the Award for Literature on 31 March 1963 and the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Amritsar, paid its tribute on 28 March 1964. On 19 December 1964, Muslim University, 'Aligarh, conferred on him the degree of D. Litt. honoris causa. Sikh Educational Conference honoured him during its 52nd annual session held at Kanpur on 2527 October 1974, and Punjabi University, Patiala, at the annual session of the Punjab History Conference held during November 1976. The University also brought out during the same year an anthology, Essays in Honour of Dr Ganda Singh, lovingly edited by his old pupil Professor Harbans Singh. The University also awarded him the degree of Doctor of Literature at its 15th convocation held on 25 February 1978. The Indian History Congress during its Silver Jubilee session held at Panaji (Goa) on 57 November 1987 honoured him as one of the five distinguished historians of India. The Government of India honoured him with the award of Padma Bhushan in 1983.<br />
<br />
In the course of his long career as a researcher and scholar, Dr Ganda Singh had acquired a vast personal collection of rare books, maps, documents and manuscripts which occupied several rooms of his modest residence on the Lower Mall at Patiala. This precious treasure is now the property of Punjabi University, Patiala, to which institution he donated the entire collection. Dr Ganda Singh died at Patiala on 27 December 1987.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
1. Griffin, Lepel, and C.F. Massy, Chiefs and Families of Note in the Punjab. Lahore, 1909<br />
<br />
2. Harbans Singh and N. G. Barrier, ed., Punjab Past and Present: Essays in Honour of Dr Ganda Singh. Patiala, 1976<br />
<br />
3. Verma, Devinder Kumar, and Jasmer Singh, A Bibliography of Dr Ganda Singh. Rajpura, 1989<br />
[[Category:Sikh Scholars]]</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Bhai_Kapur_Singh_Sirdar&diff=118732Bhai Kapur Singh Sirdar2021-04-25T07:20:49Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* List of Writings */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Kapurssirdarji.jpg|thumb|right|300px| Bhai Kapur Singh Sirdar]]<br />
<br />
'''Bhai Kapur Singh Sirdar''' ([[2 March]] [[1909]] - [[13 August]] [[1986]]), the son of Didar Singh, was a civilian, parliamentarian and intellectual, who was a master of manysided learning. Besides Sikh theology, he was vastly learned in philosophy, history and literature. He was born into a farming family, at the village Chakk in Ludhiana district on 2 March 1909. <br />
<br />
Sirdar Kapur Singh received his Master's degree, first class first, at the prestigious Government College, Lahore, after which he went to Cambridge to take his Tripos in Moral Sciences.<br />
{{tocleft}} <br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
A distinguished linguist he had mastered several of the languages of the east and the west. Besides English, which he could spin around his fingers with extraordinary subtlety and finesse, he had facility in Persian and Arabic as well as in Sanskrit.<br />
<br />
In addition to these, he claimed easy acquaintance with such discrete fields as astrology, architecture and space science. In spite of his knowledge covering many disparate areas, Sirdar Kapur Singh's principal focus was Sikh literature and theology. A stickler for accuracy of fact and presentation he stood up foursquare to any misrepresentation or falsification of any shade of Sikh thought and belief. He was most vigilant and unbending in this respect.<br />
<br />
==Stood against discrimination against Sikhs==<br />
Selected into the Indian Civil Service he served in various administrative posts in the cadre. In 1947, he was appointed deputy commissioner of Kangra. He was particularly irked by the growing narrow politics of the government biased against the Sikhs, but what incensed him the most was a circular letter, dated 10 October 1947, that was issued by the state governor, Chandu Lal Trivedi, warning district authorities in the Punjab against what was described as the criminal tendencies of the Sikh people. Kapur Singh filed a strong protest against Trivedi's utterly wild accusation. This seemingly invited the governor's wrath, as charges were brought against him, which led to his dismissal from the service.<br />
<br />
==Joins politics==<br />
Sirdar Kapur Singh became an ardent supporter of the Akali demand for a Punjabi speaking state. After a brief stint as Professor of Sikhism under the authority of the [[Akal Takht]], he joined active politics. <br />
<br />
In 1962, he was elected to the lower house of the Indian Parliament and in 1969 he became a member of the Punjab Vidhan Sabha (State Legislative Assembly). He was forthright in speech and an unrelenting critic of the government's policies which discriminated against the Sikhs. <br />
<br />
==Major influence behind Anandpur Resolution==<br />
<br />
As a Sikh ideologue he was the moving spirit behind the [[Anandpur Sahib Resolution]] that was adopted by the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] in 1973, which like several other of his pronouncements became a crucial enunciation of modern Sikh political formula and policy.<br />
<br />
A very stirring Sikh document of the modern period was the Presidential address given at the [[Hari Singh Nalwa]] conference convened at Ludhiana on 14 July, 1965, Although it was nowhere specified, that document as well as, all important Sikh political or intrinsically scholarly documents of that period bore the imprint of Kapur Singh's thinking, if not the ink of his pen. <br />
<br />
==Conference Resolution==<br />
In sonorous phrase, the conference resolution said:<br />
<br />
*1. This Conference in commemoration of General Hari Singh Nalwa of historical fame reminds all concerned that the Sikh people are makers of history and are conscious of their political destiny in a free India.<br />
<br />
*2. This Conference recalls that the Sikh people agreed to merge in a common Indian nationality on the explicit understanding of being accorded a constitutional status of cosharers in the community, which solemn understanding now stands cynically repudiated by the present rulers of India. Further, the Sikh people have been systematically reduced to a subpolitical status in their homeland, the Punjab, and to an insignificant position in their motherland, India. The Sikhs are in a position to establish before an impartial international tribunal, uninfluenced by the present Indian rulers, that the law, the judicial process, and the executive action of the state of India is consistently and heavily weighted against the Sikhs and is administered with unbandaged eyes against its Sikh citizens.<br />
<br />
*3. This Conference, therefore, resolves, after careful thought, that there is left no alternative for the Sikhs in the interest of self-preservation, but to frame their political demand for securing a self determined political status within the Republic of Union of India.<br />
<br />
The author's name is not mentioned here, but it is clearly the handiwork of Sirdar Kapur Singh. The Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee's publication at the time of the Nirarikari attack on the Sikhs is described thus:<br />
<br />
[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/03/they-massacre-sikhs-report-by-sikh.html '''THEY MASSACRE SIKHS : A While Paper by the Sikh Religious Parliament (Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee)''']<br />
<br />
Sirdar Kapur Singh, besides being an extraordinarily learned man, was a prolific writer.<br />
<br />
==Prolific writer==<br />
<br />
In addition to his Parasharprashna, in English, which ranks as a classic on Sikh philosophy, his other works include Hashish (Punjabi poems), Saptasring (Punjabi biographies), Baku Visthaar (Punjabi essays), Pundreek (Punjabi essays on culture and religion), [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/03/mansur-al-hallaj-sirdar-kapur-singh.html '''Mansur alHallaj'''] (monograph on a Sufi saint), [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2013/12/sachi-sakhi-1972-edition-sirdar-kapur.html '''Sachi Sakhi'''] (memoirs), Sacred Writings of the Sikhs (a UNESCO publication) '''Read Online''' [http://www.scribd.com/doc/25296894/Selections-From-the-Sacred-Writings-of-the-Sikhs-Unesco-Collection-of-Representative-Works-Indian-Series Selections From the Sacred Writings of the Sikhs Unesco Collection of Representative Works], Me Judice (English miscellany), Sikhism for Modern Man, [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/06/contributions-of-guru-nanak-by-s-kapur.html '''Contributions of Guru Nanak'''], The Hour of Sword, and Guru Arjun and His Sukhmani.<br />
<br />
==Transition==<br />
Sirdar Kapur Singh died after a protracted illness at his village home in Jagraori in Ludhiana district on 13 August 1986.<br />
<br />
==Address to the Indian Parliament, 6 September, I966==<br />
See [[Betrayal of the Sikhs]], the minutes of the Indian Parliament, 6 September, I966, featuring Sardar Kapur Singh's address to the Indian Parliament. <br />
== List of Writings ==<br />
'''I) BOOKS<br />
<br />
'''A) PUNJABI BOOKS'''<br />
<br />
'''1) Title:'''''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/12/sachi-sakhi-1972-edition-sirdar-kapur.html Sachi Sakhi (1972 Edition)]''<br />
<br />
Publisher: Raj Roop Prakashan, Jalandhar.<br />
Pages: 176.<br />
<br />
* '''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2015/04/sachi-sakhi-book-review-by-dr-attar.html Sachi Sakhi book review by Dr. Attar Singh] '''<br />
'''<br />
<br />
'''2)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/09/sachi-sakhi-1979-edition-sirdar-kapur.html ਸਾਚੀ ਸਾਖੀ [ ਵਿਸਤ੍ਰਤ <nowiki>]</nowiki> - ਭਾਈ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਸਿਰਦਾਰ ਕਪੂਰ ਸਿੰਘ; [੧੯੭੯<nowiki>]</nowiki>] <br />
<br />
'''3) Title:''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/08/ik-sikh-da-budh-nu-parnam-sirdar-kapur.html Ik Sikh Da Budh Nu Parnam - Sirdar Kapur Singh]<br />
<br />
Publisher: Indian Buddhist Society Canada and Punjabi Adbi Sangat Literary Society of Canada.<br />
Pages: 131.<br />
<br />
'''4) Title:''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/01/sirdar-jaiteg-singh-anant-ed.html Sirdar - Jaiteg Singh Anant (Ed.)]<br />
<br />
Publisher: Haridarshan International Memorial Trust, Chandigarh.<br />
Pages: 205.<br />
<br />
'''5) Title:''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/05/panchnad-sirdar-kapur-singh.html PanchNad - Jaiteg Singh Anant (Ed.)]<br />
<br />
Publisher: Haridarshan International Memorial Trust, Chandigarh.<br />
Pages: 172.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''B) ENGLISH BOOKS'''<br />
<br />
'''1) Title:''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/03/sikhism-oecumenical-religion-sirdar.html Sikhism - An Oecumenical Religion]<br />
<br />
Publisher: Institute of Sikh Studies, Chandigarh.<br />
Pages: 85.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''II) ARTICLES'''<br />
<br />
'''A) PUNJABI ARTICLES'''<br />
<br />
'''1)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/10/dashmesh-ji-da-jalaali-roop-sirdar.html Dashmesh ji da jalaali roop]<br />
<br />
'''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/10/dashmesh-ji-da-jalaali-roop-hindi.html Hindi version of the article is available at:-]'''<br />
<br />
'''2)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2016/05/dasam-patshah-di-vaisakhi-sirdar-kapur.html Dasam Patshah di Vaisakhi]<br />
<br />
'''3)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/04/stupid-sikhs-sirdar-kapur-singh-panjabi.html <nowiki>ਸਿੱਖਾਂ ਦੀਆਂ ਸਿਆਸੀ ਭੁੱਲਾਂ - ਸਿਰਦਾਰ ਕਪੂਰ ਸਿੰਘ [ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਰੂਪ - ਸ. ਲਛਮਣ ਸਿੰਘ ਜਲਵਾਣਾ]</nowiki>]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''B) ENGLISH ARTICLES'''<br />
<br />
'''1) Title:''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/07/spiritual-goal-and-sikh-identity-sirdar.html Spiritual Goal and Sikh Identity.]<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review, <br />
<br />
'''2) Title:''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/01/these-havan-kunds-sirdar-kapur-singh.html These Havan Kunds]<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review, October 1968.<br />
<br />
'''3) Title:''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/10/the-sikh-martys-of-western-punjab.html The Sikh Martys of Western Punjab]<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review, May 1962.<br />
Pages: 2<br />
<br />
'''4) Title:''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/05/guru-arjan-martyred-by-shamanistic-law_28.html Guru Arjan Martyred by Shamanistic Law]<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review, June 1955.<br />
Pages:14<br />
<br />
'''* This article was reprinted in The Sikh Review June 1979, pp 13-23.'''<br />
<br />
'''5) Title:''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/03/the-dawn-of-new-faith-sirdar-kapur-singh.html The Dawn of a New Faith]<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review, April 1955.<br />
Pages:15<br />
<br />
'''6) Title:''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2016/08/a-review-of-our-present-situation.html A Review of Our Present Situation]<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review, October 1956.<br />
Pages: 2.<br />
<br />
'''7) Title:''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/01/ardas-or-sikh-congregational-prayer.html Ardas or The Sikh Congregational Prayer]<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review December 1957.<br />
Pages: 6.<br />
<br />
'''8) Title: [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/11/who-killed-guru-tegh-bahadur-sirdar.html Who Killed Guru Tegh Bahadur?]'''<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review January 1976.<br />
Pages: 12.<br />
<br />
'''9) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-central-message-of-guru-nanak.html The Central Message of Guru Nanak - Sirdar Kapur Singh]''' <br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review Vol. 09 No. 099 November 1961.<br />
Pages: 2.<br />
<br />
'''10) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/guru-nanak-and-civil-servant-sirdar.html Guru Nanak and the civil servant - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review Vol. 20 No. 219 February 1972.<br />
Pages: 7.<br />
<br />
'''11) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-region-of-grace-sirdar-kapur-singh.html The Region of Grace - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review Vol. 22 No. 245 May 1974.<br />
Pages: 10.<br />
<br />
'''12) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/guru-nanak-founder-of-world-religion.html Guru Nanak the founder of a world religion - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review Vol. 29 No. 328 April 1981.<br />
Pages: 6.<br />
<br />
'''13) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-japu-of-guru-nanak-sirdar-kapur.html The Japu of Guru Nanak - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review Vol. 07 No. 072 August 1959.<br />
Pages: 3.<br />
<br />
'''14) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/04/religion-and-modern-man-sirdar-kapur.html Religion and The Modern Man - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review Vol. XVII No. 184 November 1968 [Guru Nanak Birthday Number], pp 29-37.<br />
<br />
'''15) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/guru-nanaks-concept-of-nature-sirdar.html Guru Nanak's Concept of Nature - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
Title: Perspectives On Guru Nanak<br />
Pages: 12.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''C) ENGLISH FOREWORDS'''<br />
<br />
'''1) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2016/01/the-essentials-of-sikhism-sirdar-kapur.html Sri Guru Granth Sahib (English translation) Vol 2. - Dr. Gopal Singh]'''<br />
<br />
'''2) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/07/gandhi-and-sikhs-adv-gurmit-singh.html gandhi and the Sikhs - Adv. Gurmit Singh]'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''III) TRACTS'''<br />
<br />
'''A) PUNJABI TRACTS'''<br />
<br />
'''1) Title:''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/06/guru-nanak-dev-di-pad-padvi-sirdar.html Guru Nanak Dev di Pad Padvi]<br />
<br />
Publisher: Guru Nanak Dev Mission Patiala, Tract No. 407. <br />
Lecture delivered on November 11, 1969.<br />
Pages: 27.<br />
<br />
'''2) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/10/sirdar-kapur-singh-dey-chonvey-lekh.html Sirdar Kapur Singh dey Chonvey Lekh]'''<br />
<br />
'''3) Title: [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/11/navam-tey-dasam-patshah-dey-malwey-dey.html Navam tey Dasam Patshah dey Malwey dey Safran di Sakhi Pothi utey Ik Panchi Drishti - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
Publisher: SGPC, Amritsar.<br />
<br />
Pages: 41.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''B) ENGLISH TRACTS'''<br />
<br />
'''1) Title:''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/03/they-massacre-sikhs-report-by-sikh.html They Massacre Sikhs - A report by Sikh Parliament SGPC]<br />
<br />
Publisher: SGPC, Amritsar, 1978.<br />
Pages: 40.<br />
<br />
'''2) Title:''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/03/mansur-al-hallaj-sirdar-kapur-singh.html Mansur Al-Hallaj]<br />
<br />
Publisher: Punjabi University, Patiala, 1970.<br />
Pages: 25.<br />
<br />
'''3) Title:''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/06/contributions-of-guru-nanak-by-s-kapur.html Contributions Of Guru Nanak]<br />
<br />
Publisher: Punjab University, Chandigarh, 1975-76.<br />
Pages: 25.<br />
<br />
'''4) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/11/guru-nanak-his-status-and-salience.html Guru Nanak His Status and Salience - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
The paper "Guru Nanak His Status and Salience" was read by Sirdar Kapur Singh on 30th November, 1977, at the Khalsa College, Amritsar. <br />
<br />
'''5) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/10/the-golden-temple-its-theo-political.html The Golden Temple - Its Theo-Political Status - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
Publisher: Academy of Sikh Religion & Culture, Patiala.<br />
Pages: 29. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''On Sirdar Kapur Singh'''<br />
<br />
'''1)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/10/kapur-singh-philosopher-and-scholar.html Kapur Singh Philosopher And Scholar - Beacon Light Of Sikh Doctrines And Polity]<br />
<br />
'''2)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2016/03/sirdar-kapur-singh-di-chintan-drishti.html Sirdar Kapur Singh Di Chintan Drishti - Dr. Manjinder Singh]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sikh Scholars]]<br />
[[category:bhai]]</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Dr._Ganda_Singh&diff=118730Dr. Ganda Singh2021-04-16T17:05:18Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* Online Works */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Dr. Ganda Singh''' celebrated [[Punjab]] historian (1900 - 1987), who by his sustained and pioneer work in the field of historical research initiated new trends in [[Sikh]] historiography and who by his critically important work became a vital and pervasive influence in historical learning in northern India, was born on 15 November 1900, the son of Javala Singh of Hariana, an old town close to the city of [[Hoshiarpur]] in the Punjab. He began his education in the village mosque, later translating himself to the primary school. He passed the middle standard examination from D.A.V. (Dayanand AngloVernacular) Middle School, Hoshiarpur, and his matriculation from Government High School in the same town. He joined the Forman Christian College at [[Lahore]], but soon left it to enlist in the army (1919). <br />
<br />
==Mesopotamia (Iraq) an Iran==<br />
He served at the Supply and Transport Corps Base Depot, [[Rawalpindi]], and at the divisional office at Peshawar before he was attached to the Mesopotamia Expeditionary Force, Basra, in 1920 and later to the British Royal Army Pay Corps, also at Basra, in 1921. At Basra he was shot in his thigh, after his recovery he was repatriated to India where his family had mistakenly been informed of his 'death'. This led to a dramatic situation when he suddenly appeared at the door of his home in the village late one evening. Taken to be a spirit, he was refused admittance. The following morning, still at the doorstep of his house, the family's horror turned into jubilation when they realized he wasn't a ghost. <br />
<br />
Ganda Singh did not stay at home for long. He went back to Mesopotamia (now Iraq) and then to Iran, there he joined the AngloPersian Oil Company at Abadan as accounts officer. At Abadan, he came under the influence of the British scholar, Sir Arnold Wilson, who besides his official duties as general manager of the company was working on his Bibliography of Persia. Young Ganda Singh now aspired to prepare a bibliography of his native Punjab. On his return to Punjab towards the end of 1930, he first worked on the editorial board of the Phuluari, a Punjabi monthly published from Lahore. One longlasting friendship he picked up there was with Bhagat Lakshman Singh, a Sikh reformer and educationist. He however missed meeting with Karam Singh, the historian, then very enthusiastic in promoting the cause of Sikh history. Karam Singh died before Ganda Singh could meet him.<br />
<br />
==Researcher and historian==<br />
In October 1931 began Dr Ganda Singh's long and fruitful career as a researcher and historian. The Khalsa College at Amritsar placed him in charge of its newly created Sikh History Research Department, which position he kept till 1949. During this period he travelled extensively, rummaging various public libraries, archives and private collections throughout India in quest of materials on Sikh history, enriching the library of his department. He also brought out several books and tracts based on these.<br />
<br />
In 1949 he was appointed Director of Archives and Curator of Museum under the Government of PEPSU (Patiala and East Punjab States Union). In 1950 he received the additional charge of Director of the Punjabi Department. His thesis on [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] earned him the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the Punjab University, Chandigarh, in 1954, as well as much applause from scholars and historians. Among them he counted Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, a leading Indian savant of the day.<br />
<br />
Dr Ganda Singh was principal of the Khalsa College, Patiala, when he was invited by the Punjabi University, Patiala, to organize its Department of Punjab Historical Studies. He set up Punjab History Conference in 1965 which became a very active forum for the discussion of matters relating to Punjab history. In 1967, he launched the University's journal, the biannual The Panjab Past and Present, of which he himself was the editor and which gathered high repute and much prestige over the years.<br />
<br />
In 1938, he had been appointed a corresponding member of Indian Historical Records Commission of Government of India, and was a full member of the Commission from 1950 to 1956. He was nominated member of Punjab Regional Committee for the Survey of Historical Records, Government of Punjab, Lahore, and of Indian Historical Records Commission, Government of India. He was secretary of the Committee for the History of Freedom Movement in PEPSU, Patiala, and chairman of the Regional Records Survey Committee for History of Freedom Movement, Shimla/Patiala, from November 1957 to December 1962. He held membership of Asiatic Society, Calcutta, Indian Institute of Historical Studies, Calcutta, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, London, and Bharat Itihas Sanshodhak Mandal, Poona. He presided over the medieval section of Punjab History Conference session of the Institute of Historical Studies, Calcutta, held at Shillong in 1974 as well as over its 13th session held at Panaji (Goa) in 1975. In 1974, he presided the 35th session of Indian History Congress at Jadavpur.<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Dr Ganda Singh was a prolific writer. In addition to scores of research papers, booklets and pamphlets, he published over two dozen fulllength volumes of high historical value. Chronologically they are: InkishafiHaqiqat (Urdu/Persian), 1926; Baisakhi Ka Khalsa Sandesh (Hindi), 1930; Life of Banda Singh Bahadur (English), 1935; History of Gurdwara Shahidganj Lahore (English), 1935; Maharaja Ranjit Singh (English), 1939; Maharaja Ranjit Singh: First Death Centenary Memorial Volume (English), 1939; Qazi Nur Muhammad Jangnama (English), 1939; Maharaja Kaura Mall Bahadur (Punjabi), 1942; Sardar Sham Singh Atrivala (Punjabi), 1942; Kukian di Vithia (Punjabi), 1944; M'akhaziTwdrikhiSikhan (ed. Persian), 1949; Mukhtsar Nanak Shahi Jantari (Urdu), 1949; A Short History of the Sikhs (English in collaboration with Teja Singh), 1950; Shahnama Ranjit Singh by Maulawi Ahmad Yar (ed. Persian/Urdu), 1951; The Panjab in 183940 (English), 1952; The First AngloSikh War (MS., English), 1955; Private Correspondence Relating to AngloSikh Wars (ed. English), 1955; Punjab Utte Angrezan da Qabza (Punjabi), 1957; Ahmad Shah Durrani (English), 1959; Sikhon Ka Sankshipt Itihas (Hindi), 1963; Banda Singh Bahadur (Punjabi), 1965; Some Confidential Papers of the Akali Movement (English), 1965; Bibliography of the Panjab (English), 1966; Sri Gur Sobha (ed. Punjabi), 1967; Hukamname (Punjabi), 1967; Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluvalia (Punjabi), 1969; Maharaja Duleep Singh Correspondence (English), 1977; Deportation of [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] and Sardar [[Ajit Singh]] (English), 1978; and Seditious Literature of the Panjab (English), 1987.<br />
<br />
==Online Works==<br />
* [http://www.scribd.com/doc/70213584/Life-of-Banda-Singh-Bahadar Life of Banda Singh Bahadar by Dr. Ganda Singh]<br />
* [http://www.gurmatveechar.com/books/English_Books/A.Short.History.of.The.Sikhs.by.Teja.Singh.Ganda.Singh.%28GurmatVeechar.com%29.pdf A Short History of the Sikhs by Ganda Singh and Teja Singh]<br />
* [http://www.scribd.com/doc/68910100/Sardar-Jassa-Singh-Ahluwalia Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia by Dr. Ganda Singh]<br />
<br />
'''Punjabi Books/ Tracts'''<br />
<br />
'''1.''' '''Title:''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/05/kukian-di-vithya-vol1-drganda-singh.html Kukian di Vithya Vol.1]<br />
Publisher: Author<br />
Pages: 363<br />
<br />
'''2. Title:''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/04/afghanistan-da-safar-dr-ganda-singh.html Afghanistan da Safar]<br />
Publisher: Parkash and Co, New Delhi.<br />
Pages: 152<br />
<br />
'''3. Title:''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/11/amarnama-pharsi-mool-panjabi-utara-tey.html Amarnama (Pharsi Mool, Panjabi Utara tey Arth)]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''English Books/ Tracts'''<br />
<br />
'''1.''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/06/a-brief-account-of-sikhs-dr-ganda-singh.html '''A Brief Account Of The Sikhs''']<br />
<br />
'''2''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/07/guru-gobind-singhs-death-at-nanded.html '''Guru Gobind Singh's death at Nanded - An Examination Of Succession Theories''']<br />
<br />
'''3.''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/09/the-indian-mutiny-of-1857-and-sikhs-dr.html '''The indian mutiny of 1857 and the Sikhs - Dr. Ganda Singh''']<br />
<br />
'''4.''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/05/history-of-gurdwara-shahidganj-lahore.html '''History of The Gurdwara Shahidganj, Lahore, From its Origin To November 1935 Compiled From Original Sources, Judicial Records and Contemporary Materials''']<br />
<br />
'''5.''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/10/life-of-banda-singh-bahadur-based-on.html '''Life of Banda Singh Bahadur Based on Contemporary and Original Records''']<br />
<br />
'''6.''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/08/a-diary-of-partition-days-1947-dr-ganda.html '''A Diary Of The Partition Days 1947'''] <br />
<br />
'''7.''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/04/importance-of-hair-and-turban-to-sikhs.html '''Importance Of Hair And Turban To The Sikhs - Dr. Ganda Singh Tract No. 396''']<br />
<br />
'''8.''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/05/the-panjab-in-1839-40-selections-from.html '''The Panjab in 1839-40: Selections from the Punjab Akhbars, Punjab Intelligence, etc. preserved in the National Archives of India, New Delhi - Dr. Ganda Singh (Ed.)''']<br />
<br />
'''9.''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/some-confidential-papers-of-akali.html '''Some Confidential Papers of The Akali Movement''']<br />
<br />
'''10.''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/guru-nanaks-impact-on-history-dr-ganda.html '''Guru Nanak's Impact On History - Guru Nanak Dev Mission Patiala Tract No. 332''']<br />
<br />
'''11.''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/03/the-sikhs-and-their-religion-dr-ganda.html '''The Sikhs and Their Religion'''] <br />
<br />
'''12.''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/03/bhagat-lakshman-singh-autobiography-dr.html '''Bhagat Lakshman Singh Autobiography - Dr. Ganda Singh (Edited and Annotated)''']<br />
<br />
'''13.''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/08/the-british-occupation-of-panjab-dr.html '''The British occupation of the Panjab''']<br />
<br />
'''14.''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/11/guru-nanak-his-life-and-teachings-3rd.html '''Guru Nanak - His Life and Teachings (3rd edition)'''] <br />
<br />
'''15.''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/03/dr-ganda-singh-memorial-trust.html '''Dr. Ganda Singh Memorial Trust''']<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''RESEARCH PAPERS/ ARTICLES<br />
<br />
'''ENGLISH'''<br />
<br />
'''1) Proceedings of The Indian Historical Records Commission'''<br />
<br />
'''A)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-persian-akhbars-in-alienation.html '''The Persian Akhbars in The Alienation Office, Poona (Vol. 16 1939)''']<br />
<br />
'''B)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/some-new-light-on-treaty-of-bhyrowal.html '''Some New Light on the Treaty of Bhyrowal (December 16, 1846) thrown by the private letters of Sir Henry Hardinge (Vol. 17 1940)''']<br />
<br />
'''C)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/akhbarat-i-lahaur-o-multan-dr-ganda.html '''Akhbarat-I-Lahaur-o-Multan (Vol. 21 December 1944)''']<br />
<br />
'''D)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-punjab-news-in-akhbar-i-darbar-i.html '''The Punjab News in the Akhbar-I-Darbar-I-Mualla (Vol. 24, February 1948)'''] <br />
<br />
<br />
'''2) The Journal of Indian History'''<br />
<br />
'''A)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/nanak-panthis-or-sikhs-and-sikhism-of.html '''Nanak Panthis or The Sikhs and Sikhism of the 17th Century (Vol. 19(2); Aug 1940; pp 195-219)''']<br />
<br />
'''B)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2016/09/last-days-of-guru-gobind-singh-dr-ganda.html '''Last Days of Guru Gobind Singh (Vol. 20(1); April 1941; pp 120-32)''']<br />
<br />
'''C)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/some-correspondence-of-maharaja-duleep.html '''Some Correspondence of Maharaja Duleep Singh (Vol. 27(1); April 1949; pp 1-23)''']<br />
<br />
'''D)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/08/a-diary-of-partition-days-1947-dr-ganda.html '''A Diary Of The Partition Days 1947 (Vol. 38(1); April 1960; pp 205-32 and Vol. 38(2); August 1960; pp 241-84)''']<br />
<br />
'''E)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-origin-of-hindu-sikh-tension-in.html '''The Origin of the hindu-Sikh Tension in The Punjab (Vol. 39(1); April 1961; pp 119-23)''']<br />
<br />
'''F)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/three-letters-of-maharani-jind-kaur-dr.html '''Three Letters of Maharani Jind Kaur (Vol. 42(1); April 1964; pp 265-80)''']<br />
<br />
<br />
'''3) Proceedings of Indian History Congress'''<br />
<br />
'''A)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/contemporary-sources-of-sikh-history.html '''Contemporary Sources of Sikh History (1469-1708) (1938)''']<br />
<br />
'''B)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-maratha-sikh-treaty-of-1785-dr.html '''The Maratha-Sikh Treaty of 1785 (1939)''']<br />
<br />
'''C)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-arrest-and-release-of-sardar-lahna.html '''The arrest and release of Sardar Lahna Singh Majithia (1940)''']<br />
<br />
'''D)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/muslim-relics-with-sikh-rulers-of.html '''Muslims Relics with the Sikh Rulers of Lahore (1943)''']<br />
<br />
<br />
'''4) The Sikh Review, Calcutta.'''<br />
<br />
'''A)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-indian-society-as-guru-nanak-found.html '''The Indian Society as Guru Nanak Found it''']<br />
<br />
<br />
'''5) The Panjab Past and Present'''<br />
<br />
'''1)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/03/secret-cid-memorandum-on-recent.html '''Secret C.I.D. Memorandum on Recent Developments in Sikh Politics 1911 - Mr. D. Petrie; Vol. 4 Part 2 Serial No. 8 October 1970, pp 300-379'''.]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''PANJABI'''<br />
<br />
'''1) ਫੁਲਵਾੜੀ''' <br />
<br />
'''A)''' '''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/04/sikh-itihas-dr-ganda-singh.html ਸਿਖ-ਇਤਿਹਾਸ! ਕੀ ਸਿਖ ਭੀ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ ਸੰਬੰਧੀ ਕਦੀ ਆਪਣਾ ਫ਼ਰਜ਼ ਪਛਾਨਣਗੇ? ਆਓ, ਜੇ ਹੋਰ ਕੁਝ ਨਹੀਂ ਤਾਂ ਰੀਸ ਹੀ ਕਰੀਏ; ਫੁਲਵਾੜੀ ਵਰਾ ੧੪ਵਾਂ ਅੰਕ ੧ ਪੂਰਨ ਅੰਕ ੧੫੫ ਜਨਵਰੀ ੧੯੩੮]'''<br />
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'''Commemoration Volume/ Abhinandan Granth <br />
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'''1) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/early-maratha-sikh-relations-dr-ganda.html Early Maratha-Sikh Relations (Mahamahopadhyaya Prof. D.V.Potdar Commemoration Volume)]'''<br />
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'''2)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/08/panjab-1849-1960-bhai-jodh-singh.html '''Panjab (1849-1960) – Bhai Jodh Singh Abhinandan Granth - Dr. Ganda Singh ਪੰਜਾਬ (ਸਨ ੧੮੪੯ - ੧੯੬੦ ਈ.) - ਭਾਈ ਜੋਧ ਸਿੰਘ ਅਭਿਨੰਦਨ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ - ਡਾ. ਗੰਡਾ ਸਿੰਘ''']<br />
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'''BOOKS<br />
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1)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/socio-religious-movements-in-punjab-in.html Social and Religious Movements in the Punjab in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries - Dr. S.P. Sen (Ed.) — Socio-Religious Movements in the Punjab in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries - Dr. Ganda Singh]<br />
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'''BIBLIOGRAPHIES<br />
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'''1) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/guru-nanaks-works-bibliography-compiled.html Guru Nanak's Works: A Bibliography]'''<br />
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'''2)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-national-bibliography-of-indian.html '''The National Bibliography of Indian Literature (1901-1953) Vol. 3 (Panjabi)''']<br />
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'''3)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2016/11/bibliography-of-sikh-religious-and.html '''Bibliography Of Sikh Religious And Historical Literature''']<br />
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'''4)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/12/a-select-bibliography-of-sikhs-and.html '''A Select Bibliography of the Sikhs and Sikhism - Dr. Ganda Singh''']<br />
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==Honors==<br />
Dr Ganda Singh's magnificent work was widely acknowledged and lauded in his lifetime, and he received honours from a number of professional institutions and associations. The Punjab Government invested him with the Award for Literature on 31 March 1963 and the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Amritsar, paid its tribute on 28 March 1964. On 19 December 1964, Muslim University, 'Aligarh, conferred on him the degree of D. Litt. honoris causa. Sikh Educational Conference honoured him during its 52nd annual session held at Kanpur on 2527 October 1974, and Punjabi University, Patiala, at the annual session of the Punjab History Conference held during November 1976. The University also brought out during the same year an anthology, Essays in Honour of Dr Ganda Singh, lovingly edited by his old pupil Professor Harbans Singh. The University also awarded him the degree of Doctor of Literature at its 15th convocation held on 25 February 1978. The Indian History Congress during its Silver Jubilee session held at Panaji (Goa) on 57 November 1987 honoured him as one of the five distinguished historians of India. The Government of India honoured him with the award of Padma Bhushan in 1983.<br />
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In the course of his long career as a researcher and scholar, Dr Ganda Singh had acquired a vast personal collection of rare books, maps, documents and manuscripts which occupied several rooms of his modest residence on the Lower Mall at Patiala. This precious treasure is now the property of Punjabi University, Patiala, to which institution he donated the entire collection. Dr Ganda Singh died at Patiala on 27 December 1987.<br />
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==References==<br />
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1. Griffin, Lepel, and C.F. Massy, Chiefs and Families of Note in the Punjab. Lahore, 1909<br />
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2. Harbans Singh and N. G. Barrier, ed., Punjab Past and Present: Essays in Honour of Dr Ganda Singh. Patiala, 1976<br />
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3. Verma, Devinder Kumar, and Jasmer Singh, A Bibliography of Dr Ganda Singh. Rajpura, 1989<br />
[[Category:Sikh Scholars]]</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Giani_Dit_Singh&diff=118729Giani Dit Singh2021-04-16T17:02:48Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* References */</p>
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{{infobox Biodata<br />
|Subject Name = [[Giani Dit Singh]]<br />
|Image name= Bhai_Ditt_Singh.JPG<br />
|Name = Giani Ditt Singh<br />
|Birth = 21 April 1850, Kalaur, Distt Fatehgarh Sahib<br />
|Parents = Diwan Singh<br />
|Spouse = Bishan Kaur<br />
|Children = Son: Baldev Singh, Daughter: Vidyavant Kaur,<br />
|Death = 6 September, 1901, Lahore, Pakistan<br />
|Other Info = Singh Sabha Activist, Poet, Scholar, Editor, Professor, Authored 71 Books<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Giani Ditt Singh]] ([[1850]] - [[1901]]) was a scholar, poet, editor and an eminent Singh Sabha Reformer. He was born on '''[[April 21]], [[1850]]'', some sources say 1853, at village Kalaur, presently in Distt [[Fatehgarh Sahib]], [[Punjab]], [[India]]. Giani Ji was a famous writer, he wrote nearly 71 books on Sikh theory. Khalsa Akhbar is the famous book for his writing. His writing ''Dayanand naal mera Samvaad'' and ''Durga Parbodh'' marks great importance for uniqueness of Sikh philosphy. <br />
<br />
==Early Life==<br />
His ancestral village was Jhalhan, near [[Chamkaur Sahib]], but his father, [[Divan Singh]], had migrated to his wife's village, Kalaur. Divan Singh, a [[Ravidasia]],[[Chamar]] by caste , was a religious minded person who had earned the title of [[Sant]] for his piety. Himself an admirer of the [[Gulabdasi]] sect, he sent Ditt Singh at the age of nine, to be educated under Sant Gurbakhsh Singh at Dera Gulab dasian in the village of Tior, near [[Kharar]] in [[Ropar]] district. Ditt Singh studied [[Gurmukhi]], prosody, Vedanta and Niti-Sastra at the Dera, and learnt [[Urdu]] from Daya Nand, a resident of Tior. At the age of 16-17, he shifted to the main Gulabdasi centre at chhathianvala, near Kasur, in Lahore district. Formally initiated into the sect of Sant Desa Singh, he became a Gulabdasi preacher. Not long afterwards, he came under the influence of [[Bhai Jawahar Singh]], formerly a follower of Gulabdasi sect, who had joined the [[Arya Samaj]].<br />
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==Arya Samajist to Singh Sabha Reformer==<br />
Soon, however, he and his friend, Jawahir Singh, were drawn into the Sikh fold through Bhai Gurmukh Singh, then an active figure in the Singh Sabha movement. In 1886, Bhai Gurmukh Singh, following the establishment of the Lahore Khalsa Diwan parallel to the one at Amritsar, floated a weekly newspaper, the Khalsa Akhbar. Though its first editor was Giam Jhanda Singh Faridkoti, the principal contributor was Giani Ditt Singh, who soon took over editorship from him.<br />
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He had passed the Gyani examination the same year and had been appointed a teacher at the Oriental College. In his hands the Khalsa Akhbar became an efficient and powerful vehicle for the spread of Singh Sabha ideology.<br />
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The Khalsa Diwan Amritsar led by Baba Khem Singh Bedi and the ruler of Faridkot, Raja Bikram Singh, had Bhai Gurmukh Singh excommunicated, under the seal of the Golden Temple, in March 1887. On 16 April 1887, Giani Ditt Singh issued a special supplement of his Khalsa Akhbar in which appeared a part of his Svapan Natak (q.v.), or Dream Play, a thinly-veiled satire, ridiculing the Amritsar leaders and their supporters. One of the victims of the burlesque, Bava Ude Singh, filed a defamation suit against Giani Ditt Singh in a Lahore court. The latter was sentenced to pay a fine of Rs 5 but was on appeal acquitted by the sessions court on 30 April 1888. The case had dragged on for over a year, imposing severe financial hardship on the Khalsa AKhbar. It had already suffered a setback by the death in May 1887 of its chief patron, Kanvar Bikrama Singh of Kapurthala. In 1889, it had to be closed down, along with the Khalsa Press. Bhai Gurmukh Singh, however, secured, through Bhal Kahn Singh, help from the Maharaja of Nabha and the Khalsa Akhbar recommenced publication on 1 May 1893. Editorship was again entrusted to Ditt Singh. Ditt Singh also helped Bhagat Lakshman Singh to launch from Lahore on 5January 1899 the Khalsa, a weekly in English. Giani Ditt Singh and his friend,Jawahir Singh, had not severed their connection with the Arya Samaj even after their initiation into the Sikh faith. The final breach came on 25 November 1888 when, in a public meeting held on the eleventh anniversary of the Lahore Arya Samaj, Pandit Guru Dutt of Government College, Lahore, and Lala Murh Dhar spoke disparagingly about the Sikh Gurus. This hurt the feelings of Giani Ditt Singh and Jawahir Singh and they left the Arya Samaj for good. They joined hands with Bhai Gurmukh Singh and threw themselves whole-heartedly into the Singh Sabha work.<br />
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Ditt Singh also became an Arya Samajist. He was introduced to "Swami" Daya Nand, the founder of the Arya Samaj, during the latter's visit to Lahore in 1877. Soon, however, he and his friend, Jawahir Singh, were drawn into the Sikh fold through Bhai Gurmukh Singh, then an active figure in the Singh Sabha movement. In 1886, Bhai Gurmukh Singh, following the establishment of the Lahore Khalsa Diwan parallel to the one at Amritsar, floated a weekly newspaper, the Khalsa Akhbar. Though its first editor was Giam Jhanda Singh Faridkoti, the principal contributor was Giani Ditt Singh, who soon took over editorship from him.<br />
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Being one of the founding members of the Singh Sabha of Lahore, he made the [[Singh Sabha]] a great movement through his speeches and writings. As an educator, he not only helped in the setting up of Khalsa College, Amritsar, but also wrote textbooks for the students of the college. Author of 71 books, a major forum for his writing was the Khalsa Akhbar, in which he wrote on current issues. Giani Dit Singh was an editor of this prominent Punjabi newspaper of the time.<br />
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===Discussion with Dayanand===<br />
Having moved from one centre of learning to another, Ditt Singh became knowledgeable enough to hold in-depth discussions with eminent religious scholars like Sadhu Dayanand and others. <br />
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"Arya Samaj" was, initially, an institution which was working towards the removal of casteism and ritualism. Giani ji along with Bhai Jawahar Singh joined this movement. Swami Dayanand was the torch-bearer of this movement. However, Giani ji soon found that the Arya Samaj Chief, Swami Dayanand’s belief in the supremacy of [[Vedas]] was overwhelming as was the similar assertion made by the [[Muslim]]s regarding the holy [[Koran]]. The Swami did not believe in the existence of any other religion apart from [[Hinduism]]. This was, again, a narrow parochial approach to the multi-cultural and multi-religious societies of the world. Both Bhai Jawahar Singh and Giani Ditt Singh planned to set things right. During a religious gathering in 1877 at [[Lahore]], Giani ji visited Swami Dayanand along with Bhai Jawahar Singh ''"to know his mind and to know his ideals"''. During the discussions, a questions and answers situation arose with Swami Dayanand. This dialogue is quoted below as per the words of [[Giani Ditt Singh]]. Following is one of his discussion with Dayanand:<br />
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Q: Who is the Creator of this universe?<br><br />
A: The Lord (Ishwar)<br><br />
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Q: Does the Lord create the universe from Himself or from something else?<br><br />
A: How can the Lord create the universe from Himself? He is without form (Nirakaar). He creates the world from four atoms.<br><br />
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Q: Where from does the Lord bring these atoms?<br><br />
A: The Lord joins the atoms floating in the sky and creates the universe.<br><br />
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Q: How many atoms help making this universe and how does the Lord create the universe around them? Can you explain - sequentially and systematically?<br><br />
A: The atoms of earth, water and air roam around freely in air that the Lord mixes them as per the requirement and creates the universe, e.g., he creates earth from earth atoms, water from water atoms, fire from fire atoms and air from air atoms.<br><br />
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Q: Were these four elements existing earlier than the Lord of were created by the Lord?<br><br />
A: The Lord is non-existent that he could create the solid elements from His soul. The elements of these four atoms existed already which the Lord united to create the universe.<br><br />
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Q : From your statement the Lord appears to be like a mason who collects and joins bricks, sand, lime, and wood, etc., to make a house. He is not a creator of atoms but creator of a structure from these items? ….. He is like a women who cooks food from various items?"<br />
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Hearing these comments Swami Dayanand became angry. The dialogue continued but, at the end, he said angrily, "Go and say that I (Gyani Ditt Singh have won and Swamiji has lost."20<br />
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These discussion showed the shallowness of Swami Dayanand’s knowledge. Gyani Ditt Singh held three such discussions with Swami Daya Nand with the same results. The details of these discussions are available in his book ''Sadhu Daya Nand Naal Mera Sambad''. Swami Dayanand stood exposed in all these discussions. This made a great impression of Gyani ji on the listeners and he became very popular and acceptable among Sikhs.<br />
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===Reply to Chandi Bhagats===<br />
During that time it was in preach that Guru Gobind Singh was a worshipper of Idol/lady Chandi. Giani Ditt Singh, who had studied Dasam Guru's bani by heart and made a discourse in poetry form a Talk between Tatt khalsa and Worshipper of idol Durga and proved that Durga whom guru Gobind Singh admired is a formless entity and it is power of God. The Book is known as [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/03/durga-prabodh.html '''Durga Parbodh.''']<br />
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==Death==<br />
Giani Ditt Singh wielded a powerful pen and was equally at home in prose as well as in verse. He wrote more books and pamphlets on Sikh theology and history and on current polemics. Ditt Singh was very fond of his daughter who was a highly precocious child. Her death on 17 June 1901 was a great blow to Ditt Singh, who had already been under a strain owing to persistently heavy work since the death in 1898 of Bhai Gurmukh Singh. He still continued to work with patience and fortitude, but his health deteriorated rapidly and he fell seriously ill. A Muslim doctor, Rahlm Khan, treated him but it was of no avail. Giani Ditt Singh died at Lahore on 6 September 1901. The loss was mourned widely by the Sikhs.<br />
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==His works==<br />
Well-known among his works are: <br />
* Guru Nanak Prabodh, <br />
* Guru Arjan Chariltar, <br />
* Dambh Bidaran, <br />
* Durga Prabodh, '''Read Online''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/03/durga-prabodh.html]<br />
* Panth Prabodh, <br />
* RajPrabodh, <br />
* Mera ate Sadhu Dayanand da Sambad, '''Read Online''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/03/dayanand-tey-mera-samvad.html]<br />
* Naqh SiAh Prabodh <br />
* Panth Sudhar Binai Pattar. <br />
* Abla Naari<br />
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He had total of 71 Books. He also published accounts of the martyrdoms of Tara Singh of Van, Subeg Singh, Matab Singh Mirankotia , Taru Singh and Bota Singh.<br />
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==Personal Life==<br />
Ditt Singh's marriage took place in Lahore in 1880 according to Sikh rites. His wife, Bishan Kaur, shared his religious zeal and the couple had a happy married life. They had two children, a son, Baldev Singh, born in 1886, and a daughter, Vidyavant Kaur, born in 1890.<br />
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==Bhai Vir Singh on Giani Ditt Singh==<br />
After Giani Ditt Singh's demise, a poem was published in the Khalsa Samachar about Giani Ditt Singh by [[Bhai Vir Singh]].<br />
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<blockquote>ਜਾਗੋ ਜਾਗੋ ਜੀ ਦਿੱਤ ਸਿੰਘ ਪਿਆਰੇ, ਕੌਮ ਬੈਠੀ ਸਿਰਹਾਣੇ ਜਗਾਵੇ|<br><br />
Jago jago ji Ditt Singh piare, Qaum baithee sirane jagawe.<br><br />
Wake up, wake up, O Ditt Singh ji dear, The nation (Sikh qaum) is sitting near you pillow.<br><br><br />
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ਕਿਓਂ ਕੀਤੀ ਨੀਂਦ ਪਿਆਰੀ, ਕਿਓਂ ਜਾਗ ਤਹਾਨੂੰ ਨਾ ਆਵੇ |<br><br />
Kion kiti neend piaree, kion jaag tuhanun na aave.<br><br />
Why don’t you wake up?<br><br><br />
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ਕਦੀ ਕੌਮ ਜਗਾਈ ਸੀ ਤੈਨੇ, ਲਮੇ ਕਢ ਕਢ ਵੈਣ ਤੇ ਹਾਵੇ| ਹਾਂ!<br><br />
Kadi qaum jagaayee si taine, lame kaddh kaddh vain te haave. Han!<br><br />
Once you awakened the entire nation.<br><br />
By praying, crying, howling and growling,<br><br><br />
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ਜਾਗ ਕੇ ਕੌਮ ਭਲੱਕੜ, ਆਪ ਸੋਂ ਗਝ ਹੋ ਬੇਦਾਵੇ |<br><br />
Jagaike qaum bhulakad, aap saun gaye hoi bedawe.26<br><br />
Now after awakening the forgetful nation.<br><br />
Yourself have gone to sleep unattached.<br></blockquote><br><br />
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==Institutions In Name of Giani Ditt Singh==<br />
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* A 15 member memorial committee was formed with Arjan Singh Bagarian as chairman. Notable memorials honoring his name were Giani Ditt Singh Khalsa Boarding House in Lahore and Bhal Ditt Singh Library opened at Sikh Kanya Mahavidyala Ferozepur by Bhal Takhat Singh, one of his former students and close friend. Giani Ditt Singh Memorial International Society, Chandigarh is regularly organizing functions in his memory. The society released a book, ''Bhai Ditt Singh Giani: Jeevan, Rachna Te Shaksiat'' authored by Dr Karnail Singh Somal, who also born in village Kaluar. Karnail Singh had through his work, more than a 100 years after the death of Giani Dit Singh , attempted to take the reader back into the latter half of 19th century to elucidate events and personalities that helped shape Giani Dit Singh.<br />
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==References==<br />
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* Pritam Singh Collections of Giani Ditt Singh<br />
* The encyclopedia of Sikhism, Editor- Sardar Harbans Singh.<br />
* Amar Singh, Giani, Singh Sabha Lahir de Ughe Sanchalak Giani<br />
* Ditt Singh Ji. Amritsar, 1902<br />
* Daljit Singh, Singh Sabha de Modhi Giani Ditt Sirigh Ji. Amritsar, 1951<br />
* Jagjit Singh, Singh Sabha Lahir. Ludhiana, 1974<br />
* Harbans Singh, The Heritage of the Sikhs. Delhi,1983<br />
* Jolly, Surjit Kaur, Sikh Revivalist Movements. Delhi,1988<br />
* Chandar, Gurmukh Singh, My Attempted Excommunication from the Sikh Temples and the Khalsa Community at Fandkot in 1887. Lahore, 1898 Cds. S.<br />
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[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/03/dayanand-tey-mera-samvad.html '''* dayanand tey mera samvad - Giani Ditt Singh''']<br />
<br />
[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/03/durga-prabodh.html '''* Durga Prabodh - Giani Ditt Singh''']<br />
<br />
[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/02/giani-ditt-singh-jeevan-tey-rachna.html '''* Giani Ditt Singh - Jeevan tey Rachna''']<br />
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[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/11/bhai-ditt-singh-giani-jeevan-rachna-tey.html '''* Bhai Ditt Singh Giani - Jeevan, Rachna tey Shakhsiat - Dr. Karnail Singh Somal''']<br />
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'''* [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/01/sikh-kaum-de-gaurav-maiee-vidvaan-giani.html Sikh Kaum De Gaurav Maiee Vidvaan Giani Ditt Singh - Principal Nasib Singh Sewak]'''<br />
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'''* [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/04/gugga-gapaura-te-sulatana-puara-giani.html ਗੁੱਗਾ ਗਪੌੜਾ ਤੇ ਸੁਲਤਾਨ ਪੁਆੜਾ]''' <br />
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==External links==<br />
*(Extracted from http://www.panthic.org/?y=2006&m=04&d=23 )<br />
*Further reading at [http://www.sikhreview.org/november2001/heritage.htm sikh review article on Giani Ditt singh]<br />
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{{Giani}}<br />
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[[Category:Sikh Scholars]]</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Professor_Ganda_Singh&diff=118728Professor Ganda Singh2021-04-16T16:23:03Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* List of Dr. Ganda Singh's Writings:- */</p>
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<div>[[Image:Gandasingh.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Prof. Ganda Singh]]<br />
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'''GANDA SINGH''' ([[15 November]] [[1900]] - [[27 December]] [[1987]]), celebrated [[Punjab]] historian who by his sustained and pioneer work in the field of historical research initiated new trends in [[Sikh]] historiography and who by his critically important work became a vital and pervasive influence in historical learning in northern India, was born on 15 November 1900, the son of Javala Singh of [[Haryana|Hariana]], an old town close to the city of [[Hoshiarpur]] in the Punjab. <br />
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He began his education in the village mosque, later translating himself to the primary school. He passed the middle standard examination from D A.V. (Dayanand Anglo-Vernacular ) Middle School, Hoshiarpur, and his matriculation from Government High School in the same town. He joined the Forman Christian college at Lahore, but soon left it to enlist in the army (1919). He served at the Supply and Transport Corps Base Depot, [[Rawalpindi]], and at the divisional office at Peshawar before he was attached to the Mesopotamia Expeditionary Force, Basra, in 1920 and later to the British Royal Army Pay Corps, also at Basra, in 1921. <br />
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There he had his thigh torn by a bullet shot and he was hospitalized. After recovery he was repatriated to India, but had been mistakenly reported dead to his family. This led to a dramatic situation. When he suddenly appeared at the door of his home in the village late one evening, he was taken to be a spirit and was refused admittance. As he was recognized the following morning at the doorstep of his house, the family's horror turned into jubilation .<br />
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==Moved abroad==<br />
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Ganda Singh did not stay at home for long. He went back to Mesopotamia (now Iraq) and then to Iran, there to join the Anglo-persian Oil Company at Abadan as accounts officer. At Abadan, he came under the influence of the British scholar, Sir Arnold Wilson, who besides his official duties as general manager of the company was working on his Bibliography of Persia. Young Ganda Singh now aspired to prepare a bibliograplly of his native Punjab. <br />
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On his return to Punjab towards the end of 1930, he first worked on the editorial board of the Phulvari, a Punjabi monthly published from Lahore. One long-lasting friendship he picked up there was with Bhagat Lakshman Singh, a Sikh reformer and educationist He however missed meeting with Karam Singh, the historian, then very enthusiastic in promoting the cause of Sikh history. Karam Singh died before Ganda Singh could meet him.<br />
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==Began work as Researcher & Historian==<br />
In October 1931 began Dr Ganda Singh long and fruitful career as a researcher and historian. The [[Khalsa College]] at [[Amritsar]] placed him in charge of its newly-created Sikh History Research Department, which position he kept till 1949. During this period he travelled extensively, rummaging various public libraries, archives and private collections throughout India in quest of materials on Sikh history, enriching the library of his department and also brought out several books and tracts based on these.<br />
<br />
In 1949, he came to [[Patiala]] where he was appointed Director of Archives and Curator of Museum under the Government of PEPSU (Patiala and East Punjab States Union). In 1950 he received the additional charge of Director of the Punjabi Department. His thesis on Ahmad Shah Durranl earned hiln the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the Punjab University, Chandlgarh, in 1954, as well as much applause from scholars and historians Among them the counted Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, a leading Indian savant of the day.<br />
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Dr Ganda Singh was principal of the Khalsa College, Patiala, when he was invited by the Punjabi University, Patiala, to organize its Department of Punjab Historical Studies. He set up Punjab History Conference in 1965 which became a very active forum for the discussion of matters relating to Punjab history. In l967, he launched the University's journal, the bi-annual The Punjab Past and Present of which he himself was the editor and which gathered high repute and much prestige over the years.<br />
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==Takes charge of Historical organisations==<br />
<br />
In 1938, he had been appointed a corresponding member of Indian Historical Records Commission of Government of India, and was a full member of the Commission front 1950 to 1956. He was nominated member of Punjab Regional Committee for the Survey of Historical Records, Government of Punjab, Lahore, and of Indian Historical Records commission, Government of India. <br />
<br />
He was secretary of the Committee for the History of Freedom Movement in PEPSU, Patiala, and chairman of the Regional Records Survey Committee for History of Freedom Movement, Shimla/Patiala, from November 1957 to December 1962. He held membership of Asiatic Society, Calcutta, Indian Institute of Historical Studies, Calcutta, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, London, and Itihas Sanshodhak Mandal, Poona. <br />
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He presided over the medieval section of Punjab History Conference session of the Institute of Historical Studies, Calcutta, held at Shillong in 1974 as well as over its 13th session held at Panaji (Goa) in 1975. In 1974, he presided the 35th session of Indian History Congress at Jadavpur.<br />
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==Receives Honours and Awards==<br />
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Dr Ganda Singh was a prolific writer in addition to scores of research papers, booklets and pamphelets, he published over two dozen full-length volumes of high historical value. Dr Ganda Singh's magnificent work was widely acknowledged and lauded in his lifetime, and he received honours from a number of professional institutions and associations. <br />
<br />
The Punjab Government invested him with the Award for literature on 31 March 1963 and the Shiromanl Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Amritsar, paid its tribute on 28 March 1964. On 19 December 1964, Muslim University, Aligarh, conferred on him the "degree of D. Litt. honoris causa." Sikh Educational Conference honoured him during its 52nd annual session held at Kanpur on 25-27 October 1974, and Punjabi University, Patiala, at the annual session of the Punjab History Conference held during November- 1976. <br />
<br />
The University also brought out during the same year an anthology, Essays in Honour of Dr Ganda Singh, lovingly edited by his old pupil Professor Harbans Singh (author of the encyclopedia from where many documents have been published on this site). The University also awarded him the degree of Doctor of literature at its 15th convocation held on 25 February 1978. The Indian, history Congress during its Silver jubilee session held at Panaji (Goa) on 5-7 November- 1987 honored him as one of the five distinguished historians of India. The Government of India honoured him With the award of Padma Bhushan in 1983.<br />
<br />
In the course of his long career as a researcher and scholar, Dr Ganda Singh had acquired a vast personal collection of rare books, maps, documents and manuscripts which occupied several rooms of his modest residence on the Lower Mall at Patiala. This Precious treasure is now the property of Punjabi University, Patiala, to which institution he donated the entire collection. Dr Ganda Singh died at Patiala on 27 December 1987. <br />
<br />
<br />
== '''List of Dr. Ganda Singh's Writings:-''' ==<br />
<br />
'''BOOKS/ MONOGRAPHS/ TRACTS'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''A) PUNJABI<br />
<br />
'''1) Title: [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/05/kukian-di-vithya-vol1-drganda-singh.html Kukian di Vithya Vol.1];'''<br />
<br />
Publisher: Author; Pages: 363 <br />
<br />
'''2)''' '''Title: [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/04/afghanistan-da-safar-dr-ganda-singh.html Afghanistan da Safar]; '''<br />
<br />
Publisher: Parkash and Co, New Delhi.; Pages: 152'''<br />
<br />
'''3) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/11/amarnama-pharsi-mool-panjabi-utara-tey.html Amarnama (Pharsi Mool, Panjabi Utara tey Arth) - Dr. Ganda Singh (Ed.)]'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''B) ENGLISH<br />
<br />
1)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/06/a-brief-account-of-sikhs-dr-ganda-singh.html A Brief Account Of The Sikhs]'''<br />
<br />
'''2)''' '''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/07/guru-gobind-singhs-death-at-nanded.html Guru Gobind Singh's death at Nanded - An Examination Of Succession Theories]'''<br />
<br />
'''3)''' '''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/09/the-indian-mutiny-of-1857-and-sikhs-dr.html The indian mutiny of 1857 and the Sikhs]'''<br />
<br />
'''4) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/05/history-of-gurdwara-shahidganj-lahore.html History of The Gurdwara Shahidganj, Lahore, From its Origin To November 1935 Compiled From Original Sources, Judicial Records and Contemporary Materials]'''<br />
<br />
'''5) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/10/life-of-banda-singh-bahadur-based-on.html Life of Banda Singh Bahadur Based on Contemporary and Original Records]'''<br />
<br />
'''6) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/08/a-diary-of-partition-days-1947-dr-ganda.html A Diary Of The Partition Days 1947]''' <br />
<br />
'''7) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/05/the-panjab-in-1839-40-selections-from.html The Panjab in 1839-40: Selections from the Punjab Akhbars, Punjab Intelligence, etc. preserved in the National Archives of India, New Delhi]'''<br />
'''<br />
'''8) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/04/importance-of-hair-and-turban-to-sikhs.html Importance Of Hair And Turban To The Sikhs - Dr. Ganda Singh Tract No. 396]'''<br />
'''<br />
<br />
'''9) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/some-confidential-papers-of-akali.html Some Confidential Papers of The Akali Movement]'''<br />
<br />
'''10) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/maharaja-duleep-singh-correspondence.html Maharaja Duleep Singh Correspondence (History of the Freedom Movement in the Punjab Volume III)]'''<br />
<br />
'''11) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/03/the-sikhs-and-their-religion-dr-ganda.html The Sikhs and Their Religion]'''<br />
<br />
'''12) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/03/bhagat-lakshman-singh-autobiography-dr.html Bhagat Lakshman Singh Autobiography - Dr. Ganda Singh (Edited and Annotated)]'''<br />
<br />
'''13) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/03/dr-ganda-singh-memorial-trust.html Dr. Ganda Singh Memorial Trust]'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''RESEARCH PAPERS/ ARTICLES'''<br />
<br />
'''English'''<br />
<br />
'''1) Proceedings of The Indian Historical Records Commission'''<br />
<br />
'''A) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-persian-akhbars-in-alienation.html The Persian Akhbars in The Alienation Office, Poona (Vol. 16, 1939)]''' <br />
<br />
'''B) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/some-new-light-on-treaty-of-bhyrowal.html Some New Light on the Treaty of Bhyrowal (December 16, 1846) thrown by the private letters of Sir Henry Hardinge (Vol. 17, 1940)]'''<br />
<br />
'''C) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/akhbarat-i-lahaur-o-multan-dr-ganda.html Akhbarat-I-Lahaur-o-Multan (Vol. 21 December 1944)]'''<br />
<br />
'''D) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-punjab-news-in-akhbar-i-darbar-i.html The Punjab News in the Akhbar-I-Darbar-I-Mualla (Vol. 24, February 1948)]'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''2) The Journal of Indian History'''<br />
<br />
'''A) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/nanak-panthis-or-sikhs-and-sikhism-of.html Nanak Panthis or The Sikhs and Sikhism of the 17th Century]''' <br />
(Vol. 19(2); August 1940; pp 195-219)<br />
<br />
'''B) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2016/09/last-days-of-guru-gobind-singh-dr-ganda.html Last Days of Guru Gobind Singh] '''<br />
(Vol. 20(1); April 1941; pp 120-32)'''<br />
<br />
'''C) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/some-correspondence-of-maharaja-duleep.html Some Correspondence of Maharaja Duleep Singh (Vol. 27(1); April 1949; pp 1-23)]'''<br />
<br />
'''* Related Document:-''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/maharaja-duleep-singh-correspondence.html Maharaja Duleep Singh Correspondence (History of the Freedom Movement in the Punjab Volume III)]<br />
<br />
'''D) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/08/a-diary-of-partition-days-1947-dr-ganda.html A Diary Of The Partition Days 1947] <br />
(Vol. 38(1); April 1960; pp 205-32 and Vol. 38(2); August 1960; pp 241-84)'''<br />
<br />
'''E) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-origin-of-hindu-sikh-tension-in.html The Origin of the hindu-Sikh Tension in The Punjab] (Vol. 39(1); April 1961; pp 119-23)'''<br />
<br />
'''F) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/three-letters-of-maharani-jind-kaur-dr.html Three Letters of Maharani Jind Kaur] (Vol. 42(1); April 1964; pp 265-80)'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''3) Proceedings of Indian History Congress'''<br />
<br />
'''A) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/contemporary-sources-of-sikh-history.html Contemporary Sources of Sikh History (1469-1708) (1938)]'''<br />
<br />
'''B) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-maratha-sikh-treaty-of-1785-dr.html The Maratha-Sikh Treaty of 1785 (1939)]'''<br />
'''*''' This research paper was also reprinted in January 1940 issue of 'Darbar', Khalsa College, Amritsar.<br />
<br />
'''C) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-arrest-and-release-of-sardar-lahna.html The arrest and release of Sardar Lahna Singh Majithia (1940)]'''<br />
<br />
'''D) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/muslim-relics-with-sikh-rulers-of.html Muslims Relics with the Sikh Rulers of Lahore (1943)]'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''4) The Sikh Review, Calcutta.'''<br />
<br />
'''A) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-indian-society-as-guru-nanak-found.html The Indian Society as Guru Nanak Found it - Dr. Ganda Singh]'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Panjabi'''<br />
<br />
'''1) Gurmat Parkash, SGPC, Amritsar.'''<br />
<br />
'''A) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/03/guru-gobind-singh-ji-di-bani-vich-karam.html Guru Gobind Singh ji di Bani Vich Karam-Yog; January 1997]''' <br />
<br />
'''2) ਫੁਲਵਾੜੀ'''<br />
<br />
'''A)''' '''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/04/sikh-itihas-dr-ganda-singh.html ਸਿਖ-ਇਤਿਹਾਸ! ਕੀ ਸਿਖ ਭੀ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ ਸੰਬੰਧੀ ਕਦੀ ਆਪਣਾ ਫ਼ਰਜ਼ ਪਛਾਨਣਗੇ? ਆਓ, ਜੇ ਹੋਰ ਕੁਝ ਨਹੀਂ ਤਾਂ ਰੀਸ ਹੀ ਕਰੀਏ; ਫੁਲਵਾੜੀ ਵਰਾ ੧੪ਵਾਂ ਅੰਕ ੧ ਪੂਰਨ ਅੰਕ ੧੫੫ ਜਨਵਰੀ ੧੯੩੮]''' <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Commemoration Volume/ Abhinandan Granth''' <br />
<br />
'''1) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/early-maratha-sikh-relations-dr-ganda.html Mahamahopadhyaya Prof. D.V.Potdar Commemoration Volume- Early Maratha-Sikh Relations]'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''BOOKS'''<br />
<br />
'''1) Social and Religious Movements in the Punjab in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries - Dr. S.P. Sen (Ed.)<br />
<br />
[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/socio-religious-movements-in-punjab-in.html — Socio-Religious Movements in the Punjab in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries - Dr. Ganda Singh]<br />
'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''BIBLIOGRAPHIES'''<br />
<br />
'''1) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/guru-nanaks-works-bibliography-compiled.html Guru Nanak's Works: A Bibliography]'''<br />
<br />
'''2) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-national-bibliography-of-indian.html The National Bibliography of Indian Literature (1901-1953) Vol. 3 (Panjabi)]'''<br />
<br />
'''3) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2016/11/bibliography-of-sikh-religious-and.html Bibliography Of Sikh Religious And Historical Literature]'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''FOREWORDS'''<br />
<br />
'''1) The Sikh Character and Sword''' <br />
<br />
(Sikh Culiminates in Khalsa Guru Nanak Dev Mission Tract No. 376)<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sikh Scholars]]</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Bhai_Kapur_Singh_Sirdar&diff=118726Bhai Kapur Singh Sirdar2021-04-14T10:24:55Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* List of Writings */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Kapurssirdarji.jpg|thumb|right|300px| Bhai Kapur Singh Sirdar]]<br />
<br />
'''Bhai Kapur Singh Sirdar''' ([[2 March]] [[1909]] - [[13 August]] [[1986]]), the son of Didar Singh, was a civilian, parliamentarian and intellectual, who was a master of manysided learning. Besides Sikh theology, he was vastly learned in philosophy, history and literature. He was born into a farming family, at the village Chakk in Ludhiana district on 2 March 1909. <br />
<br />
Sirdar Kapur Singh received his Master's degree, first class first, at the prestigious Government College, Lahore, after which he went to Cambridge to take his Tripos in Moral Sciences.<br />
{{tocleft}} <br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
A distinguished linguist he had mastered several of the languages of the east and the west. Besides English, which he could spin around his fingers with extraordinary subtlety and finesse, he had facility in Persian and Arabic as well as in Sanskrit.<br />
<br />
In addition to these, he claimed easy acquaintance with such discrete fields as astrology, architecture and space science. In spite of his knowledge covering many disparate areas, Sirdar Kapur Singh's principal focus was Sikh literature and theology. A stickler for accuracy of fact and presentation he stood up foursquare to any misrepresentation or falsification of any shade of Sikh thought and belief. He was most vigilant and unbending in this respect.<br />
<br />
==Stood against discrimination against Sikhs==<br />
Selected into the Indian Civil Service he served in various administrative posts in the cadre. In 1947, he was appointed deputy commissioner of Kangra. He was particularly irked by the growing narrow politics of the government biased against the Sikhs, but what incensed him the most was a circular letter, dated 10 October 1947, that was issued by the state governor, Chandu Lal Trivedi, warning district authorities in the Punjab against what was described as the criminal tendencies of the Sikh people. Kapur Singh filed a strong protest against Trivedi's utterly wild accusation. This seemingly invited the governor's wrath, as charges were brought against him, which led to his dismissal from the service.<br />
<br />
==Joins politics==<br />
Sirdar Kapur Singh became an ardent supporter of the Akali demand for a Punjabi speaking state. After a brief stint as Professor of Sikhism under the authority of the [[Akal Takht]], he joined active politics. <br />
<br />
In 1962, he was elected to the lower house of the Indian Parliament and in 1969 he became a member of the Punjab Vidhan Sabha (State Legislative Assembly). He was forthright in speech and an unrelenting critic of the government's policies which discriminated against the Sikhs. <br />
<br />
==Major influence behind Anandpur Resolution==<br />
<br />
As a Sikh ideologue he was the moving spirit behind the [[Anandpur Sahib Resolution]] that was adopted by the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] in 1973, which like several other of his pronouncements became a crucial enunciation of modern Sikh political formula and policy.<br />
<br />
A very stirring Sikh document of the modern period was the Presidential address given at the [[Hari Singh Nalwa]] conference convened at Ludhiana on 14 July, 1965, Although it was nowhere specified, that document as well as, all important Sikh political or intrinsically scholarly documents of that period bore the imprint of Kapur Singh's thinking, if not the ink of his pen. <br />
<br />
==Conference Resolution==<br />
In sonorous phrase, the conference resolution said:<br />
<br />
*1. This Conference in commemoration of General Hari Singh Nalwa of historical fame reminds all concerned that the Sikh people are makers of history and are conscious of their political destiny in a free India.<br />
<br />
*2. This Conference recalls that the Sikh people agreed to merge in a common Indian nationality on the explicit understanding of being accorded a constitutional status of cosharers in the community, which solemn understanding now stands cynically repudiated by the present rulers of India. Further, the Sikh people have been systematically reduced to a subpolitical status in their homeland, the Punjab, and to an insignificant position in their motherland, India. The Sikhs are in a position to establish before an impartial international tribunal, uninfluenced by the present Indian rulers, that the law, the judicial process, and the executive action of the state of India is consistently and heavily weighted against the Sikhs and is administered with unbandaged eyes against its Sikh citizens.<br />
<br />
*3. This Conference, therefore, resolves, after careful thought, that there is left no alternative for the Sikhs in the interest of self-preservation, but to frame their political demand for securing a self determined political status within the Republic of Union of India.<br />
<br />
The author's name is not mentioned here, but it is clearly the handiwork of Sirdar Kapur Singh. The Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee's publication at the time of the Nirarikari attack on the Sikhs is described thus:<br />
<br />
[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/03/they-massacre-sikhs-report-by-sikh.html '''THEY MASSACRE SIKHS : A While Paper by the Sikh Religious Parliament (Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee)''']<br />
<br />
Sirdar Kapur Singh, besides being an extraordinarily learned man, was a prolific writer.<br />
<br />
==Prolific writer==<br />
<br />
In addition to his Parasharprashna, in English, which ranks as a classic on Sikh philosophy, his other works include Hashish (Punjabi poems), Saptasring (Punjabi biographies), Baku Visthaar (Punjabi essays), Pundreek (Punjabi essays on culture and religion), [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/03/mansur-al-hallaj-sirdar-kapur-singh.html '''Mansur alHallaj'''] (monograph on a Sufi saint), [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2013/12/sachi-sakhi-1972-edition-sirdar-kapur.html '''Sachi Sakhi'''] (memoirs), Sacred Writings of the Sikhs (a UNESCO publication) '''Read Online''' [http://www.scribd.com/doc/25296894/Selections-From-the-Sacred-Writings-of-the-Sikhs-Unesco-Collection-of-Representative-Works-Indian-Series Selections From the Sacred Writings of the Sikhs Unesco Collection of Representative Works], Me Judice (English miscellany), Sikhism for Modern Man, [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/06/contributions-of-guru-nanak-by-s-kapur.html '''Contributions of Guru Nanak'''], The Hour of Sword, and Guru Arjun and His Sukhmani.<br />
<br />
==Transition==<br />
Sirdar Kapur Singh died after a protracted illness at his village home in Jagraori in Ludhiana district on 13 August 1986.<br />
<br />
==Address to the Indian Parliament, 6 September, I966==<br />
See [[Betrayal of the Sikhs]], the minutes of the Indian Parliament, 6 September, I966, featuring Sardar Kapur Singh's address to the Indian Parliament. <br />
== List of Writings ==<br />
'''I) BOOKS<br />
<br />
'''A) PUNJABI BOOKS'''<br />
<br />
'''1) Title:'''''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/12/sachi-sakhi-1972-edition-sirdar-kapur.html Sachi Sakhi (1972 Edition)]''<br />
<br />
Publisher: Raj Roop Prakashan, Jalandhar.<br />
Pages: 176.<br />
<br />
* '''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2015/04/sachi-sakhi-book-review-by-dr-attar.html Sachi Sakhi book review by Dr. Attar Singh] '''<br />
'''<br />
<br />
'''2)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/09/sachi-sakhi-1979-edition-sirdar-kapur.html ਸਾਚੀ ਸਾਖੀ [ ਵਿਸਤ੍ਰਤ <nowiki>]</nowiki> - ਭਾਈ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਸਿਰਦਾਰ ਕਪੂਰ ਸਿੰਘ; [੧੯੭੯<nowiki>]</nowiki>] <br />
<br />
'''3) Title:''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/08/ik-sikh-da-budh-nu-parnam-sirdar-kapur.html Ik Sikh Da Budh Nu Parnam - Sirdar Kapur Singh]<br />
<br />
Publisher: Indian Buddhist Society Canada and Punjabi Adbi Sangat Literary Society of Canada.<br />
Pages: 131.<br />
<br />
'''4) Title:''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/01/sirdar-jaiteg-singh-anant-ed.html Sirdar - Jaiteg Singh Anant (Ed.)]<br />
<br />
Publisher: Haridarshan International Memorial Trust, Chandigarh.<br />
Pages: 205.<br />
<br />
'''5) Title:''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/05/panchnad-sirdar-kapur-singh.html PanchNad - Jaiteg Singh Anant (Ed.)]<br />
<br />
Publisher: Haridarshan International Memorial Trust, Chandigarh.<br />
Pages: 172.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''B) ENGLISH BOOKS'''<br />
<br />
'''1) Title:''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/03/sikhism-oecumenical-religion-sirdar.html Sikhism - An Oecumenical Religion]<br />
<br />
Publisher: Institute of Sikh Studies, Chandigarh.<br />
Pages: 85.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''II) ARTICLES'''<br />
<br />
'''A) PUNJABI ARTICLES'''<br />
<br />
'''1)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/10/dashmesh-ji-da-jalaali-roop-sirdar.html Dashmesh ji da jalaali roop]<br />
<br />
'''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/10/dashmesh-ji-da-jalaali-roop-hindi.html Hindi version of the article is available at:-]'''<br />
<br />
'''2)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2016/05/dasam-patshah-di-vaisakhi-sirdar-kapur.html Dasam Patshah di Vaisakhi]<br />
<br />
'''3)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/04/stupid-sikhs-sirdar-kapur-singh-panjabi.html <nowiki>ਸਿੱਖਾਂ ਦੀਆਂ ਸਿਆਸੀ ਭੁੱਲਾਂ - ਸਿਰਦਾਰ ਕਪੂਰ ਸਿੰਘ [ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਰੂਪ - ਸ. ਲਛਮਣ ਸਿੰਘ ਜਲਵਾਣਾ]</nowiki>]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''B) ENGLISH ARTICLES'''<br />
<br />
'''1) Title:''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/07/spiritual-goal-and-sikh-identity-sirdar.html Spiritual Goal and Sikh Identity.]<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review, <br />
<br />
'''2) Title:''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/01/these-havan-kunds-sirdar-kapur-singh.html These Havan Kunds]<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review, October 1968.<br />
<br />
'''3) Title:''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/10/the-sikh-martys-of-western-punjab.html The Sikh Martys of Western Punjab]<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review, May 1962.<br />
Pages: 2<br />
<br />
'''4) Title:''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/05/guru-arjan-martyred-by-shamanistic-law_28.html Guru Arjan Martyred by Shamanistic Law]<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review, June 1955.<br />
Pages:14<br />
<br />
'''* This article was reprinted in The Sikh Review June 1979, pp 13-23.'''<br />
<br />
'''5) Title:''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/03/the-dawn-of-new-faith-sirdar-kapur-singh.html The Dawn of a New Faith]<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review, April 1955.<br />
Pages:15<br />
<br />
'''6) Title:''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2016/08/a-review-of-our-present-situation.html A Review of Our Present Situation]<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review, October 1956.<br />
Pages: 2.<br />
<br />
'''7) Title:''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/01/ardas-or-sikh-congregational-prayer.html Ardas or The Sikh Congregational Prayer]<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review December 1957.<br />
Pages: 6.<br />
<br />
'''8) Title: [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/11/who-killed-guru-tegh-bahadur-sirdar.html Who Killed Guru Tegh Bahadur?]'''<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review January 1976.<br />
Pages: 12.<br />
<br />
'''9) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-central-message-of-guru-nanak.html The Central Message of Guru Nanak - Sirdar Kapur Singh]''' <br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review Vol. 09 No. 099 November 1961.<br />
Pages: 2.<br />
<br />
'''10) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/guru-nanak-and-civil-servant-sirdar.html Guru Nanak and the civil servant - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review Vol. 20 No. 219 February 1972.<br />
Pages: 7.<br />
<br />
'''11) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-region-of-grace-sirdar-kapur-singh.html The Region of Grace - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review Vol. 22 No. 245 May 1974.<br />
Pages: 10.<br />
<br />
'''12) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/guru-nanak-founder-of-world-religion.html Guru Nanak the founder of a world religion - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review Vol. 29 No. 328 April 1981.<br />
Pages: 6.<br />
<br />
'''13) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-japu-of-guru-nanak-sirdar-kapur.html The Japu of Guru Nanak - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review Vol. 07 No. 072 August 1959.<br />
Pages: 3.<br />
<br />
'''14) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/guru-nanaks-concept-of-nature-sirdar.html Guru Nanak's Concept of Nature - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
Title: Perspectives On Guru Nanak<br />
Pages: 12.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''C) ENGLISH FOREWORDS'''<br />
<br />
'''1) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2016/01/the-essentials-of-sikhism-sirdar-kapur.html Sri Guru Granth Sahib (English translation) Vol 2. - Dr. Gopal Singh]'''<br />
<br />
'''2) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/07/gandhi-and-sikhs-adv-gurmit-singh.html gandhi and the Sikhs - Adv. Gurmit Singh]'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''III) TRACTS'''<br />
<br />
'''A) PUNJABI TRACTS'''<br />
<br />
'''1) Title:''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/06/guru-nanak-dev-di-pad-padvi-sirdar.html Guru Nanak Dev di Pad Padvi]<br />
<br />
Publisher: Guru Nanak Dev Mission Patiala, Tract No. 407. <br />
Lecture delivered on November 11, 1969.<br />
Pages: 27.<br />
<br />
'''2) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/10/sirdar-kapur-singh-dey-chonvey-lekh.html Sirdar Kapur Singh dey Chonvey Lekh]'''<br />
<br />
'''3) Title: [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/11/navam-tey-dasam-patshah-dey-malwey-dey.html Navam tey Dasam Patshah dey Malwey dey Safran di Sakhi Pothi utey Ik Panchi Drishti - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
Publisher: SGPC, Amritsar.<br />
<br />
Pages: 41.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''B) ENGLISH TRACTS'''<br />
<br />
'''1) Title:''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/03/they-massacre-sikhs-report-by-sikh.html They Massacre Sikhs - A report by Sikh Parliament SGPC]<br />
<br />
Publisher: SGPC, Amritsar, 1978.<br />
Pages: 40.<br />
<br />
'''2) Title:''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/03/mansur-al-hallaj-sirdar-kapur-singh.html Mansur Al-Hallaj]<br />
<br />
Publisher: Punjabi University, Patiala, 1970.<br />
Pages: 25.<br />
<br />
'''3) Title:''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/06/contributions-of-guru-nanak-by-s-kapur.html Contributions Of Guru Nanak]<br />
<br />
Publisher: Punjab University, Chandigarh, 1975-76.<br />
Pages: 25.<br />
<br />
'''4) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/11/guru-nanak-his-status-and-salience.html Guru Nanak His Status and Salience - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
The paper "Guru Nanak His Status and Salience" was read by Sirdar Kapur Singh on 30th November, 1977, at the Khalsa College, Amritsar. <br />
<br />
'''5) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/10/the-golden-temple-its-theo-political.html The Golden Temple - Its Theo-Political Status - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
Publisher: Academy of Sikh Religion & Culture, Patiala.<br />
Pages: 29. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''On Sirdar Kapur Singh'''<br />
<br />
'''1)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/10/kapur-singh-philosopher-and-scholar.html Kapur Singh Philosopher And Scholar - Beacon Light Of Sikh Doctrines And Polity]<br />
<br />
'''2)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2016/03/sirdar-kapur-singh-di-chintan-drishti.html Sirdar Kapur Singh Di Chintan Drishti - Dr. Manjinder Singh]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sikh Scholars]]<br />
[[category:bhai]]</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Bhai_Narain_Singh&diff=118690Bhai Narain Singh2021-03-13T03:38:20Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: </p>
<hr />
<div>Bhai Narain Singh served as the Manager of Sri Nanakana Sahib Gurdwara.<br />
He was also one of the founder members of Guru Nanak Dev Mission, Patiala.<br />
<br />
'''References:-'''<br />
<br />
[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/09/sikhan-di-janam-bhoomi-sri-nanakana.html '''* Sikhan di Janam Bhoomi - Sri Nanakana Sahib Tract No. 432''']<br />
<br />
[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/06/narain-singh-jeevan-rachna-tey-den.html '''* Narain Singh - Jeevan, Rachna tey Den''']<br />
<br />
===== List of books, tracts, edited works:- =====<br />
<br />
# '''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/03/akali-lehar-1920-25-da-ik-mukh-naik.html ਅਕਾਲੀ ਲਹਿਰ (1920-25) ਦਾ ਇਕ ਮੁੱਖ ਨਾਇਕ - ਭਾਈ ਕਰਤਾਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਝੱਬਰ (ਅਤੁੱਟ ਵਿਸ਼ਵਾਸ਼, ਮਰਦਊ ਪੁਣੇ ਤੇ ਪਿਆਰ ਦੀ ਇੱਕ ਝਾਕੀ) - ਨਰੈਣ ਸਿੰਘ ਸਾਬਕਾ ਮੈਨੇਜਰ (੧੯੩੨-੪੭) ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਸੀਰੀਜ਼ ਨੂੰ ੨੩੬]'''<br />
# [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/03/akali-lehar-1920-25-da-ik-mukh-naik_10.html '''ਅਕਾਲੀ ਲਹਿਰ (1920-25) ਦਾ ਇਕ ਮੁੱਖ ਨਾਇਕ ਭਾਈ ਕਰਤਾਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਝੱਬਰ ਅੰਕ ਦੂਜਾ - ਨਰੈਣ ਸਿੰਘ ਸਾਬਕਾ ਮੈਨੇਜਰ (੧੯੩੨-੪੭) ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਸੀਰੀਜ਼ ਨੂੰ ੨੪੧''']<br />
# '''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/03/akali-lehar-da-ik-mukh-naik-bhai-kartar.html ਭਾਈ ਕਰਤਾਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਝੱਬਰ ਅੰਕ ੩ - ਨਰੈਣ ਸਿੰਘ ਸਾਬਕਾ ਮੈਨੇਜਰ (੧੯੩੨-੪੭) ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਸੀਰੀਜ਼ ਨੂੰ ੨੫੦]''' <br />
# '''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/03/akali-lehar-da-ik-mukh-naik-bhai-kartar_12.html ਅਕਾਲੀ ਲਹਿਰ ਦਾ ਮੁੱਖ ਨਾਇਕ ਭਾਈ ਕਰਤਾਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਝੱਬਰ ਅੰਕ ਚੌਥਾ - ਨਰੈਣ ਸਿੰਘ ਸਾਬਕਾ ਮੈਨੇਜਰ (੧੯੩੨-੪੭) ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਸੀਰੀਜ਼ ਨੂੰ ੨੭੪]'''</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Kartar_Singh_Jhabbar&diff=118689Kartar Singh Jhabbar2021-03-13T03:35:46Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* EXTERNAL LINK */</p>
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<div>[[Image:Jathedar_Kartar_Singh_Jhabbar.JPG|thumb|right|680px]]<br />
<br />
'''Jathedar Kartar Singh''' ji Virk (alias Jhabbar), (1874-1962), was born at Village Jhabbar in Gujranwala District, in Punjab, (Now In Sheikhupura District) in the month of September 1874. He was the son of Sardar Teja Singh Virk and was the grandson of Sardar Mangal Singh Virk who had accepted the rule of Sarkar Khalsa of Ranjit singh. Earlier Maharaja Ranjit Singh's father Sardar Mahan singh had attacked the Jatt Virks of Jhabbar, but had lost two battles. Ranjit Singh decided to form an alliance with the Virks and Sardar Mangal Singh Virk was more than happy to serve the Sarkar Khalsa. Sardar Mangal singh virk was given the rank of Kumedan in the army of the Khalsa.<br />
<br />
Jhabbar village was one of the strongholds of the fiercely independent-minded Virks, they Inhabited en masse of the southern portion of Gujranwala, Present day Sheikhupura District, villages were named after the clan. which according to some historians was known as the Virk Portion. His personal diaries say little about his early years, which, in all likelihood, were spent working the family farm. That is not to say that his rural rearing isolated him from the winds of religious and political change that were sweeping the Punjab landscape.<br />
<br />
Bhai Kartar Singh was brought up as a classic Punjabi peasant, where youngsters would, apart from working in fields, spend their time measuring their chests and biceps, learning how to fight with a staff, eating drinking milk, lassi and other Punjabi goodies. Sardar Kartar Singh grew to be over six feet tall with manly looks. His dress was the classic Punjabi Jutt's attire of Kurta, Chadra, Pagri and a heavy staff ( Summan wali Daang ). God had given him a body and voice which was built to lead armies instead of common Punjabi folks.<br />
<br />
He was a serious in all his endeavors had no time to listen to or spread gossip and had no patience for foul language. He was in a few words "a natural born leader of men".<br />
<br />
His sharing of the Sikhi panth began when he met [[Bhai Mool Singh Gurmula]] in 1904, belonging to village of Gurmula also, in Gujranwala District. In those days Sikh preachers would travel from village to village giving lectures on Sikhism, to the native Sikhs. During this period, a small number of Gurdwaras were under control of Udasi Mahants, who were adding many elements of Brahmanism to the Gurdwaras. At one of Bhai Mool Singh's village lectures he was inspired with a burning desire to share Sikhi. Such was his enthusiasm that anytime the need of a preacher arose in any village he and some like minded friends would do whatever it took to answer the call. <br />
<br />
He was a tireless worker (Sewadar) of the Singh Sabha movement who was ready to put his life on the line if the need arose. At one meeting at village Kotli Dasu Singh, In Sialkot District, of Punjab when a Muslim expressed the desire to be Initiated as a Sikh, Bhai Mool Singh, at that time was speaking on the stage, when a group of fifty to sixty Muslims attacked the ongoing ceremony, to their surprise Sardar Kartar Singh Jhabbar and his party used their staffs to put a quick end to the interruption. <br />
<br />
The Singh Sabha was actively converting thousands of Hindus and Muslims of the lower castes to Sikhism at the time all over Punjab. Normally in such a ceremony after a lecture of Sikh leaders and Gurbani, a Jathedar would ask those assembled if anyone wished to become an Amritdhari Sikh and ask those who answered yes to come forward. Kartar Singh Jhabbar visited numerous villages all over Punjab and give his lecture in many congregations. Then Jhabbar started making members of Singh Sabha. In two months he made 500 members, during his lectures at Gurdwara Baoli Sahib everyday about five - six thousands Sikhs would gather. Later he shifted his headquarters to Lahore. <br />
<br />
Chief Khalsa Diwan at this time was creating Khalsa College schools as well as being involved with all the academic activites associated with Sikhism. In 1912, Sardar Kartar Singh Jhabbar established a Khalsa Middle school at village Chuharkana, distt Sheikhupura. He appointed Sardar Arjun Singh as Principle of this school. He went back to his original job of touring villages and lecturing about Sikhism. Then in 1913 on 13th April, some British troops were ordered to open fire on a peaceful congregation that had gathered, despite a curfew at Jalianwala Bagh in Amritsar. Some rioting and other activities had lead to the curfew. After this there were increased attacks on the British army, police, administration offices, and railways, this riots had spread over the entire Punjab. <br />
<br />
Even though Jhabbar and other Sikh leaders had not led any of the riots they were arrested. Few days later, a sessions judge handed down a sentence of death to Kartar Singh Jhabbar, Teja Singh Chuharkana, Kahan Singh Chuharkana and Jagir Singh Muridka with sentences at the Andaman and Nicobar Island being handed out to seventeen other Sikhs. Jhabbar greeted the Judge with "Sat Sri Akal" after his sentence was read. Sardar Kartar Singh Jhabbar claimed later that, while in jail, he was visited by Guru Gobind Singh who gave him more power to lead Sikhs. Kartar Singh Jhabbar's sentence was reduced to a life term after police found no evidence of his involvement in riots and he was sent to a remote Island in the bay of Bengal. Jhabbar was released from jail in 1920 and he was soon back in Punjab actively visiting villages and lecturing about Sikhism. <br />
<br />
Gurdwara reform movement was started in 1920 A.D. by Singh Sabha's political wing later called Akali Dal. Another Sikh preacher was a close friend of Kartar Singh Jhabbar named Teja Singh Bhuchar. Both were called by Akali dal party to reach Gurdwara Babe ki Ber as the first Gurdwara to be reformed. At this time this Gurdwara was under Mahant Harnam singh's widow, she resisted as Gurdwara was her all income but Akali leaders give her pension and this Gurdwara was put under an elected committee led by Baba Kharak Singh. Then akali party decided to take over Harmandir Sahib at Amritsar. Kartar Singh's party i.e. Jatha when reached Golden Temple, the Sikh priest was not letting in some low caste people who had converted to Sikhism. Jhabbar ran and after letting these people in went upto Akal Takht and started speaking to Sikh congregation. He told the sikh congregation that these Sikh priests do not let in low caste converts from Hindus to the Harmandir Sahib, neither do they give them Karah Prasad, in his lecture he told about Gurus and their movement to eradicate these evils., and need to reform Gurdwaras by taking over from hereditary Sikh priests, who that time Sardar Arur Singh of village Naushera in Amritsar District, was the Manager of Darbar Sahib, appointed by the British, later he had to leave his office, and resign as ordered by the Sikhs of Punjab. Thus on 28th June 1920, Golden Temple and Akal Takht was under control of Akali Sikh Jatehbandi and democratically elected committee called Shiromani Gurdwara Prabhandak Committee 1920-present. Then Gurdwara Panja Sahib at Hasan Abdal was next, which he freed from Mahant Mitha Singh, a corrupt priest, In 1920.<br />
<br />
On 24th December, at a meeting at Sheikhupura where Akali party was formed and named "Akali Jatha Khara Sauda Bar", Jhabbar was elected a jathedar of this party. Jhabbar and his party also freed Gurdwara Sacha Sauda.<br />
<br />
Then Jhabbar freed Gurdwara, Tarn Taran Sahib Sahib from the Corrupt Sikh priests in 1921 and Guru Ka Bagh from the Udasi Mahants which is close to Amritsar city and Gurdwara Babe ki Bair, in Sialkot, from the Sikh Mahantani as well as four other Gurdwaras.<br />
<br />
During chaos of Partition of 1947 and Independence, Jathedar Kartar Singh Jhabbar, leaving his ancestral village, migrated to Dabri village, in Karnal District of Haryana State, in India, the majority of the Sikhs living In Karnal, were from Gujranwala, Sheikhupura, Lyallpur districts, who had migrated after losing there Land etc. Dabri village was Where he spent his last days, and where he later died on the 20th November 1962.<br />
<br />
* Further reading at book <B>JATHEDAR BHAI KARTAR SINGH JHABBAR<br />
- THE LIFE AND TIMES -<br />
<br />
By Bhai Narayan Singh, M.A.<br />
<br />
Tranalsted into English by Karnail Singh<br />
<br />
Published by Dharam Parachar Committee, SGPC, Amritsar</B><br />
=====EXTERNAL LINKS=====<br />
[http://www.sikhstudies.org/Periodicals.asp?TtlCod=1413 Jathedar Kartar Singh Jhabbar at sikhstudies site]<br />
http://www.bhaikartarsinghjhabbar.org/eng_boch1_15.html<br />
<br />
'''1) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/03/akali-lehar-1920-25-da-ik-mukh-naik.html ਅਕਾਲੀ ਲਹਿਰ (1920-25) ਦਾ ਇਕ ਮੁੱਖ ਨਾਇਕ - ਭਾਈ ਕਰਤਾਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਝੱਬਰ (ਅਤੁੱਟ ਵਿਸ਼ਵਾਸ਼, ਮਰਦਊ ਪੁਣੇ ਤੇ ਪਿਆਰ ਦੀ ਇੱਕ ਝਾਕੀ) - ਨਰੈਣ ਸਿੰਘ ਸਾਬਕਾ ਮੈਨੇਜਰ (੧੯੩੨-੪੭) ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਸੀਰੀਜ਼ ਨੂੰ ੨੩੬]'''<br />
<br />
'''2) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/03/akali-lehar-1920-25-da-ik-mukh-naik_10.html ਅਕਾਲੀ ਲਹਿਰ (1920-25) ਦਾ ਇਕ ਮੁੱਖ ਨਾਇਕ ਭਾਈ ਕਰਤਾਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਝੱਬਰ ਅੰਕ ਦੂਜਾ - ਨਰੈਣ ਸਿੰਘ ਸਾਬਕਾ ਮੈਨੇਜਰ (੧੯੩੨-੪੭) ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਸੀਰੀਜ਼ ਨੂੰ ੨੪੧]'''<br />
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'''3) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/03/akali-lehar-da-ik-mukh-naik-bhai-kartar.html ਭਾਈ ਕਰਤਾਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਝੱਬਰ ਅੰਕ ੩ - ਨਰੈਣ ਸਿੰਘ ਸਾਬਕਾ ਮੈਨੇਜਰ (੧੯੩੨-੪੭) ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਸੀਰੀਜ਼ ਨੂੰ ੨੫੦]''' <br />
<br />
'''4) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/03/akali-lehar-da-ik-mukh-naik-bhai-kartar_12.html ਅਕਾਲੀ ਲਹਿਰ ਦਾ ਮੁੱਖ ਨਾਇਕ ਭਾਈ ਕਰਤਾਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਝੱਬਰ ਅੰਕ ਚੌਥਾ - ਨਰੈਣ ਸਿੰਘ ਸਾਬਕਾ ਮੈਨੇਜਰ (੧੯੩੨-੪੭) ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਸੀਰੀਜ਼ ਨੂੰ ੨੭੪]'''<br />
<br />
[[category:Sikh People]]</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Saka_Nankana_Sahib&diff=118688Saka Nankana Sahib2021-03-12T17:33:18Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* Books and Periodicals */</p>
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<div>{{fa|122}}<br />
[[Image:Nankana sahib 2005.jpg|250px|right|Nankana Sahib]]<br />
<br />
'''Saka Nankana Sahib''' forms a very important part of [[Sikh history]] which took place in [[February]] [[1921]]. In political significance, it comes next only to [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]] of [[April]] [[1919]]. The saka constitutes the core of the [[Gurdwara Reform Movement]] started by the [[Sikh]]s in early twentieth century. <br />
<br />
The interesting part of this saka (demonstration or agitation) is the unprecedented discipline, self-control and exemplary patience displayed by the peaceful Sikh protesters even in the face of extreme barbarism. Even the national leaders like Mahatma Gandhi had to acknowledge in no ambiguous terms the glory and the prestige which the peaceful and passive resistance of the Sikhs had brought to the India's Struggle for freedom.<br />
<br />
==Narain Das Asked to Mend His Ways==<br />
<br />
In October 1920 A.D., a large meeting was held at Dharowal, [[Sheikhupura|District Sheikhupura]] for the reform of [[Gurdwara Nankana Sahib]]. At this meeting, the leaders of the event revealed to the large gathering of [[Sangat]], that great misdeeds were being committed inside the [[Gurdwara]] by the Mahant who was managing the holy shrine. Gurdwara Nankana Sahib was highly revered as it was the birth place of [[Guru Nanak]]; a city named [[Nankana Sahib]] grew up around the Gurdwara which is now in [[Pakistan]]. At the meeting, it was unanimously resolved that the Mahant be asked to mend his ways. <br />
<br />
When Mahant Narian Dass was asked to reform himself, he started making preparations to oppose the Panth (Sikh community) instead. He did not feel it necessary to pay heed to the suggestions of the Committee. He was the owner of the estate attached to the Gurdwara with an income of one hundred thousand rupees besides the offerings of the Gurdwara. As the Mahant had a large amount of cash, he recruited hooligans and rogues as paid employees to oppose the Sikhs. <br />
<br />
With the help of the government, he collected from Lahore, guns, pistols and other arms and ammunition. He brought and stored fourteen tins of highly flammable paraffin. He had the Gurdwara's gate strengthened having holes made in it to be used as gunports to rain fire on any protesters. The Government was using every available weapon to insure that the Akali reform movement failed. Mahant Narain Dass was one of the weapons in the hands of the Government which planned to make full use of him. As such, Mr. King, the Commissioner of Lahore, extended every kind of help to the Mahant with promises to him of more in the future as well. The Mahant was dancing like a puppet whose strings were being skilfully pulled in the hands of the Government. Details of the action are given below:<br />
<br />
==Historical Background==<br />
[[Image:Sacha2.jpg|250px|left|Sacha Sauda]]<br />
<br />
The [[Sikh]] faith was founded by [[Guru Nanak]] in the fifteenth century and his divine torch was carried on by nine gurus who followed in succession. The concepts of Sangat, Pangat, Dharamshala (an early word for Gurdwara) and Kirtan took firm roots during this period and became important constituents of [[Sikhism]]. [[Congregation]]s in Gurdwaras had played crucial roles in the religious and social affairs of the early Sikhs. <br />
<br />
Later, they assumed wider dimensions by transforming into a religio-political organisation. The ''peaceful'' and ''non-political'' budding Sikh brotherhood was transformed into a proud and fiercely martial nation through the [[baptism|baptismic]] process of [[Amrit Sanskar|Amrit-pan]]. After a long and continuous resistance of several decades against the tyrannies of [[Mughal]] rule, the brave Sikhs finally emerged victorious and succeeded in carving out 12 Khalsa principalities in Punjab which soon led to the creation of a unified Khalsa kingdom with [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh|Ranjit Singh]] at the helm. <br />
<br />
[[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] reconstructed the Gurdwaras earlier destroyed by the [[Moghul]]s and also raised many new ones at the sacred places connected with the Sikh Gurus. For the sustenance of the Mahants, Maharaja Ranjit Singh had attached handsome landed properties too many of these Gurdwaras. The earlier Mahants were devoted Sikhs and true missionaries who did a lot for the spread of [[Sikhism]]. As the times rolled by, the Gurdwara incomes swelled enormously and the enormous money corrupted and degenerated the later-time Mahants into loose lived individuals. They started treating the Gurdwara properties as if they were their personal fiefs. This changed the things for the Sikh Panth.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Depraved activities within Nankana== <br />
[[Image:Sakanankana.jpg|250px|right|Saka Nankana]]<br />
<br />
Gurdwara Nankana Sahib was managed by Mahant Narayan Das in the early 20th century. This Gurdwara had a huge property of over 19000 acres of highly fertile land attached to it which yielded enormous income per year. Money-power made the Mahant corrupt and he started using the Gurdwara's money for wrongful deeds.<br />
<br />
The Mahant was a very dissolute and wicked person who also used Gurdwara premises for immoral and highly objectionable activities. He had kept a [[Muslim]] girl as his mistress and all kinds of imaginable debauchery was committed within the Gurdwara premises. Dance girls were brought to the Gurdwara and dances were held and obscene songs were sung within the holy premises. In 1917, he arranged a dance-show by a prostitute near the holy Gurdwara. In 1918, a retired A.A.C. officer paid a visit to the Gurdwara with his 13 years old daughter to offer prayers to the Guru. As the Rehraas was being read in the Gurdwara, a Pujari rogue was raping the minor girl in another room within the Gurdwara premises. When the father lodged a complaint with the Mahant to take action against the Pujari rogue, the Mahant simply ignored his request. In the same year, six young female devotees from Jaranwal village (Lyallpur) visited the Gurdawara on Puranmashi (full Moon) to pay their offerings at Gurdwara and they too were similarly raped<sup>1</sup>.<br />
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==Sikhs Nation awakens==<br />
[[Image:Jand Tree - Saka Nankana Sahib.jpg|250px|left|Jand Tree - Saka Nankana Sahib]]<br />
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All this went on before the very eyes of the Sikhs which had sent shock waves across Punjab. The issue was effectively raised in the ''The Akali'' (Punjabi), published from Lahore by [[Master Sunder Singh Lyallpuri]] (q.v.), a true patriot and the founder-father of the ''Akali Movement'' and [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]<sup>2</sup> . Lyallpuri belonged to Bohoru village close to [[Nankana Sahib]] and he personally preached against the debauchery of the Mahant in the nearby villages and also continued to organise the Sikhs for a dynamic movement to bring reforms into the Gurdwaras<sup>3</sup>. <br />
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In October 1920, a congregation was held at Dharowal in Sheikhupura for reform in Gurdwara [[Nankana Sahib]]. The misdeeds committed within Gurdwara by Mahant were revealed to the Sangat. On January 24, Shiromani Committee held a general meeting and took decision to hold a Dewan in Nankana Sahib on March 4, 5 and 6 and advise Mahant to mend his ways.<br />
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==Mahant's reaction==<br />
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Mahant was a very shrewd and cunning person. He tried to play politics. Publicly, he wanted to leave the impression that he was very peace-loving person and anxious to settle the issues with the [[Panth]]. On February 14, Mahant held a secret meeting with his associates to chalk out a secret plan to kill the Sikh leaders on March 5 at Nankana Sahib. Mahant recruited 400 hooligans including fierce Pathans paid at twenty Indian rupees per month to oppose the Sikhs. With government's help, Mahant also collected guns, pistols and other arms and ammunition. He also arranged and stored fourteen tins of paraffin and further got the Gurdwara gate strengthened and the holes made in it so that he could use them for firing bullets at the Sikhs.<br />
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Mahant Narayan Das had the full backing from the Mahants of other Gurdwaras in Punjab. The [[Bedi]] Jagirdars who had received Jagirs from the English Government by virtue of their past connections with [[Guru Nanak]] also supported the Mahant. Sardar Sunder Singh Majithia also maintained double standards. But [[Maharaja]] of [[Patiala]] flatly refused to back Mahant and offered him a healthy advice not to rebel against the Panth. He further advised the Mahant to create a committee of prominent Sikhs and hand over the Gurdwara charge to them. But Mahant ignored the well-intentioned advice of [[Patiala]] Royal house. <br />
The Shiromani Committee extended invitation to Mahant for talks at Gurdwara ''Khara Sauda'' to resolve the issue but he did not show up at the given time. Then he offered to hold talks with the Sikh leaders in [[Sheikhupura]] on February 15, 1921, but again he failed to show up. Third time he promised to meet the Shiromani Committee leaders at the residence of Sardar Amar Singh ''Lyall Gazette'' on February 16, but once again he failed to turn up.<br />
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==Counter-response of the Sikhs==<br />
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The Shiromani Committee decided of its own to meet the Mahant on 3rd March 1921 to advise him to hand over the charge to the committee. But the Committee got the information from its own intelligence that Mahant was planning to invite the Sikh leaders at Nanakana Sahib and have them killed from hired gundas. This greatly angered [[Kartar Singh Jhabber]] and others. A meeting of the Sikh leaders was called at Gurdwara Khara Sauda on 16, 1921 to chalk out the future course of action. It was decided that Sangat would go in ''Jathas'' (squads) and take charge of the Gurdwara. Sikh leaders learnt that Mahant was going to [[Lahore]] on 20th of February 1921. Bhai Kartar Singh Jhabbar and Bhai [[Lachhman Singh]] Dharowal decided to take their jathas to Nanakana Sahib on 20th February. They decided to take charge of Gurdwara in his absence as they had come to know of his wicked plan.<br />
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On the evening of February 19, 1921, Bhai Lachaman Singh Dharowali ([[Jat]] [[Sikh]]) reached Nizam Deva Singhwala with his jatha of 8 Singhs (6 males and two females). At Nizam Deva Singh wala, Jathedar Tehal Singh ([[Kamboj]] [[Sikh]]) had already arranged a Jatha of about 150 Singhs, majority of them belonging to the Kamboj community. All these Singhs came from nearby Kamboj villages of Nizampur Moola Singh wala, Nizampur Chelewala, Dalla Chand Singh, Bohoru, Thothian and Nizam Deva Singh wala etc, all falling in District [[Sheikhupura]] (now [[Pakistan]]).<br />
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==Peaceful Khalsa on the march==<br />
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The combined Jatha took a Hukamnama and started for the Gurdwara at about 10 PM on that night so as to reach there by early morning at ''Amrit vela'' (nectral hours). On the way 50 more Sikhs joined the ''Shaheedi Jatha'' and total number swelled to about 200. <br />
At Chanderkot Jhal, Jathedar Lachhman Singh decided to wait for Kartar Singh Jhabber and his Jatha. They waited for a while in vain and finally Jathedar Dharowal decided to cancel the plan for further march to Nankana Sahib. But at this very moment, Jathedar Tehal Singh came forward and harangued the Shaheedi Jatha not to vacillate even for a moment from forward march since ''"the prayers having already been said and the action plan having already been decided with Guru's word, it is now imperative for now to move forward"''. Advising further that ''"all the members shall keep cool even under extreme provocations"''. <br />
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From here-onwards, Jathedar Tehal Singh took over the supreme command of the Shaheedi Jatha and resumed the march to Nankana <sup>4</sup>. By almost at ''Amritvela'', the Shaheedi Jatha reached the Railway-crossing near Nankana Sahib. Some of the Jatha members raced towards Darshani Deori to take possession of the Gurdawara, but at this very moment, Chaudhury Paul Singh Lyallpuri showed up ''with the latest decision of Shiromani Committee advising to postpone the action for taking possession of the Gurdwara''. <br />
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Having conveyed the information, Bhai Paul Singh grabbed Jathedar [[Lachhman Singh]] from his waist behind and persuaded him not to proceed further. Once again, brave Jathedar Tehal Singh took the initiative and shaking Chaudhury Paul Singh forcefully off from the person of Jathedar Lachhman Singh, he once more challenged the Shaheedi Jatha to get ready for the sublime action. He once again harangued: ''" Khalsa ji, the time is not to stop now, but to act. We have come here to achieve martyrdom under Guru's word. This is very un-Sikh-like to backout from one's commitment at the last moment" '' <sup>5</sup>. Saying this, Jathedar Tehal Singh walked with the Jatha towards the Gurdwara. Bhai Lachhman Singh and others repeatedly requested him to relent, but the ''Singh Surma'' stuck to his Ardas <sup>6</sup>.<br />
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==Slaughter of the peaceful Khalsa==<br />
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Enthused by the speech of Jathedar Tehal Singh, the entire Shaheedi Jatha followed him. By this time, another horseman messenger, Bhai Ram Singh, arrived. ''In vain did he too try to persuade Jathedar Tehal Singh and the Jatha to return''. The Jatha soon entered ''Darshni Deohri'' of the Gurdwara and shut the main door from inside. While some of the devotees took their seats inside the ''Prakash Asthan'', others sat on the platform and the ''Baran dari''. Bhai Lachhman Singh Dharowali sat on Guru's tabia. <br />
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Mahant Narayan Das came to know of the situation through the ''Jaikaras'' (victory slogans) of the Shaheedi Jatha. At first, he was utterly shocked thinking that the game was over but he soon recovered and ordered his hired gundas to kill all the Sikhs in the Jatha. They fired bullets at the Sangat in Gurdwara hall. Several bullets pierced through [[Sri Guru Granth Sahib]]. The hired gundas wielded swords, spears, hatchets and other lethal weapons to mercilessly slaughter the peaceful, unarmed and unprovocative Sikhs within the very premises of the Gurdwara. <br />
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The dead and dying Singhs were then dragged to a pile of logs which had been collected earlier and consigned to flame. By the time the police and local Sikhs came on the scene, all the dead men had been consumed by the fire. Bhai [[Lachhman Singh]] Dharowali who was wounded with a gun shot was tied to a Jand tree and burnt alive. It was a butchery at its worst form.<br />
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The news spread like wild fire and the Sikhs from every part of Punjab started their march towards [[Nankana Sahib]]. Bhai Kartar Singh Jhabber reached next day with 2200 Singhs armed with shastras (arms). Fearing more trouble, Mr King, Commissioner [[Lahore]], handed over the keys of Nankana Sahib to Shiromani Committee and arrested Mahant Narayan Das and his hired gundas including [[Pathan]]s and charged them with murder, but only Mahant Narayan das and a couple of [[Pathan]]s got the death sentences for this heinous crime for over 86 barbaric murders.<br />
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==Statistics on fatalities==<br />
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There are different versions on number of fatalities in this holocaust. Some writers put the death figures at 120, 150 or even 200. The government reports placed the death figures at 126. Police inspector Bachan Singh had put the number at 156. The report by Nankana Sahib Committee published in ''Shaheedi Jeewan'' however, placed the deaths at 86 and also listed the strength of the Shaheedi Jatha at 200 <sup>7</sup>. It seems that, besides Shaheedi Jatha Singhs, many non-participant devotees and others staying within Gurdwara also fell victims to Mahant's barbarism. <br />
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In this tragedy a total of 86 Sikhs achieved martyrdom which included the [[Jat]], [[Kamboj]], [[Khatri]], [[Kumhar]] and [[Majhabi]] [[Sikh]]s. But the top score was achieved by the Kamboj community <sup>8</sup>. According to Giani Partap Singh, out of a total figure of 86 Sikh Shaheeds of Nankana saka, the Kamboj community alone shared 31 <sup>9 10 11 12</sup>.<br />
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==Mahatama Gandhi in Nankana Sahib==<br />
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Mahatama Gandhi visited Nankana Sahib on March 3, 1921. Addressing the gathering, Mahatama said: ''"I have come to share your anguish and grief. It is interesting indeed to note that the Sikhs in this drama remained peaceful and non-violent from the start to the end. This (the behaviour of the Sikhs) has greatly added to the glory and prestige of [[India]]…"'' <sup>13</sup> "All indications point to the fact that the cruel and barbaric action is the second edition of [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]]; rather more evil and more invidious than even Jallianwala" ''<sup>14</sup>. The Mahatama further spoke: '' "the action of these dimensions could not be perpetrated by Mahant alone. The government officers are also involved in this heinous crime. Where had the authorities gone when the Mahant was making preparations for murderous plans?" ''<br />
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==Legacy==<br />
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The supreme sacrifices made by these Sikhs Shaheeds have been acknowledged by the grateful nation. From that day onwards, the Sikh nation remembers these brave Sikhs in their daily ardas (prayer). Every year on 21st February at this Shaheedi Asthan, [[Sri Guru Granth Sahib|Guru Granth Sahib]]'s Swaroop with Bullet marks is brought to Deewan (assembly) from 2pm to 4pm for darshan of the Sikh Sangat. <br />
<br />
== Books and Periodicals ==<br />
<br />
1. *Gurdwara Reform Movement, and The Sikh Awakening, 1984, Teja Singh<br />
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2. *Akali, Lahore, October 8, 1920<br />
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3. Akali Morchian Da Itihaas, 1977, Sohan Singh Josh <br />
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4. Meri Aap Beeti, Master Sunder Singh Lyalpuri (unpublished)<br />
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5. Gurdwara Arthaat Akali Lehir, 1975, Giani Pratap Singh<br />
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6. Struggle for Reform in Sikh Shrines, (Ed Dr Ganda Singh) <br> <br />
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7. Khushwant Singh: A History of the Sikhs, 1966.<br />
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8. Kamboj Itihaas, 1972, H. S Thind <br />
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9. These Kamboj People, 1979, K. S. Dardi <br />
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10. Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, S Kirpal Singh <br />
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11. Shaheedi Jeewan, 1938, Gurbaksh Singh Shamsher<br />
<br />
12. Glimpses of Sikhism and Sikhs, 1982, Sher Singh Sher<br> <br />
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13. Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Vol I, II, Harbans Singh<br />
<br />
'''14. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/09/sikhan-di-janam-bhoomi-sri-nanakana.html ਸਿੱਖਾਂ ਦੀ ਜਨਮ ਭੂਮੀ ਸ੍ਰੀ ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ - ਨਰੈਣ ਸਿੰਘ (ਐਮ. ਏ.) ਸਾਬਕਾ ਮੈਨੇਜਰ (1932-1978) ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਐਸਟੇਟ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਲੜੀ ਨੂੰ ੪੩੨]'''<br />
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'''15. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/nanakana-sahib-narain-singh-tract-no-412.html Nanakana Sahib - Narain Singh Tract No. 412]'''<br />
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'''16. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/nanakana-sahib-darshan-taangh-tey.html ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਦਰਸ਼ਨ - ਤਾਂਘ ਤੇ ਪਰਯਤਨ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਸੀਰੀਜ਼ ਨੂੰ ੧੭੫]''' <br />
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'''17. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/nanakana-sahib-dey-beetey-samey-tey-ik.html ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਦੇ ਬੀਤੇ ਸਮੇਂ ਤੇ ਇਕ ਝਾਤ - ਨਰੈਣ ਸਿੰਘ ਸਾਬਕਾ ਮੈਨੇਜਰ, ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਸੀਰੀਜ਼ ਨੂੰ ੩੯੫]''' <br />
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'''18. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/08/pakistan-andar-rahe-gurudware-tract-no.html ਪਾਕਸਤਾਨ ਅੰਦਰ ਰਹੇ ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰੇ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਲੜੀ ਨੂੰ ੧੩੮]'''<br />
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'''19. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/nanakana-sahib-da-hirdey-vedhak-saka.html ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ ਜਨਮ ਅਸਥਾਨ: ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਦਾ ਹਿਰਦੇ ਵੇਧਕ ਸਾਕਾ - ਨਰੈਣ ਸਿੰਘ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਸੀਰੀਸ਼ ਨੂੰ ੪੧੩]'''<br />
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'''20. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/nanakana-sahib-dey-shahidan-nu.html ਸ੍ਰੀ ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਦੇ ਸ਼ਹੀਦਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਸ਼ਰਧਾਂਜਲੀ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਸੀਰੀਜ਼ ਨੂੰ ੧੭੯]''' <br />
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'''21. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/sri-nanakana-sahib-da-shaheedi-saka.html ਸੀ ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਦਾ ਸ਼ਹੀਦੀ ਸਾਕਾ ੨੧ ਫਰਵਰੀ ੧੯੨੧ - ਸ: ਲਾਲ ਸਿੰਘ ਐਮ.ਏ ਤੇ ਸ: ਨਰੈਣ ਸਿੰਘ ਐਮ.ਏ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਸੀਰੀਜ਼ ਨੂੰ ੧੯੬]''' <br />
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'''22. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/02/bharosey-da-bhambhad-baal-shaheed.html ਭਰੋਸੇ ਦਾ ਭਾਂਬੜ - ਬਾਲ ਸ਼ਹੀਦ ਦਰਬਾਰਾ ਸਿੰਘ - ਪ੍ਰੋਫ਼ੈਸਰ ਸ਼ੇਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਸ਼ੇਰ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਸੀਰੀਜ਼ ੩੦੯]'''<br />
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'''23. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/02/gursikhan-di-ditti-bali-narain-singh.html ਸ੍ਰੀ ਜਨਮ ਅਸਥਾਨ ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਦੀ ਪਵਿਤਰਤਾ ਬਹਾਲ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ ਗੁਰ ਸਿੱਖਾਂ ਦੀ ਦਿਤੀ ਬਲੀ - ਨਰੈਣ ਸਿੰਘ, ਸਾਬਕਾ ਮੈਨੇਜਰ ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ 1932 ਤੋਂ 1947, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਸੀਰੀਜ਼ ੩੭੩]'''<br />
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'''24. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/some-confidential-papers-of-akali.html Some Confidential Papers of The Akali Movement - Dr. Ganda Singh (Ed.)]'''<br />
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'''25. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/03/akali-lehar-1920-25-da-ik-mukh-naik.html ਅਕਾਲੀ ਲਹਿਰ (1920-25) ਦਾ ਇਕ ਮੁੱਖ ਨਾਇਕ - ਭਾਈ ਕਰਤਾਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਝੱਬਰ (ਅਤੁੱਟ ਵਿਸ਼ਵਾਸ਼, ਮਰਦਊ ਪੁਣੇ ਤੇ ਪਿਆਰ ਦੀ ਇੱਕ ਝਾਕੀ) - ਨਰੈਣ ਸਿੰਘ ਸਾਬਕਾ ਮੈਨੇਜਰ (੧੯੩੨-੪੭) ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਸੀਰੀਜ਼ ਨੂੰ ੨੩੬]'''<br />
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'''26. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/03/akali-lehar-1920-25-da-ik-mukh-naik_10.html ਅਕਾਲੀ ਲਹਿਰ (1920-25) ਦਾ ਇਕ ਮੁੱਖ ਨਾਇਕ ਭਾਈ ਕਰਤਾਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਝੱਬਰ ਅੰਕ ਦੂਜਾ - ਨਰੈਣ ਸਿੰਘ ਸਾਬਕਾ ਮੈਨੇਜਰ (੧੯੩੨-੪੭) ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਸੀਰੀਜ਼ ਨੂੰ ੨੪੧]'''<br />
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'''27. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/03/akali-lehar-da-ik-mukh-naik-bhai-kartar.html ਭਾਈ ਕਰਤਾਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਝੱਬਰ ਅੰਕ ੩ - ਨਰੈਣ ਸਿੰਘ ਸਾਬਕਾ ਮੈਨੇਜਰ (੧੯੩੨-੪੭) ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਸੀਰੀਜ਼ ਨੂੰ ੨੫੦]''' <br />
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'''28. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/03/akali-lehar-da-ik-mukh-naik-bhai-kartar_12.html ਅਕਾਲੀ ਲਹਿਰ ਦਾ ਮੁੱਖ ਨਾਇਕ ਭਾਈ ਕਰਤਾਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਝੱਬਰ ਅੰਕ ਚੌਥਾ - ਨਰੈਣ ਸਿੰਘ ਸਾਬਕਾ ਮੈਨੇਜਰ (੧੯੩੨-੪੭) ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਸੀਰੀਜ਼ ਨੂੰ ੨੭੪]'''<br />
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==External links==<br />
'''Massacre at Nankana Sahib''' : [http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/events/nankana.html]<br><br />
'''Sikh Gurdwaras in History and Role of Jhabbar''': [http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:RXKHm-FtHA4J:www.sikhstudies.org/Periodicals.asp%3FTtlCod%3D811+Nankana+Tehal&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=8]<br />
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==References==<br />
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*1 Teja Singh, The Gurdwara Reform Movement and the Sikh Awakening, Amritsar, 1984, p 154; Kambojjas Through the Ages, 2005, pp 298, S Kirpal Singh.<br />
*2 ''Master Sunder Singh Lyallpuri was from Sandha clan and [[Kamboj]] [[lineage]]''<br />
*3 The Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, pp 298-99.<br />
*4 Kamboj Itihaas, 1972, p 183, H. S. Thind; These Kamboj People, 1979, p 277, K. S. Dardi cf [http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/events/nankana.html].<br />
*5 Ibid., p 183, H. S. Thind; Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, p 303, S Kirpal Singh; These Kamboj People, 1979, p 277, K. S. Dardi.<br />
*6 Sikh Gurdwaras in History and Role of Jhabbar, Karnail Singh See Link [http://www.sikhstudies.org/Periodicals.asp?TtlCod=811]<br />
*7 Giani Partap Singh, Gurdwara Arthaat Akali Lehir, 1975, p 104.<br />
*8 Shamsher Gurbakash Singh, Shaheedi Jeewan, 1938, p 356; Sher Singh Sher, Glimpsaes of Sikhism and Sikhs, 1982, p 207; H. S. Thind, Kamboj Itihaas, 1971, pp 181- 205.<br />
*9 Akali Lehir, pp 104-106, Giani Pratap Singh.<br />
*10 H. S. Thind, Kamboj Itihaas, 1971, pp 181-205.<br />
*11 Kirpal Singh, Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, pp 298-312.<br />
*12 S Kirpal Singh, These Kamboj People, 1979, pp 275-279 .<br />
*13 Sahni Ruchi Ram, Struggle for Reforms in Sikh Shrines (Ed Ganda Singh) , p 81<br />
*14 The Times, March 11, 1921 (A History of the Sikhs, Vol II, p 200, Khushwant Singh)<br />
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{{Sikhism}}<br />
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[[Category:Saka]]</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Nankana_Sahib&diff=118655Nankana Sahib2021-02-22T02:19:26Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* References */</p>
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{{p|Image:Nankanasahibbb.jpg|[[Gurdwara Janam Asthan]], [[Nankana Sahib]]}}<br />
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'''Nankana Sahib''' {{coor d|31.452975|N|73.706045|E}} <!----31.26|N|73.42|E----> is named after [[Guru Nanak]] Dev Ji (1469-1539), the founder of the [[Sikhism|Sikh faith]]. Guru Nanak Dev Ji was born here on [[Baisakh]] sudi 3, 1526 Bk/ 15 April, 1469. The Nankana town is part of the Nankana Sahib District in the [[Punjab]] province of [[Pakistan]]. This district is adjacent to the [[Sheikhupura]] district. The Nankana Saahib District was part of the Sheikhpura District but in 2005, the district was split off to form the New Nankana Saahib District. <br />
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The old name of town was [[Talvandi Rai Bhoe Ki]] or "Talvandi of Rai Bhoe", a [[Muslim]] Rajput of the [[Bhatti]] clan and a retainer of the Delhi rulers of the early fifteenth century. His descendant, [[Rai Bular]], the chief of Talvandi, was a contemporary of Guru Nanak. The town has nine [[gurdwara]]s including the Gurdwara Janam Asthan which marks the birth place of Guru Nanak Dev. <br />
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==Early life==<br />
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The first 15 or 16 years of Guru Nanak's life were spent at Talvandi. Later, he shifted to [[Sultanpur Lodhi]], in present day [[Kapurthala]] district of the [[Punjab]], where his sister [[Bibi Nanaki]] lived. From there he set out on his long preaching odysseys, visiting his parents at Talvandi only now and then, his last visit to his native place being in 1510. Several shrines in the town, raised long after his death, mark the places where he was born, where he played with other children, where he studied and where he tended his father's cattle.<br />
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The state government has ambitious plans for the area and has prepared plans to develop Nankana Sahib with various projects including a rest house for Sikh pilgrims, a new hotel, a shopping mall, a housing scheme, a world class university, modern schools, a modern hospital and a road-link to the Lahore-Faisalabad dual-carriage way. A trans-national bus link is proposed that would operate between Nankana Sahib and [[Amritsar]] of Punjab in [[India]]. The town is located about 75 kilometres west-southwest of [[Lahore]] and about 40 km south-west of [[Sheikhpura]]. <br />
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==Gurdwaras in the Town Honoring Guru Nanak==<br />
{{p|Image:Janamasthannaknakanasahib.jpg|'''Gurdwara Janam Asthan''' }}<br />
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:Commemorating the birthplace of Guru Nanak it is the premier shrine at [[Nankana Sahib]]. A room first built here by his son, [[Baba Lakhmi Das]] (1497-1555), more probably by his grandson, [[Baba Dharam Chand]] (1523-1618), was known as Kalu ka Kotha, lit. house of (Mahita) Kalu, father of Guru Nanak. Later it came to be known as Nanakayan, lit. Home of (Guru) Nanak. [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] (1780-1839), at the instance of [[Akali Phula Singh]] and Baba Sahib Singh Bedi, constructed the present building, a domed square sanctum with a pavilion in front standing on a spacious, raised platform, and made an endowment of about 20,000 acres of land for the maintenance of [[Guru ka Langar]]. The management remained with [[Udasi]] priests until the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]] took it over after the gruesome events of 20 February 1921. With the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947 and the migration of [[Sikh]] population from Pakistan, the management of all Sikh gurudwaras in the newly created State, including those at Nankana Sahib, passed to the Waqf Board. The Government of [[Pakistan]] later allowed 15 Sikhs to stay in Nankana Sahib to perform the daily services in the shrines. In 1968 the number was reduced to 5. Now only a [[Granthi]] or scriptural reader and a few Sindhi Sikhs stay at Gurdwara Janam Asthan. Batches of pilgrims from India are occasionally allowed to visit with special permission from the Pakistan Government.<br />
{{p|Image:Nanakanananasahib.jpg|}}<br />
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'''GURDWARA PATTI SAHIB'''<br />
:This Gurdwara with in the town, marks the place where stood Guru Nanak's school. The child Nanak, a quick learner, soon became proficient in Hindi, Persian, arithmetic and accounting. The Gurdwara is a small square room with a fluted lotus dome above it and ornate masonry work on the exterior. It is also called Gurdwara Maulawi Patti.<br />
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'''GURDWARA BAL LILA'''<br />
:About 300 metres southeast of Gurdwara Janam Asthan, marks the field where Guru Nanak used to play in the company of other children. Guru Hargobind during his visit to the town is said to have marked the site. [[Diwan Kaura Mall]], a Hindu noble (d. 1752), after his victory over Multan with the assistance of the Sikhs in 1748, built this Gurdwara and brick lined two sides of the nearby tank originally got dug by Rai Bular. Maharaja Ranjit Singh had the building renovated and the tank enlarged and properly lined. Of the land donated by him, about 3,000 acres were allotted to Gurdwara Bal Lila. After the 1921 tragedy at Gurdwara Janam Asthan, the custodian mahants of this shrine voluntarily handed it over to the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee in exchange for suitable maintenance allowance for their families. The Gurdwara was reconstructed during the 1930's and 1940's under the supervision of Sant Gurmukh Singh Sevavale (1849-1947). The new building on the bank of the adjoining sarovans a multistoreyed domed edifice.<br />
{{p|Image:Nanakananasahib.jpg|}}<br />
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'''GURDWARA KIARA SAHIB'''<br />
:About two kilometres to the east of Gurdwara Bal Lila, commemorates an event connected with the early years of Guru Nanak. While tending his father's herd of cattle, it was common for him to let the animals roam freely while he himself sat engrossed in meditation. Once a peasant complained to [[Rai Bular]] that Nanak's cattle had damaged the crop in his field, but when the field was inspected, no damage was discovered. The people considered it a miracle and that particular field came to be reverently called Kiara (lit. field or plot) Sahib. A shrine was raised here which was reconstructed by [[Sant Gurmukh Singh Sevavale]] during the decade preceding the partition of 1947. The new building comprises a square, domed sanctum and a circumambulatory verandah built on a raised plinth.<br />
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'''GURDWARA MALJI SAHIB'''<br />
:This Gurdwara stands about one and a half kilometres east of Gurdwara Janam Asthan. The Janam Sdkhis record an anecdote stating how Guru Nanak was one day sleeping on the ground under a mdl tree, also called van (Quercus incana) and how in the afternoon as Rai Bular and his men were passing by they noticed that while all shadows had lengthened and shifted eastward, the shade of that particular tree stood still over the sleeping Nanak. The Bald Janam Sdkhi has a slightly different version saying that as the shadow of the tree shifted, a cobra was seen spreading its hood over Guru Nanak's face protecting it from the sun. Rai Bular, impressed by the miracle bacame a devotee. The Gurdwara on this site was first built by Diwan Kaura Mall and renovated during the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.<br />
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'''GURDWARA TAMBU SAHIB'''<br />
:About 300 metres east of Gurdwara Janam Asthan, was raised by a Nihang Sikh about the middle of the nineteenth century. It stands near a huge van tree spreading its branches like a tent (tambu, in Punjabi). Tradition recounts how Mahita Kalu once gave his son, Guru Nanak, some money for buying merchandise from Chuharkana, a nearby market town. Guru Nanak, however, spent the money feeding a group of hungry sadhus. Coming back emptyhanded and apprehensive of his father's wrath, he is said to have hid himself under the tentlike tree by the side of which now stands Gurdwara Tambu Sahib.<br />
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'''GURDWARA CHHATI PATSHAHI'''<br />
:About 200 metres east of Gurdwara Janam Asthan, is dedicated to Guru Hargobind (the 6th Nanak) who visited Nankana Sahib in 1620-21. This, too, was built and managed by Nihang Sikhs and came under the control of the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee in 1921.<br />
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[[Guru Arjan Dev]] the fifth Guru and his son [[Guru Hargobind]] the sixth Guru also visited this town. <br />
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Links to further Articles on these historical Gurdwaras:<br />
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*[[Gurdwara Janam Asthan]]:<br />
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*[[Gurdwara Bal Lila]]<br />
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*[[Gurdwara Patti Sahib]]<br />
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*[[Gurdwara Kiara sahib]]<br />
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*[[Gurdwara Mal ji Sahib]]<br />
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*[[Gurdwara Tambu Sahib]]<br />
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*[[Gurdwara Chhevin Patshahi]]<br />
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From a Pakistani newspaper editorial:<br />
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:''In 1994, the foundation stone of Nankana Sahib Foundation was laid by Rai Bashir Ahmad Khan Bhatti, a member of the National Assembly and chairman of the Standing Committee on Education. Mr Bhatti is the oldest living descendent of Chaudhry Rai Bular Bhatti, a contemporary of Guru Nanak, who recognised that the Guru was a divine soul. Over the last five hundred years, the Bhatti family has donated almost 11,000 acres of its land to the Sikh religious shrines in and around Nankana Sahib. The 1994 foundation, built over 10 acres of land, was donated by Chaudhry Rai Sarwar Bhatti, also a direct descendent of Rai Bular Bhatti.''<br />
:''The entire Nankana Sahib Estate consists of 16,962 acres. Most of it is leased to the farmers and residents of Nankana Sahib. Almost all the houses in Nankana Sahib are built on this property. The Nankana Sahib Estate is the property of the Nankana Sahib Gurudwara (Gurudwara Janam Asthan).''<br />
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==See also==<br />
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* [[Guru Nanak]]<br />
* [[Sakhis of Guru Nanak]]<br />
* [[The Udasis of Guru Nanak]]<br />
* [[Saka Nankana Sahib]]<br />
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==External links==<br />
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* [http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_14-12-2004_pg7_10 Nankana model city given go-ahead]<br />
* [http://www.thesikhmuseum.com/Nankana%20Sahib%20Photos%202005/index.htm Yatra 2005]<br />
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==Gallery==<br />
[https://www.flickr.com/photos/shannjit/sets/72157594186020696/with/180929339/ Photos by shannjit @ flickr]<br />
<gallery caption="Picture Gallery" widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4"><br />
File:Nankana Sahib map1.jpg|[http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?hl=en&ie=UTF8&ll=31.44503,73.696117&spn=0.013712,0.027874&t=h&z=16 See aerial view at Google maps]<br />
File:Nankana Sahib2.jpg<br />
File:Nankana Sahib3.jpg<br />
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File:Nankana Sahib5.jpg<br />
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File:Nankana Sahib11.jpg<br />
File:Nankana Sahib12.jpg<br />
File:Nankana Sahib13.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
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==References==<br />
<br />
# [http://allaboutsikhs.com/gurudwaras/gop-001.htm AllAboutSikhs.com]<br />
# [http://www.punjabilok.com/misc/freedom/against_mahant.htm Punjabilok.com]<br />
# [http://www.sgpc.net/historical-gurdwaras/gurdwaras_in_pakistan.asp Sgpc.net]<br />
# Narotam, Tara Singh, Sri Guru Tirath Sangrahi. Kankhal, 1975<br />
# Thakar Singh, Giani, Sri Gurduare Darshan. Amritsar, 1923<br />
# Khan Mohammad Waliullah Khan, Sikh Shrines in West Pakistan. Karachi, 1962<br />
# Sahi. J. S., Sikh Shrines in India and Abroad. Faridabad, 1978<br />
'''8. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/09/sikhan-di-janam-bhoomi-sri-nanakana.html ਸਿੱਖਾਂ ਦੀ ਜਨਮ ਭੂਮੀ ਸ੍ਰੀ ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ - ਨਰੈਣ ਸਿੰਘ (ਐਮ.ਏ.) ਸਾਬਕਾ ਮੈਨੇਜਰ (1932-1978) ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਐਸਟੇਟ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਲੜੀ ਨੂੰ ੪੩੨]''' <br />
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'''9. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/nanakana-sahib-narain-singh-tract-no-412.html Nanakana Sahib - Narain Singh Tract No. 412]'''<br />
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'''10. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/nanakana-sahib-darshan-taangh-tey.html ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਦਰਸ਼ਨ - ਤਾਂਘ ਤੇ ਪਰਯਤਨ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਸੀਰੀਜ਼ ਨੂੰ ੩੫੬]'''<br />
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'''11. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/nanakana-sahib-dey-beetey-samey-tey-ik.html ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਦੇ ਬੀਤੇ ਸਮੇਂ ਤੇ ਇਕ ਝਾਤ - ਨਰੈਣ ਸਿੰਘ ਸਾਬਕਾ ਮੈਨੇਜਰ, ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਸੀਰੀਜ਼ ਨੂੰ ੩੯੫]'''<br />
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'''12. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/08/pakistan-andar-rahe-gurudware-tract-no.html ਪਾਕਸਤਾਨ ਅੰਦਰ ਰਹੇ ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰੇ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਲੜੀ ਨੂੰ ੧੩੮]'''<br />
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'''13. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/nanakana-sahib-darshan-taangh-tey.html ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਦਰਸ਼ਨ - ਤਾਂਘ ਤੇ ਪਰਯਤਨ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਸੀਰੀਜ਼ ਨੂੰ ੧੭੫]'''<br />
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'''14. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/nanakana-sahib-da-hirdey-vedhak-saka.html ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ ਜਨਮ ਅਸਥਾਨ: ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਦਾ ਹਿਰਦੇ ਵੇਧਕ ਸਾਕਾ - ਨਰੈਣ ਸਿੰਘ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਸੀਰੀਸ਼ ਨੂੰ ੪੧੩]'''<br />
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'''15. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/nanakana-sahib-dey-shahidan-nu.html ਸ੍ਰੀ ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਦੇ ਸ਼ਹੀਦਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਸ਼ਰਧਾਂਜਲੀ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਸੀਰੀਜ਼ ਨੂੰ ੧੭੯ ]'''<br />
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'''16. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/sri-nanakana-sahib-da-shaheedi-saka.html ਸੀ ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਦਾ ਸ਼ਹੀਦੀ ਸਾਕਾ ੨੧ ਫਰਵਰੀ ੧੯੨੧ - ਸ: ਲਾਲ ਸਿੰਘ ਐਮ.ਏ ਤੇ ਸ: ਨਰੈਣ ਸਿੰਘ ਐਮ.ਏ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਸੀਰੀਜ਼ ਨੂੰ ੧੯੬]'''<br />
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'''17. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/02/bharosey-da-bhambhad-baal-shaheed.html ਭਰੋਸੇ ਦਾ ਭਾਂਬੜ - ਬਾਲ ਸ਼ਹੀਦ ਦਰਬਾਰਾ ਸਿੰਘ - ਪ੍ਰੋਫ਼ੈਸਰ ਸ਼ੇਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਸ਼ੇਰ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਸੀਰੀਜ਼ ੩੦੯]'''<br />
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[[Category:Gurdwaras in Pakistan]]<br />
[[category:Glossary of Sikh Terms]]<br />
[[category:Pakistan]]</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Gurdwara_Janam_Asthan_Guru_Nanak_Dev&diff=118654Gurdwara Janam Asthan Guru Nanak Dev2021-02-22T02:16:13Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* External links */</p>
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[[Image:Janamasthaan.jpg|thumb|right|300px]]<br />
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'''Gurdwara Janam Asthaan''', the shrine representing the home of [[Mehta Kalyan Dass]] and [[Mata Tripta]], father and mother respectively of [[Guru Nanak Dev]], where the Guru was born, was established by Baba Dharam Chand (1523-1618) son of [[Baba Lakhmi Das]] and grandson of Guru Nanak Dev. <br />
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The shrine must have been established before the end of the sixteenth century because [[Guru Arjan Dev]] (1563-1606) is believed to have visited it. The present Gurdwara, built by [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]], includes a domed sanctum with an attached rectangular pavilion, surrounded by a vast walled compound.<br />
{{tocleft}}<br />
==Background==<br />
A room was first built here by Guru Nanak's son, [[Baba Lakhmi Das]], but it was more probably constructed by his grandson, [[Baba Dharam Chand]]. The one room structure was known as "Kalu ka Kotha", literally "house of (Mahita) Kalu", father of Guru Nanak. Later it came to be known as "Nanakayan", literally "home of (Guru) Nanak".<br />
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[[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] (1780-1839), at the insistence of [[Akali Phula Singh]] and Baba Sahib Singh Bedi, constructed the present building, a domed square sanctum with a pavilion in front standing on a spacious, raised platform, and made an endowment of about 20,000 acres of land for the maintenance of the [[Guru ka Langar]].<br />
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The management remained with Udasi priests until the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]] took it over after the gruesome events of [[20 February]] [[1921]]. With the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947 and the migration of Sikh population from the Western part of the [[Punjab]], now part of [[Pakistan]], the management of all Sikh [[gurdwara]]s in the newly created State, including those at [[Nankana Sahib]], passed to the [[Waqf Board]]. The Government of Pakistan later allowed 15 Sikhs to stay in Nankana Sahib to perform the daily services in the shrines. In 1968 the number was reduced to 5.<br />
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In 1980's only a granthi (a scripture reader) and a few Sindhi Sikhs stayed at Gurdwara Janam Asthan. Batches of pilgrims from India were occasionally allowed to visit with special permission from the Pakistan Government. <br />
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==Gurdwara Patti Sahib== <br />
This Gurdwara, within Nankana Sahib town, marks the place where Guru Nanak's school once stood. As a child Nanak was a quick learner, who soon became proficient in Hindi, Persian, arithmetic and accounting. The Gurdwara is a small square room with a fluted lotus dome above it and ornate masonry work on the exterior. It is also called "Gurdwara Maulawi Patli".<br />
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==Saka of 1921==<br />
On February 20, 1921, about 150 unarmed Sikhs entered the Gurdwara early in the morning. The mahant's private force of armed gundas (goons), who had been hired to teach the Sikhs a lesson, closed and secured the main gate behind them. Then the Mahant and his goons shot, knifed, and even burnt alive the Sikh pilgrims. <br />
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Hearing of the massacre, thousands of Sikhs walked long distances to [[Nanakana Sahib]]. They were forced to go by foot because train travel was prohibited to them. The Sikhs were determined to take charge of the Gurdwara and of the dead bodies of the Sikhs who had been massacred the day before. <br />
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However, when the British authorities learned of the massacre they quickly ordered their troops to occupy the Gurdwara before Sikh protesters could arrive. They were there to protect the mahant's interests, as they had no intention of turning the Gurdwara over to the Sikhs. <br />
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The Sikhs, determined to sacrifice their lives if necessary, organized themselves into Jathas or groups. They pressed forward, group after group, in spite of the army's threats to gun them down. <br />
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Finally the soldiers yielded, unwilling to face killing so many innocent Sikhs, undoubtably the [[Jallianwalla Bagh massacre]] was still fresh in their minds. The mahant and his men were not harmed, but were taken into custody by the police. Sikhs took charge of the Gurdwara and the corpses of the massacred Sikhs. Scattered throughout the gurdwara, many of the bodies were partially burnt.<br />
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Several other buildings were added in the years after the S.G.P.C. took control on the next day the 21st February 1921.<br />
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==Celebrations==<br />
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The traditional fair which was held here to celebrate the birth anniversary of Guru Nanak Dev continued with great eclat until Britain's 1947 Partition of India. Since that year the Pakistan government had permitted only 15 Sikhs to stay at Nankana Sahib to carry out routine services at the shrine, but their number was reduced to a bare five in 1968 and, still later, to a solitary [[Granthi]] who maintains a token attendance with the help of some sahajdhari (unbaptised) Sindhi Sikhs. <br />
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Thrice a year, on Baisakhi (April), death anniversary of Maharaja Ranjit Singh (June) and birth anniversary of Guru Nanak Dev (November), the Pakistan government allows Sikh jathas, a few hundred strong each, to visit this and other shrines at Nankana Sahib, Panja Sahib and Lahore.<br />
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According to Waliullah Khan's, ''Sikh Shrines in West Pakistan'', there is a sacred relic, Chola Sahib, preserved in Pakistan. The relic is a cloak with Quranic verses embroidered on it supposed to have been presented to Guru Nanak Dev by the ruler of Baghdad during the Guru's visit to that city.<br />
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If there is such a relic (old Sikh documents make no mention of it), it is a fake relic, because the Chola Sahib believed to be the real one is preserved at Dera Baba Nanak in Gurdaspur district of the Indian Punjab.<br />
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==See also==<br />
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* [[Guru Nanak]]<br />
* [[Nankana Sahib]]<br />
* [[Sakhis of Guru Nanak]]<br />
* [[The Udasis of Guru Nanak]]<br />
* [[Gurdwara Bal Lila]]<br />
* [[Gurdwara Guru Arjan Dev Ji]]<br />
* [[Gurdwara Guru Hargobind Sahib]]<br />
* [[Gurdwara Mal ji sahib]]<br />
* [[Gurdwara Nihang Singhan]]<br />
* [[Gurdwara Patti Sahib]]<br />
* [[Gurudwara Panjvin and Chhevin Patshahi]]<br />
* [[Gurudwara Tambu Sahib]]<br />
* [[Gurdwara Kiara Sahib]]<br />
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==External links==<br />
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* [http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_14-12-2004_pg7_10 Nankana model city given go-ahead]<br />
* [http://thesikhencyclopedia.com/pakistan/nankana-sahib.html thesikhencyclopedia.com]<br />
* [http://www.thesikhmuseum.com/Nankana%20Sahib%20Photos%202005/index.htm Yatra 2005]<br />
* [http://wikimapia.org/4573975/Gurdwara_janam_Asthan_Nankana_Sahib On Wikimapia]<br />
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cZeuYsZ7wZk&feature=related Janam Asthaan]<br />
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mKtqIJKxDh4 Janam Asthan Nankana Sahib Saka Bullet Marks]<br />
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'''1) [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/09/sikhan-di-janam-bhoomi-sri-nanakana.html ਸਿੱਖਾਂ ਦੀ ਜਨਮ ਭੂਮੀ ਸ੍ਰੀ ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ - ਨਰੈਣ ਸਿੰਘ (ਐਮ.ਏ.) ਸਾਬਕਾ ਮੈਨੇਜਰ (1932-1978) ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਐਸਟੇਟ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਲੜੀ ਨੂੰ ੪੩੨]''' <br />
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'''2) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/nanakana-sahib-narain-singh-tract-no-412.html Nanakana Sahib - Narain Singh Tract No. 412]'''<br />
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'''3) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/nanakana-sahib-darshan-taangh-tey.html ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਦਰਸ਼ਨ - ਤਾਂਘ ਤੇ ਪਰਯਤਨ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਸੀਰੀਜ਼ ਨੂੰ ੩੫੬]'''<br />
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'''4) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/nanakana-sahib-dey-beetey-samey-tey-ik.html ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਦੇ ਬੀਤੇ ਸਮੇਂ ਤੇ ਇਕ ਝਾਤ - ਨਰੈਣ ਸਿੰਘ ਸਾਬਕਾ ਮੈਨੇਜਰ, ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਸੀਰੀਜ਼ ਨੂੰ ੩੯੫]'''<br />
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'''5) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/08/pakistan-andar-rahe-gurudware-tract-no.html ਪਾਕਸਤਾਨ ਅੰਦਰ ਰਹੇ ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰੇ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਲੜੀ ਨੂੰ ੧੩੮]'''<br />
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'''6) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/nanakana-sahib-darshan-taangh-tey.html ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਦਰਸ਼ਨ - ਤਾਂਘ ਤੇ ਪਰਯਤਨ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਸੀਰੀਜ਼ ਨੂੰ ੧੭੫]'''<br />
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'''7) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/nanakana-sahib-da-hirdey-vedhak-saka.html ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ ਜਨਮ ਅਸਥਾਨ: ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਦਾ ਹਿਰਦੇ ਵੇਧਕ ਸਾਕਾ - ਨਰੈਣ ਸਿੰਘ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਸੀਰੀਸ਼ ਨੂੰ ੪੧੩]'''<br />
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'''8) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/nanakana-sahib-dey-shahidan-nu.html ਸ੍ਰੀ ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਦੇ ਸ਼ਹੀਦਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਸ਼ਰਧਾਂਜਲੀ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਸੀਰੀਜ਼ ਨੂੰ ੧੭੯]'''<br />
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'''9) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/sri-nanakana-sahib-da-shaheedi-saka.html ਸੀ ਨਨਕਾਣਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਦਾ ਸ਼ਹੀਦੀ ਸਾਕਾ ੨੧ ਫਰਵਰੀ ੧੯੨੧ - ਸ: ਲਾਲ ਸਿੰਘ ਐਮ.ਏ ਤੇ ਸ: ਨਰੈਣ ਸਿੰਘ ਐਮ.ਏ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਸੀਰੀਜ਼ ਨੂੰ ੧੯੬]'''<br />
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'''10) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/02/bharosey-da-bhambhad-baal-shaheed.html ਭਰੋਸੇ ਦਾ ਭਾਂਬੜ - ਬਾਲ ਸ਼ਹੀਦ ਦਰਬਾਰਾ ਸਿੰਘ - ਪ੍ਰੋਫ਼ੈਸਰ ਸ਼ੇਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਸ਼ੇਰ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਸੀਰੀਜ਼ ੩੦੯]'''<br />
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==Gallery==<br />
[http://www.flickr.com/photos/shannjit/sets/72157594186020696/with/180929339/ Photos by shannjit @ flickr]<br />
<gallery caption="Picture Gallery" widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4"><br />
File:Nankana Sahib map1.jpg|[http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?hl=en&ie=UTF8&ll=31.44503,73.696117&spn=0.013712,0.027874&t=h&z=16 See aerial view at Google maps]<br />
File:Nankana Sahib2.jpg<br />
File:Nankana Sahib3.jpg<br />
File:Nankana Sahib4.jpg<br />
File:Nankana Sahib5.jpg<br />
File:Nankana Sahib6.jpg<br />
File:Nankana Sahib7.jpg<br />
File:Nankana Sahib8.jpg<br />
File:Nankana Sahib9.jpg<br />
File:Nankana Sahib10.jpg<br />
File:Nankana Sahib11.jpg<br />
File:Nankana Sahib12.jpg<br />
File:Nankana Sahib13.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
# [http://allaboutsikhs.com/gurudwaras/gop-001.htm AllAboutSikhs.com]<br />
# [http://www.punjabilok.com/misc/freedom/against_mahant.htm Punjabilok.com]<br />
# [http://www.sgpc.net/historical-gurdwaras/gurdwaras_in_pakistan.asp Sgpc.net]<br />
# Narotam, Tara Singh, Sri Guru Tirath Sangrahi. Kankhal, 1975<br />
# Thakar Singh, Giani, Sri Gurduare Darshan. Amritsar, 1923<br />
# Khan Mohammad Waliullah Khan, Sikh Shrines in West Pakistan. Karachi, 1962<br />
# Sahi. J. S., Sikh Shrines in India and Abroad. Faridabad, 1978<br />
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[[Category:Gurdwaras in Nankana Sahib District]]<br />
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[[Category:Pakistan]]</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Nankana_Sahib&diff=118653Nankana Sahib2021-02-22T02:11:27Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* References */</p>
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{{p|Image:Nankanasahibbb.jpg|[[Gurdwara Janam Asthan]], [[Nankana Sahib]]}}<br />
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'''Nankana Sahib''' {{coor d|31.452975|N|73.706045|E}} <!----31.26|N|73.42|E----> is named after [[Guru Nanak]] Dev Ji (1469-1539), the founder of the [[Sikhism|Sikh faith]]. Guru Nanak Dev Ji was born here on [[Baisakh]] sudi 3, 1526 Bk/ 15 April, 1469. The Nankana town is part of the Nankana Sahib District in the [[Punjab]] province of [[Pakistan]]. This district is adjacent to the [[Sheikhupura]] district. The Nankana Saahib District was part of the Sheikhpura District but in 2005, the district was split off to form the New Nankana Saahib District. <br />
<br />
The old name of town was [[Talvandi Rai Bhoe Ki]] or "Talvandi of Rai Bhoe", a [[Muslim]] Rajput of the [[Bhatti]] clan and a retainer of the Delhi rulers of the early fifteenth century. His descendant, [[Rai Bular]], the chief of Talvandi, was a contemporary of Guru Nanak. The town has nine [[gurdwara]]s including the Gurdwara Janam Asthan which marks the birth place of Guru Nanak Dev. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
<br />
The first 15 or 16 years of Guru Nanak's life were spent at Talvandi. Later, he shifted to [[Sultanpur Lodhi]], in present day [[Kapurthala]] district of the [[Punjab]], where his sister [[Bibi Nanaki]] lived. From there he set out on his long preaching odysseys, visiting his parents at Talvandi only now and then, his last visit to his native place being in 1510. Several shrines in the town, raised long after his death, mark the places where he was born, where he played with other children, where he studied and where he tended his father's cattle.<br />
<br />
The state government has ambitious plans for the area and has prepared plans to develop Nankana Sahib with various projects including a rest house for Sikh pilgrims, a new hotel, a shopping mall, a housing scheme, a world class university, modern schools, a modern hospital and a road-link to the Lahore-Faisalabad dual-carriage way. A trans-national bus link is proposed that would operate between Nankana Sahib and [[Amritsar]] of Punjab in [[India]]. The town is located about 75 kilometres west-southwest of [[Lahore]] and about 40 km south-west of [[Sheikhpura]]. <br />
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==Gurdwaras in the Town Honoring Guru Nanak==<br />
{{p|Image:Janamasthannaknakanasahib.jpg|'''Gurdwara Janam Asthan''' }}<br />
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:Commemorating the birthplace of Guru Nanak it is the premier shrine at [[Nankana Sahib]]. A room first built here by his son, [[Baba Lakhmi Das]] (1497-1555), more probably by his grandson, [[Baba Dharam Chand]] (1523-1618), was known as Kalu ka Kotha, lit. house of (Mahita) Kalu, father of Guru Nanak. Later it came to be known as Nanakayan, lit. Home of (Guru) Nanak. [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] (1780-1839), at the instance of [[Akali Phula Singh]] and Baba Sahib Singh Bedi, constructed the present building, a domed square sanctum with a pavilion in front standing on a spacious, raised platform, and made an endowment of about 20,000 acres of land for the maintenance of [[Guru ka Langar]]. The management remained with [[Udasi]] priests until the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]] took it over after the gruesome events of 20 February 1921. With the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947 and the migration of [[Sikh]] population from Pakistan, the management of all Sikh gurudwaras in the newly created State, including those at Nankana Sahib, passed to the Waqf Board. The Government of [[Pakistan]] later allowed 15 Sikhs to stay in Nankana Sahib to perform the daily services in the shrines. In 1968 the number was reduced to 5. Now only a [[Granthi]] or scriptural reader and a few Sindhi Sikhs stay at Gurdwara Janam Asthan. Batches of pilgrims from India are occasionally allowed to visit with special permission from the Pakistan Government.<br />
{{p|Image:Nanakanananasahib.jpg|}}<br />
{{p|Image:Nankananananasahib.jpg|}}<br />
'''GURDWARA PATTI SAHIB'''<br />
:This Gurdwara with in the town, marks the place where stood Guru Nanak's school. The child Nanak, a quick learner, soon became proficient in Hindi, Persian, arithmetic and accounting. The Gurdwara is a small square room with a fluted lotus dome above it and ornate masonry work on the exterior. It is also called Gurdwara Maulawi Patti.<br />
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'''GURDWARA BAL LILA'''<br />
:About 300 metres southeast of Gurdwara Janam Asthan, marks the field where Guru Nanak used to play in the company of other children. Guru Hargobind during his visit to the town is said to have marked the site. [[Diwan Kaura Mall]], a Hindu noble (d. 1752), after his victory over Multan with the assistance of the Sikhs in 1748, built this Gurdwara and brick lined two sides of the nearby tank originally got dug by Rai Bular. Maharaja Ranjit Singh had the building renovated and the tank enlarged and properly lined. Of the land donated by him, about 3,000 acres were allotted to Gurdwara Bal Lila. After the 1921 tragedy at Gurdwara Janam Asthan, the custodian mahants of this shrine voluntarily handed it over to the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee in exchange for suitable maintenance allowance for their families. The Gurdwara was reconstructed during the 1930's and 1940's under the supervision of Sant Gurmukh Singh Sevavale (1849-1947). The new building on the bank of the adjoining sarovans a multistoreyed domed edifice.<br />
{{p|Image:Nanakananasahib.jpg|}}<br />
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'''GURDWARA KIARA SAHIB'''<br />
:About two kilometres to the east of Gurdwara Bal Lila, commemorates an event connected with the early years of Guru Nanak. While tending his father's herd of cattle, it was common for him to let the animals roam freely while he himself sat engrossed in meditation. Once a peasant complained to [[Rai Bular]] that Nanak's cattle had damaged the crop in his field, but when the field was inspected, no damage was discovered. The people considered it a miracle and that particular field came to be reverently called Kiara (lit. field or plot) Sahib. A shrine was raised here which was reconstructed by [[Sant Gurmukh Singh Sevavale]] during the decade preceding the partition of 1947. The new building comprises a square, domed sanctum and a circumambulatory verandah built on a raised plinth.<br />
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'''GURDWARA MALJI SAHIB'''<br />
:This Gurdwara stands about one and a half kilometres east of Gurdwara Janam Asthan. The Janam Sdkhis record an anecdote stating how Guru Nanak was one day sleeping on the ground under a mdl tree, also called van (Quercus incana) and how in the afternoon as Rai Bular and his men were passing by they noticed that while all shadows had lengthened and shifted eastward, the shade of that particular tree stood still over the sleeping Nanak. The Bald Janam Sdkhi has a slightly different version saying that as the shadow of the tree shifted, a cobra was seen spreading its hood over Guru Nanak's face protecting it from the sun. Rai Bular, impressed by the miracle bacame a devotee. The Gurdwara on this site was first built by Diwan Kaura Mall and renovated during the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.<br />
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'''GURDWARA TAMBU SAHIB'''<br />
:About 300 metres east of Gurdwara Janam Asthan, was raised by a Nihang Sikh about the middle of the nineteenth century. It stands near a huge van tree spreading its branches like a tent (tambu, in Punjabi). Tradition recounts how Mahita Kalu once gave his son, Guru Nanak, some money for buying merchandise from Chuharkana, a nearby market town. Guru Nanak, however, spent the money feeding a group of hungry sadhus. Coming back emptyhanded and apprehensive of his father's wrath, he is said to have hid himself under the tentlike tree by the side of which now stands Gurdwara Tambu Sahib.<br />
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'''GURDWARA CHHATI PATSHAHI'''<br />
:About 200 metres east of Gurdwara Janam Asthan, is dedicated to Guru Hargobind (the 6th Nanak) who visited Nankana Sahib in 1620-21. This, too, was built and managed by Nihang Sikhs and came under the control of the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee in 1921.<br />
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[[Guru Arjan Dev]] the fifth Guru and his son [[Guru Hargobind]] the sixth Guru also visited this town. <br />
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Links to further Articles on these historical Gurdwaras:<br />
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*[[Gurdwara Janam Asthan]]:<br />
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*[[Gurdwara Bal Lila]]<br />
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*[[Gurdwara Patti Sahib]]<br />
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*[[Gurdwara Kiara sahib]]<br />
<br />
*[[Gurdwara Mal ji Sahib]]<br />
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*[[Gurdwara Tambu Sahib]]<br />
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*[[Gurdwara Chhevin Patshahi]]<br />
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From a Pakistani newspaper editorial:<br />
<br />
:''In 1994, the foundation stone of Nankana Sahib Foundation was laid by Rai Bashir Ahmad Khan Bhatti, a member of the National Assembly and chairman of the Standing Committee on Education. Mr Bhatti is the oldest living descendent of Chaudhry Rai Bular Bhatti, a contemporary of Guru Nanak, who recognised that the Guru was a divine soul. Over the last five hundred years, the Bhatti family has donated almost 11,000 acres of its land to the Sikh religious shrines in and around Nankana Sahib. The 1994 foundation, built over 10 acres of land, was donated by Chaudhry Rai Sarwar Bhatti, also a direct descendent of Rai Bular Bhatti.''<br />
:''The entire Nankana Sahib Estate consists of 16,962 acres. Most of it is leased to the farmers and residents of Nankana Sahib. Almost all the houses in Nankana Sahib are built on this property. The Nankana Sahib Estate is the property of the Nankana Sahib Gurudwara (Gurudwara Janam Asthan).''<br />
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==See also==<br />
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* [[Guru Nanak]]<br />
* [[Sakhis of Guru Nanak]]<br />
* [[The Udasis of Guru Nanak]]<br />
* [[Saka Nankana Sahib]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_14-12-2004_pg7_10 Nankana model city given go-ahead]<br />
* [http://www.thesikhmuseum.com/Nankana%20Sahib%20Photos%202005/index.htm Yatra 2005]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
[https://www.flickr.com/photos/shannjit/sets/72157594186020696/with/180929339/ Photos by shannjit @ flickr]<br />
<gallery caption="Picture Gallery" widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4"><br />
File:Nankana Sahib map1.jpg|[http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?hl=en&ie=UTF8&ll=31.44503,73.696117&spn=0.013712,0.027874&t=h&z=16 See aerial view at Google maps]<br />
File:Nankana Sahib2.jpg<br />
File:Nankana Sahib3.jpg<br />
File:Nankana Sahib4.jpg<br />
File:Nankana Sahib5.jpg<br />
File:Nankana Sahib6.jpg<br />
File:Nankana Sahib7.jpg<br />
File:Nankana Sahib8.jpg<br />
File:Nankana Sahib9.jpg<br />
File:Nankana Sahib10.jpg<br />
File:Nankana Sahib11.jpg<br />
File:Nankana Sahib12.jpg<br />
File:Nankana Sahib13.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
# [http://allaboutsikhs.com/gurudwaras/gop-001.htm AllAboutSikhs.com]<br />
# [http://www.punjabilok.com/misc/freedom/against_mahant.htm Punjabilok.com]<br />
# [http://www.sgpc.net/historical-gurdwaras/gurdwaras_in_pakistan.asp Sgpc.net]<br />
# Narotam, Tara Singh, Sri Guru Tirath Sangrahi. Kankhal, 1975<br />
# Thakar Singh, Giani, Sri Gurduare Darshan. Amritsar, 1923<br />
# Khan Mohammad Waliullah Khan, Sikh Shrines in West Pakistan. Karachi, 1962<br />
# Sahi. J. S., Sikh Shrines in India and Abroad. Faridabad, 1978<br />
'''8. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/09/sikhan-di-janam-bhoomi-sri-nanakana.html Sikhan di Janam Bhoomi - Sri Nanakana Sahib Tract No. 432]''' <br />
<br />
'''9. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/nanakana-sahib-narain-singh-tract-no-412.html Nanakana Sahib - Narain Singh Tract No. 412]'''<br />
<br />
'''10. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/nanakana-sahib-darshan-taangh-tey.html Nanakana Sahib Darshan - Taangh Tey Paryatan Tract No. 356]'''<br />
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'''11. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/nanakana-sahib-dey-beetey-samey-tey-ik.html Nanakana Sahib Dey Beetay Samey Tey Ik Jhaat Tract No. 395]'''<br />
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'''12. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/08/pakistan-andar-rahe-gurudware-tract-no.html Pakistan Andar Rahe Gurudware Tract No. 138]'''<br />
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'''13. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/nanakana-sahib-darshan-taangh-tey.html Nanakana Sahib Darshan Taangh Tey Paryatan Tract No. 175]'''<br />
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'''14. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/nanakana-sahib-da-hirdey-vedhak-saka.html Nanakana Sahib Da Hirdey Vedhak Saka Tract No. 413]'''<br />
<br />
'''15. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/nanakana-sahib-dey-shahidan-nu.html Nanakana Sahib dey Shahidan nu Shardhanjli Tract No. 179]'''<br />
<br />
'''16. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/sri-nanakana-sahib-da-shaheedi-saka.html Sri Nanakana Sahib da Shaheedi Saka February 21, 1921 - Lal Singh, Narain Singh M.A. Tract No. 196]'''<br />
<br />
'''17. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/02/bharosey-da-bhambhad-baal-shaheed.html ਭਰੋਸੇ ਦਾ ਭਾਂਬੜ - ਬਾਲ ਸ਼ਹੀਦ ਦਰਬਾਰਾ ਸਿੰਘ - ਪ੍ਰੋਫ਼ੈਸਰ ਸ਼ੇਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਸ਼ੇਰ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਸੀਰੀਜ਼ 309]'''<br />
<br />
[[Category:Gurdwaras in Pakistan]]<br />
[[category:Glossary of Sikh Terms]]<br />
[[category:Pakistan]]</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Nankana_Sahib&diff=118652Nankana Sahib2021-02-22T02:10:13Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* References */</p>
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<div>{{fa|97}}<br />
{{p|Image:Nankanasahibbb.jpg|[[Gurdwara Janam Asthan]], [[Nankana Sahib]]}}<br />
<br />
'''Nankana Sahib''' {{coor d|31.452975|N|73.706045|E}} <!----31.26|N|73.42|E----> is named after [[Guru Nanak]] Dev Ji (1469-1539), the founder of the [[Sikhism|Sikh faith]]. Guru Nanak Dev Ji was born here on [[Baisakh]] sudi 3, 1526 Bk/ 15 April, 1469. The Nankana town is part of the Nankana Sahib District in the [[Punjab]] province of [[Pakistan]]. This district is adjacent to the [[Sheikhupura]] district. The Nankana Saahib District was part of the Sheikhpura District but in 2005, the district was split off to form the New Nankana Saahib District. <br />
<br />
The old name of town was [[Talvandi Rai Bhoe Ki]] or "Talvandi of Rai Bhoe", a [[Muslim]] Rajput of the [[Bhatti]] clan and a retainer of the Delhi rulers of the early fifteenth century. His descendant, [[Rai Bular]], the chief of Talvandi, was a contemporary of Guru Nanak. The town has nine [[gurdwara]]s including the Gurdwara Janam Asthan which marks the birth place of Guru Nanak Dev. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
<br />
The first 15 or 16 years of Guru Nanak's life were spent at Talvandi. Later, he shifted to [[Sultanpur Lodhi]], in present day [[Kapurthala]] district of the [[Punjab]], where his sister [[Bibi Nanaki]] lived. From there he set out on his long preaching odysseys, visiting his parents at Talvandi only now and then, his last visit to his native place being in 1510. Several shrines in the town, raised long after his death, mark the places where he was born, where he played with other children, where he studied and where he tended his father's cattle.<br />
<br />
The state government has ambitious plans for the area and has prepared plans to develop Nankana Sahib with various projects including a rest house for Sikh pilgrims, a new hotel, a shopping mall, a housing scheme, a world class university, modern schools, a modern hospital and a road-link to the Lahore-Faisalabad dual-carriage way. A trans-national bus link is proposed that would operate between Nankana Sahib and [[Amritsar]] of Punjab in [[India]]. The town is located about 75 kilometres west-southwest of [[Lahore]] and about 40 km south-west of [[Sheikhpura]]. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Gurdwaras in the Town Honoring Guru Nanak==<br />
{{p|Image:Janamasthannaknakanasahib.jpg|'''Gurdwara Janam Asthan''' }}<br />
<br />
:Commemorating the birthplace of Guru Nanak it is the premier shrine at [[Nankana Sahib]]. A room first built here by his son, [[Baba Lakhmi Das]] (1497-1555), more probably by his grandson, [[Baba Dharam Chand]] (1523-1618), was known as Kalu ka Kotha, lit. house of (Mahita) Kalu, father of Guru Nanak. Later it came to be known as Nanakayan, lit. Home of (Guru) Nanak. [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] (1780-1839), at the instance of [[Akali Phula Singh]] and Baba Sahib Singh Bedi, constructed the present building, a domed square sanctum with a pavilion in front standing on a spacious, raised platform, and made an endowment of about 20,000 acres of land for the maintenance of [[Guru ka Langar]]. The management remained with [[Udasi]] priests until the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]] took it over after the gruesome events of 20 February 1921. With the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947 and the migration of [[Sikh]] population from Pakistan, the management of all Sikh gurudwaras in the newly created State, including those at Nankana Sahib, passed to the Waqf Board. The Government of [[Pakistan]] later allowed 15 Sikhs to stay in Nankana Sahib to perform the daily services in the shrines. In 1968 the number was reduced to 5. Now only a [[Granthi]] or scriptural reader and a few Sindhi Sikhs stay at Gurdwara Janam Asthan. Batches of pilgrims from India are occasionally allowed to visit with special permission from the Pakistan Government.<br />
{{p|Image:Nanakanananasahib.jpg|}}<br />
{{p|Image:Nankananananasahib.jpg|}}<br />
'''GURDWARA PATTI SAHIB'''<br />
:This Gurdwara with in the town, marks the place where stood Guru Nanak's school. The child Nanak, a quick learner, soon became proficient in Hindi, Persian, arithmetic and accounting. The Gurdwara is a small square room with a fluted lotus dome above it and ornate masonry work on the exterior. It is also called Gurdwara Maulawi Patti.<br />
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'''GURDWARA BAL LILA'''<br />
:About 300 metres southeast of Gurdwara Janam Asthan, marks the field where Guru Nanak used to play in the company of other children. Guru Hargobind during his visit to the town is said to have marked the site. [[Diwan Kaura Mall]], a Hindu noble (d. 1752), after his victory over Multan with the assistance of the Sikhs in 1748, built this Gurdwara and brick lined two sides of the nearby tank originally got dug by Rai Bular. Maharaja Ranjit Singh had the building renovated and the tank enlarged and properly lined. Of the land donated by him, about 3,000 acres were allotted to Gurdwara Bal Lila. After the 1921 tragedy at Gurdwara Janam Asthan, the custodian mahants of this shrine voluntarily handed it over to the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee in exchange for suitable maintenance allowance for their families. The Gurdwara was reconstructed during the 1930's and 1940's under the supervision of Sant Gurmukh Singh Sevavale (1849-1947). The new building on the bank of the adjoining sarovans a multistoreyed domed edifice.<br />
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'''GURDWARA KIARA SAHIB'''<br />
:About two kilometres to the east of Gurdwara Bal Lila, commemorates an event connected with the early years of Guru Nanak. While tending his father's herd of cattle, it was common for him to let the animals roam freely while he himself sat engrossed in meditation. Once a peasant complained to [[Rai Bular]] that Nanak's cattle had damaged the crop in his field, but when the field was inspected, no damage was discovered. The people considered it a miracle and that particular field came to be reverently called Kiara (lit. field or plot) Sahib. A shrine was raised here which was reconstructed by [[Sant Gurmukh Singh Sevavale]] during the decade preceding the partition of 1947. The new building comprises a square, domed sanctum and a circumambulatory verandah built on a raised plinth.<br />
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'''GURDWARA MALJI SAHIB'''<br />
:This Gurdwara stands about one and a half kilometres east of Gurdwara Janam Asthan. The Janam Sdkhis record an anecdote stating how Guru Nanak was one day sleeping on the ground under a mdl tree, also called van (Quercus incana) and how in the afternoon as Rai Bular and his men were passing by they noticed that while all shadows had lengthened and shifted eastward, the shade of that particular tree stood still over the sleeping Nanak. The Bald Janam Sdkhi has a slightly different version saying that as the shadow of the tree shifted, a cobra was seen spreading its hood over Guru Nanak's face protecting it from the sun. Rai Bular, impressed by the miracle bacame a devotee. The Gurdwara on this site was first built by Diwan Kaura Mall and renovated during the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.<br />
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'''GURDWARA TAMBU SAHIB'''<br />
:About 300 metres east of Gurdwara Janam Asthan, was raised by a Nihang Sikh about the middle of the nineteenth century. It stands near a huge van tree spreading its branches like a tent (tambu, in Punjabi). Tradition recounts how Mahita Kalu once gave his son, Guru Nanak, some money for buying merchandise from Chuharkana, a nearby market town. Guru Nanak, however, spent the money feeding a group of hungry sadhus. Coming back emptyhanded and apprehensive of his father's wrath, he is said to have hid himself under the tentlike tree by the side of which now stands Gurdwara Tambu Sahib.<br />
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'''GURDWARA CHHATI PATSHAHI'''<br />
:About 200 metres east of Gurdwara Janam Asthan, is dedicated to Guru Hargobind (the 6th Nanak) who visited Nankana Sahib in 1620-21. This, too, was built and managed by Nihang Sikhs and came under the control of the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee in 1921.<br />
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[[Guru Arjan Dev]] the fifth Guru and his son [[Guru Hargobind]] the sixth Guru also visited this town. <br />
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Links to further Articles on these historical Gurdwaras:<br />
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*[[Gurdwara Janam Asthan]]:<br />
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*[[Gurdwara Bal Lila]]<br />
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*[[Gurdwara Patti Sahib]]<br />
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*[[Gurdwara Kiara sahib]]<br />
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*[[Gurdwara Mal ji Sahib]]<br />
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*[[Gurdwara Tambu Sahib]]<br />
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*[[Gurdwara Chhevin Patshahi]]<br />
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From a Pakistani newspaper editorial:<br />
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:''In 1994, the foundation stone of Nankana Sahib Foundation was laid by Rai Bashir Ahmad Khan Bhatti, a member of the National Assembly and chairman of the Standing Committee on Education. Mr Bhatti is the oldest living descendent of Chaudhry Rai Bular Bhatti, a contemporary of Guru Nanak, who recognised that the Guru was a divine soul. Over the last five hundred years, the Bhatti family has donated almost 11,000 acres of its land to the Sikh religious shrines in and around Nankana Sahib. The 1994 foundation, built over 10 acres of land, was donated by Chaudhry Rai Sarwar Bhatti, also a direct descendent of Rai Bular Bhatti.''<br />
:''The entire Nankana Sahib Estate consists of 16,962 acres. Most of it is leased to the farmers and residents of Nankana Sahib. Almost all the houses in Nankana Sahib are built on this property. The Nankana Sahib Estate is the property of the Nankana Sahib Gurudwara (Gurudwara Janam Asthan).''<br />
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==See also==<br />
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* [[Guru Nanak]]<br />
* [[Sakhis of Guru Nanak]]<br />
* [[The Udasis of Guru Nanak]]<br />
* [[Saka Nankana Sahib]]<br />
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==External links==<br />
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* [http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_14-12-2004_pg7_10 Nankana model city given go-ahead]<br />
* [http://www.thesikhmuseum.com/Nankana%20Sahib%20Photos%202005/index.htm Yatra 2005]<br />
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==Gallery==<br />
[https://www.flickr.com/photos/shannjit/sets/72157594186020696/with/180929339/ Photos by shannjit @ flickr]<br />
<gallery caption="Picture Gallery" widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4"><br />
File:Nankana Sahib map1.jpg|[http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?hl=en&ie=UTF8&ll=31.44503,73.696117&spn=0.013712,0.027874&t=h&z=16 See aerial view at Google maps]<br />
File:Nankana Sahib2.jpg<br />
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File:Nankana Sahib11.jpg<br />
File:Nankana Sahib12.jpg<br />
File:Nankana Sahib13.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
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==References==<br />
<br />
# [http://allaboutsikhs.com/gurudwaras/gop-001.htm AllAboutSikhs.com]<br />
# [http://www.punjabilok.com/misc/freedom/against_mahant.htm Punjabilok.com]<br />
# [http://www.sgpc.net/historical-gurdwaras/gurdwaras_in_pakistan.asp Sgpc.net]<br />
# Narotam, Tara Singh, Sri Guru Tirath Sangrahi. Kankhal, 1975<br />
# Thakar Singh, Giani, Sri Gurduare Darshan. Amritsar, 1923<br />
# Khan Mohammad Waliullah Khan, Sikh Shrines in West Pakistan. Karachi, 1962<br />
# Sahi. J. S., Sikh Shrines in India and Abroad. Faridabad, 1978<br />
'''8. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/09/sikhan-di-janam-bhoomi-sri-nanakana.html Sikhan di Janam Bhoomi - Sri Nanakana Sahib Tract No. 432]''' <br />
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'''9. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/nanakana-sahib-narain-singh-tract-no-412.html Nanakana Sahib - Narain Singh Tract No. 412]'''<br />
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'''10. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/nanakana-sahib-darshan-taangh-tey.html Nanakana Sahib Darshan - Taangh Tey Paryatan Tract No. 356]'''<br />
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'''11. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/nanakana-sahib-dey-beetey-samey-tey-ik.html Nanakana Sahib Dey Beetay Samey Tey Ik Jhaat Tract No. 395]'''<br />
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'''12. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/08/pakistan-andar-rahe-gurudware-tract-no.html Pakistan Andar Rahe Gurudware Tract No. 138]'''<br />
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'''13. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/nanakana-sahib-darshan-taangh-tey.html Nanakana Sahib Darshan Taangh Tey Paryatan Tract No. 175]'''<br />
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'''14. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/nanakana-sahib-da-hirdey-vedhak-saka.html Nanakana Sahib Da Hirdey Vedhak Saka Tract No. 413]'''<br />
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'''15. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/nanakana-sahib-dey-shahidan-nu.html Nanakana Sahib dey Shahidan nu Shardhanjli Tract No. 179]'''<br />
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'''16. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/sri-nanakana-sahib-da-shaheedi-saka.html Sri Nanakana Sahib da Shaheedi Saka February 21, 1921 - Lal Singh, Narain Singh M.A. Tract No. 196]'''<br />
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'''17. ਭਰੋਸੇ ਦਾ ਭਾਂਬੜ - ਬਾਲ ਸ਼ਹੀਦ ਦਰਬਾਰਾ ਸਿੰਘ - ਪ੍ਰੋਫ਼ੈਸਰ ਸ਼ੇਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਸ਼ੇਰ, ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਸੀਰੀਜ਼ [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2021/02/bharosey-da-bhambhad-baal-shaheed.html 309]'''<br />
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[[Category:Gurdwaras in Pakistan]]<br />
[[category:Glossary of Sikh Terms]]<br />
[[category:Pakistan]]</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Martyrdom_of_Guru_Tegh_Bahadur&diff=118588Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur2020-12-07T20:04:09Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* Books */</p>
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[[Image:GuruTeghBahadurJi FreedomOfReligion2.jpg|thumb|425px|right|Guru Tegh Bahadar with the Kashmiri Pandits]]<br />
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''(On 24 November 1675 at [[Chandni Chowk]], [[Delhi]], [[India]])''<br />
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This was an extremely important event in [[Sikh]] history that had a profound impact on the future direction of [[Sikhism]], the religion of the [[Sikh]]s. <br />
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[[Guru Tegh Bahadar]], the ninth [[Sikh Guru]] undertook the '''supreme sacrifice for the protection of the most fundamental of human rights''' - the right of a person to freely practice his or her religion without interference or hindrance. <br />
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In the modern times we tend to take this freedom for granted – but in 1675, millions of people were denied this basic right. There was forced conversion of religion; many thousands were killed for refusing to change their religion.<br />
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==Unique sacrifice==<br />
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To give ones life for a cause is a difficult and highly challenging undertaking. Many in past human history have given their lives for their own personal reason; however, what is astonishing in the case of the ninth [[Sikh Guru]] is the fact that the Guru was not protecting the right of his "own people" called the [[Sikh]]s to practise their religion but instead the rights of the '''non-Sikhs, the peace-loving people from Kashmir'''. <br />
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These people from Kashmir were '''very respected [[Hindu]]s pundits (scholars) who were being threatened with conversion to [[Islam]], under the threat of death''' by the "[[Muslim]]" Emperor, [[Aurangzeb]]. In 1669, the Mughal ruler Aurangzeb departed from the policy of tolerance practised by his predecessors and unleashed instead a policy of '''religious persecution against non-Muslims'''. This caused large-scale demoralisation, fear and panic among the people.<br />
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The commitment by the [[Sikh]] [[Guru]] to protect and support the liberty of all the people of a country was unprecedented. This type of '''supreme sacrifice had never previously been recorded in human history'''. On May 25, 1675 in answer to an appeal of a large group of revered Kashmiri Pandits, Guru Tegh Bahadur made the '''momentous decision that has forever changed the level of moral commitment, dedication and sacrifice''' required by followers of God. The Guru made this critical decision to risk laying down his life if necessary '''to protect the right of the Hindus to follow their religion freely without interference or duress'''.<br />
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== Introduction ==<br />
{{p|File:Guruteghbahadurmartyr.jpg|''"There was sadness on Earth but joy in Heaven"''<br>[[Guru Gobind Singh]]}}<br />
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The Guru by this act has set a yardstick by which the [[Sikh]] must gauge their devotion to their religion. It is now not acceptable to say that: '''"I believe in the right of others to practise their faith peacefully"''' - this does not even get near the level of awareness required for the followers of [[Sikhism]]. The Guru has by his example taught the followers to maintain a high level of morality.<br />
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It is not even acceptable to say: '''"I, as a Sikh respect and honour other religions"''' – even this does not get the [[Sikh]] to the required threshold of "wakefulness" ("Surat"). The [[Sikh]] mind-set has to get to a position of consciousness where he or she will be able to say: "I as a Sikh am ready to die to protect the right of the people of all faiths". The ability to advance to these reaches of awareness (Surtee or Surat) is a gift obtainable from the Almighty, and was the lesson taught by [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] to the followers of [[Sikhism]]. Not only does the [[Guru]]'s words mention this clearly in [[Gurbani]], but the life of the [[Guru]]s also actually reinforces these words of Bani. <br />
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{{Srigranth|32|1332|naanak sobhaa surat day-ay parabh aapay gurmukh day vadi-aa-ee. ((4)(15)(48)) <br><br />
O Nanak, by His Grace, He bestows enlightened awareness; God Himself blesses the Gurmukh with glorious greatness.}}<br />
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It should be remembered that the Gurus did not believe in the practises of the Hindu religion and had issued various holy [[Shabad]]s denouncing various Hindu practises like [[Sati]], [[Purdah]], Idol worship, etc. However, this had no bearing when it came to the decision to protect these Kashmiri [[Hindu]]s - for the right of a person to freely practise their religion was considered to be predominant over their own personal beliefs and preferences.<br />
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Guru Gobind Singh recorded his father's martyrdom with these words:<br />
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{{Quoter|Theekar fore dilees sir, Prabh par kiyo payan, <br><br />
Tegh Bahadur si kriya, Kari na kinhoo aan. <br><br />
Tegh Bahadur ke chalat, Bhayo jagat main sog. <br><br />
Hai hai hai sab jag bhayo, Jai jai jai sur log. <br> <br><br />
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He burst the bonds of mortal clay <br><br />
And went on to the abode of God. <br><br />
No one ever performed an act as noble <br><br />
As did Tegh Bahadur. <br> <br><br />
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With the departure of Tegh Bahadur <br><br />
The world was stricken with sorrow. <br><br />
A wail of horror rent the earth, <br><br />
A victor's welcome by the dwellers of heaven.|Bichitra Natak}}<br />
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To bring to the attention of all human beings in greater India and to record in world history the barbaric ways of the Mughal Empire, [[Guru Tegh Bahadar]] escalated the consciousness of the Sikh psyche to a newer level. It was now not acceptable for a God loving people to protect just their own kind, but it was the duty of all God loving people to protect the rights of all the people of God, no matter what their chosen religion may be. [[Guru Tegh Bahadar]] put into practise the profound message of [[Gurbani]] that had been existant since [[Guru Nanak Dev]]'s time:<br />
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{{Srigranth|1412|59915|If you desire to play this game of love with Me,<br />
then step onto My Path with your head in your hand.}}<br />
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[[Wikipedia:Aurangzeb|Emperor Aurangzeb]] was a barbaric ruler of the [[Wikipedia:Mughal|Mughal]] Dynasty who came to power in 1658 and ruled for 49 years until his death in 1707. When he came to power in 1658, he killed or had killed his three brothers and imprisoned his father and forcibly converted Lakhs (hundreds of thousands) of Hindus to Islam. He is commonly considered the last of the "grand" Mughal emperors. His last 25 years were spent in the Deccan fighting a war of attrition against the Marathas which practically bankrupted the Mughal Empire, which never rose again to its onetime splendour. Thought the succeeding Mughal Emperors were even more blood thirsty in their attempts to wipe out the Hindu and Sikh religions, they would soon fall to the perhaps, greater atrocities of the Persians, Afgaanis and the mixed blessings of the British conquerors that completed their demise.<br />
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The '''Kashmiri Pandits''' were Hindus renowned for their '''high intellect and education'''. They had a good relationship with the Sikhs and their Gurus. [[Guru Nanak Dev]] met Pandit Brahm Das who was an ancestor of [[Pandit Kripa Ram]] in Mattan. Kripa Ram had known the Ninth Guru and also taught [[Sanskrit]] classics to the young [[Gobind Rai]]. During the reign of Jehangir, [[Guru Hargobind]] came to Srinagar and met Kashmiri saintess Mata Bagh Bari, who lived at Rainawari. It is interesting to note that Mata Bagya Bari's spiritual interaction with the sixth Sikh Guru is incredibly well-preserved in the [[Sikh]] religious tradition. In Pandit tradition Mata Bagya Bari is a person renowned for her high spiritual merits.<br />
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=== The Turning Point ===<br />
[[Image:GuruTeghBahadurJi.jpg|left|200px|Guru Tegh Bahadar]]<br />
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In early 1675, the Kashmiri Pandits approached [[Guru Tegh Bahadar]] to seek his assistance in their acute hour of need. These [[Hindu]]s from Kashmir had been given a deadline by [[Wikipedia:Aurangzeb|Emperor Aurangzeb]] to convert to Islam or be killed. Pandit Kripa Ram with his large delegation met [[Guru Tegh Bahadar]] at Chak Nanki, Kahlur (now known as [[Anandpur Sahib]]). He explained their dilemma to the Guru in the open [[Sangat]] at the place where today stands [[Gurdwara Manji Sahib]], in [[Anandpur Sahib]].<br />
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'''''"The Emperor had given us some time to decide to convert to Islam or to be executed. The time for deciding has expired. Now, we have to convert to Islam or die. What shall we do? Guru ji, we have no one else to turn to. We don't have an army to protect us - We need your help. Please assist us"''''', said Kripa Ram.<br />
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Guru ji is said to have gone into deep thought after Pandit Kripa Ram's request. At this point, it is said that Guru ji son, Gobind Rai walks into the Sangat to see Guru ji deep in thought.<br />
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'''''"Guru ji, I see the acutely sad faces of the Sangat and you are silent and in deep thought. What is the problem?"''''' asked Gobind Rai to his father. Gobind is about 9 years old at this stage.<br />
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Guru ji slowly turn to his son and explain the situation as concisely as possible.<br />
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'''''"Baata (Son), this is sangat from Kashmir. They are Hindus who have been friends of Sikhs since the time of Guru Nanak. They have a very serious problem on their hands"''''' said Guru ji.<br />
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Gobind Rai replied, '''''"Pita ji, you are the Guru of the entire world ("Jagat Guru"). You will know of a solution to all problems"'''''<br />
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'''''"Baata, Emperor Aurangzeb has given them an ultimatum – If they do not become Muslims, he will kill them all"''''', explained Guru ji.<br />
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Guru ji continued, '''''"Some well-known Religion person ("Mahapurakh") will have to make a sacrifice to stop this butchery. We have to find a supreme soul who will die so as to awaken the sleeping consciousness of the people of Hind"'''''.<br />
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'''''"Pita ji, there is an easy answer to this problem. You are the most spiritually aware person in whole of Hind. You can make that sacrifice"''''', answered Gobind Rai.<br />
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Guru ji was pleased to hear these words as it confirmed that his son had reached a suitable age to become the next Guru, and that Guru ji's work on Earth had been completed.<br />
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Guru ji addressed the Pandits, '''''"Go and tell Aurangzeb that if he can convert Guru Tegh Bahadar to Islam, they will all convert. Otherwise he should leave them alone"'''''<br />
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The Pandits were delighted that a solution was found and duly informed Emperor Aurangzeb of the decision. Aurangzeb was delighted that by converting one person, he would without any further delay have the conversion of many 1000's to Islam. Accordingly he summoned his officers to arrest Guru Tegh Bahadar.<br />
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===Timeline===<br />
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{|style="width:90%; background:#f0f0f0; " border="1" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0"<br />
|width=20%| '''Date '''<br />
|width=80%| '''Event'''<br />
|-<br />
| [[25 May]], [[1675]] || [[Pandit Kirpa Ram]], the leader of the [[Kashmiri Pandits]] arrives in [[Anandpur Sahib]] (then called Chak Nanki, Kahlur) to ask [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] for help in preserving the Hindu faith in Kashmiri.<br />
|-<br />
| [[11 July]], [[1675]] || Guru Tegh Bahadur sets off for [[Delhi]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[27 July]], [[1675]] || Guru Tegh Bahadur taken into custody by Nur Muhammad Khan Miraza of [[Ropar]] Police post, on [[Savan]] 12,1732 at Malikpur Ranghran, Pargana Ghanaula, and sent to [[Sirhind]].<br />
|-<br />
| [[9 November]], [[1675]] || the [[qazi]] ordered that [[Bhai Dayal Das]] be seated in a cauldron of boiling water<br />
|-<br />
| [[11 November]] 1675 || [[Bhai Mati Das]] sawn into two pieces and [[Bhai Sati Das]] was wrapped up in cotton wool and set on fire. They both attained martyrdom on this day.<br />
|-<br />
| [[24 November]], [[1675]] || Guru Tegh Bahadur attains martyrdom <br />
|}<br />
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=== Guru goes to Delhi ===<br />
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[[Image:Rakab.jpg|left|200px|Gurdwara Rakab Sahib, Delhi]]<br />
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In the summer of 1675, the Guru, along with some of his companions were finally brought to Delhi and asked to '''convert to Islam or else face the penalty of death'''. Guru ji was also asked to perform a miracle. [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] averred that he would rather sacrifice his life than give up his faith and his freedom or belief or perform a miracle. Thus, under Aurangzeb's orders, Guru ji and his companions were tortured. The Guru was chained and imprisoned in a cage and was tortured in the cruellest and the most inhuman ways for five long days. In order to terrorise him further into submission, one of his distinguished devotees ([[Bhai Mati Das]]) was sawn alive, another ([[Bhai Dyal Das]]) was boiled in the cauldron and the third ([[Bhai Sati Das]]) was roasted alive before the Guru.<br />
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[[Image:Sisganj.jpg|right|200px|Gurdwara Sis Ganj, Chandni Chowk, Delhi]]<br />
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Finally, the Guru himself was beheaded, under imperial warrant, in broad daylight, in the middle of a public square, the most prominent public place in India, called Chandni Chowk, of Delhi, on the charge that he was a stumbling block preventing the spread of Islam in the Indian subcontinent. '''The exact location of the beheading is marked by [[Gurdwara Sis Ganj]] in Delhi'''. His martyrdom was yet another challenge to the Sikh conscience. It was then realized that there could be no understanding between an insensate power imbrued with blood and a proud people wedded to a life of peace with honour. The sacrifice roused the Hindus from their passive silence and gave them the fortitude to understand the power that comes from self-respect and sacrifice. '''Guru Tegh Bahadur thus earned the affectionate title of "Hind-di-Chadar" or the Shield of India'''.<br />
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Gobind Rai became the tenth and final Guru in human form. Guru Gobind Singh writes in the [[Dasam Granth]] see [http://www.sridasam.org/dasam?Action=Page&p=131 www.sridasam.org page 131]:<br />
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{{Quoter|Bachitar Nanak www.sridasam.org Page 131 |ਤਿਲਕ ਜੰਵੂ ਰਾਖਾ ਪਰਭ ਤਾ ਕਾ ॥ ਕੀਨੋ ਬਡੋ ਕਲੂ ਮਹਿ ਸਾਕਾ ॥ <br><br />
He protected the forehead mark and sacred thread (of the Hindus) which marked a great event in the Iron age. <br><br><br />
<br />
ਸਾਧਨ ਹੇਤਿ ਇਤੀ ਜਿਨਿ ਕਰੀ ॥ ਸੀਸ ਦੀਆ ਪਰ ਸੀ ਨ ਉਚਰੀ ॥੧੩॥ <br> <br />
For the sake of saints, he laid down his head without even a sign.13. <br><br><br />
<br />
ਧਰਮ ਹੇਤਿ ਸਾਕਾ ਜਿਨਿ ਕੀਆ ॥ ਸੀਸ ਦੀਆ ਪਰ ਸਿਰਰ ਨ ਦੀਆ ॥ <br><br />
For the sake of Dharma, he sacrificed himself. He laid down his head but not his creed. <br><br><br />
<br />
ਨਾਟਕ ਚੇਟਕ ਕੀਝ ਕਕਾਜਾ ॥ ਪਰਭ ਲੋਗਨ ਕਹ ਆਵਤ ਲਾਜਾ ॥੧੪॥<br><br />
The saints of the Lord abhor the performance of miracles and malpractices. 14.}}<br />
<br />
==The Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadar from Persian sources==<br />
[[Image:Harimandir sahib panel1.jpg|thumb|200px|A panel from the Harimandir Sahib, depicting Guru Tegh Bahadur counselling a group of Pandits led by Kirpa Ram|right]]<br />
<br />
{{main|Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadar from Persian sources}}<br />
<br />
''Anxious to witness a miracle, the Emperor called Guru Tegh Bahadur to the Deccan; the Guru insisted that he was a mere devotee of God; he also explained that neither his name "Tegh Bahadur" nor the epithat ''sachcha padshah'' used for him implied temporal aspiration on his part; inferring that the Guru could not work a miracle, the Emperor ordered his execution.'' (Risala Dar Ahwal-i-Nanak Shah Darvesh)<br />
<br />
Other Persians who have written about this historical event.<br />
<br />
* 1 Risala Dar Ahwal-i-Nanak Shah Darvesh<br />
* 2 Khalsanama<br />
* 3 Tawarikh-i-Sikhan-i-Mulk-i-Punjab wa Malwa<br />
* 4 Umdat Ut-Tawarikh<br />
* 5 Zikr-i-Guruan Wa Ibtida-i-Singhan<br />
* 6 Tarikh-i-Panjab<br />
* 7 Ibratnama<br />
* 8 Char Bagh-i-Panjab<br />
* 9 Haqiqat-i-Bina Wa Uruj-i-Firqa-i-Sikhan<br />
* 10 Siyar Al-Mutakhiran<br />
<br />
==Quotes from Internet Sites==<br />
<br />
{{main|Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur quotes}}<br />
<br />
[[Wikipedia:Aurangzeb|Aurengazeb]] the 'Puritan King' whose life is a '''sharp contrast to that of his predecessors/ancestors''' lost no time after ascending the throne in [[Delhi]] in 1658 to '''convert whole of [[India]] to [[Islam]]'''. To fulfil this desire of his he had no hesitation in using and wielding sword. The fundamentalist emperor threw to winds the seemingly secular policy of his forefathers replacing it by one of religious harassment and persecution. He re-imposed the '''"Jazia"''' (a protection tax paid by non-muslims), which often was as much as 60%. While the entire [[India]]n people shuddered at his manner of building an Islamic state, he implemented a well calculated plan according to which he started with liquidating Hindu scholars in India in general and the Kashmiri Pandits in particular. Not surprising he did not spare his own father. According to him '''elimination of [[Hindu]] scholars was a pre-requisite for the spread of [[Islam]] [[India]]'''. (from [http://www.ikashmir.net/exodus/chapter3.html ikashmir.org])<br />
<br />
Others websites that quotes about this historical event include:<br />
* 1 iKashmir.org<br />
* 2 Sword of Truth<br />
* 3 iimahd.ernet.in<br />
* 4 Kashmir Sentinel<br />
* 5 SikhVideos.org<br />
* 6 SriGuruGranthSahib.org<br />
* 7 All About Sikhs<br />
* 8 BBC<br />
* 9 Sikh Review<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]]<br />
* [[Shaheedi of Guru Tegh Bahadur]]<br />
* [[Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur quotes]]<br />
* [[Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadar from Persian sources]]<br />
* [[The Beheading of Guru Tegh Bahadur]]<br />
* [[Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib]]<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
* [http://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/guru-teg-bahadur/martyrdom.htm Eternal Glory of Guru Tegh Bahadur]<br />
* [https://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/guru-tegh-bahadur/martyrdom-guru-tegh-bahadur-sahib.htm Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib - Martyrdom]<br />
* [http://www.sikhvideos.org/shaheedi-guru-tegh-bahadur-sahib.html video on the Martyrdom]<br />
* [http://www.sgpc.net/gurus/guruteghbahadur.asp www.Sgpc.net]<br />
* [http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/sikh-gurus/sri-guru-tegh-bhadur-sahib-j.html#12 www.Allaboutsikhs.com]<br />
<br />
===Books===<br />
<br />
* [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/11/who-killed-guru-tegh-bahadur-sirdar.html Who Killed Guru Tegh Bahadur? - Sirdar Kapur Singh]<br />
<br />
* [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2012/09/the-book-guru-tegh-bahadur-prophet-he.html Guru Tegh Bahadur - The Prophet He Died For The Oppressed]<br />
<br />
* [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/11/atam-baldani-guru-tegh-bahadar-tract-no.html Atam Baldani Guru Tegh Bahadar Tract No. 129]<br />
<br />
* [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/11/bemisal-shahidi-tract-no-67.html Bemisal Shahidi Tract No. 67]<br />
<br />
* [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/12/dharam-het-gurdev-pathaye-tract-no-21.html Dharam Het Gurdev Pathaye Tract No. 21]<br />
<br />
* [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/01/dharam-het-gurdev-pathaye-tract-no-39.html Dharam Het Gurdev Pathaye Tract No. 39 (Hindi version)]<br />
* [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/12/guru-tegh-bahadur-unique-martyr-pritam.html Guru Tegh Bahadur - The Unique Martyr - Pritam Singh Gill]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
*13. Latif, Sayad Muhammad, History of the Panjab, Jhang-1889, p.259.<br />
*14. Guru Granth Sahib, op. Cit., Slok, M. 9, ho : 16, p.1427.<br />
*15. Trilochan Singh, Dr., Guru Tegh Bahadur: Prophet & Martyr, Delhi-1967, pp.311-24; Dr. Harnam Singh Shan’s paper in Guru Tegh Bahadur Commemorative Volume, Amritsar-1975, pp.89-106.<br />
*16. Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, op. Cit., Vol. VIII, pp. 55, 60.<br />
*17. A dictionary of Islam, op. Cit., pp.327.<br />
*18. Gobind Singh, Guru, Dasam Granth Sahib, ‘Bachittar Natak’; Anandpur Sahib-1696, ch.5, st.13-14.<br />
*19. Gupta, Dr. Hari Ram, History of the Sikhs, Delhi-1973, p. 144.<br />
*20. Dasam Granth Sahib op. Cit., ‘Zafarnamah’, V.22.<br />
*21. Rhys Davids, T.W., Persecution of the Buddhists in India in the J.P.T.S., 1896, p.87.<br />
*22. Geden, Dr. A. S., in Vol. IX of the Encyclopaedia of Religion, op. Cit. P.764.<br />
*23. He took to arms, openly defying the Mughal Government and enjoining active and armed resistence to the violence let loose by the rulers of the day during the reign of Emperor Shah Jahan (1592-1658).<br />
*24. Cunnigham, Capt. J.D. A History of the Sikhs, from the Origin of the National to Battles of the Sutlej, London-1849, p.84; Macauliffc, Mr. M.A., The Sikh Religion, Vol.VI, London-1909; Rahdakrishnan, Dr. Sir S., in his Introduction to Selections From The Sacred Writings of the Sikhs, London-1960, p.23.<br />
*25. Guru Granth Sahib, op. Cit., Slok M.9, no.56, p.1429.<br />
*26. Chatterji, Dr. Suniti Kumar in his article published in The Sikh Review, Calcutta – December, 1975, pp. 108-109.<br />
<br />
{{history}}<br />
{{C:G9}}<br />
{{sacrifice}}</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Guru_Tegh_Bahadur&diff=118587Guru Tegh Bahadur2020-12-07T20:02:12Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* Additional References: */</p>
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<div>''When the Almighty manifests himself in human form, he takes the whole human race in His loving Embrace. This God like warmth of the Divine Incarnate flows out to the whole creation and yearns for universal welfare and redemption. This Nectar of Grace and Love flowed from the Beneficient, All Loving Guru Tegh Bahadur (Guru Nanak - The Ninth) to 500 Pandits of Kashmir and through them to a whole religion, a whole nation.''<br />
<br />
''Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib's sacrifice for the pandits of Kashmir has to be viewed in this background and context. He, being the Jagat Guru, belongs to all, the whole universe. The love and mercy of a Prophet, a Messiah, a Jagat Guru is impartial, it knows no difference. It showers like rain on all alike. When Pandits of Kashmir, subjected to untold persecution and tyranny, approached Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib for protection, the most compassionate Guru had shown an unexampled mercy characteristic of the House of Guru Nanak.'' — Brig. Partap Singh Ji Jaspal (Retd.)<br />
<br />
<br />
{{fa|195}}<br />
{{infobox Guru<br />
|Image name = GuruTeghBahadurS1.jpg<br />
|Subject Name = Guru Tegh Bahadur<br><br>(1621 to 1675)<br />
|Name = Tegh Bahadur<br />
|Birth = [[Wednesday]], [[April 18]], [[1621]] <br />
|Parents = [[Guru Har Gobind]] & [[Mata Nanaki]]<br />
|brosis = Brother - [[Baba Gurditta]], [[Suraj Mal|Baba Suraj Mal]], Baba Ani Rai, [[Baba Atal Rai|Baba Atal Rai]]<br> Sister - [[Bibi Viro|Bibi Biro]] <br />
|Spouse = [[Mata Gujri]]<br />
|Children = [[Guru Gobind Singh]]<br />
|Guruship = [[Saturday]], [[16 April]] [[1664]]- 8 July, 1675<br />
|Bani in GGS = N.A<br />
|Died = [[Wednesday]], [[November 24]], [[1675]] at Chandani Chownk New Delhi<br />
|Other Info = 115 hymns<br />
}}<br />
'''Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji''' ([[Gurmukhi]]: ਗੁਰੂ ਤੇਗ਼ ਬਹਾਦੁਰ) ([[Wednesday]], [[April 18]], [[1621]] - [[Wednesday]], [[November 24]], [[1675]]), revered by the Sikhs as ''Srisht-di-Chadar'' (Protector of humanity), was the ninth of [[the Ten Gurus of Sikhism]]. He had become Guru on [[16 April]], [[1664]], following the footsteps of his grand-nephew and the eighth Guru, [[Guru Har Krishan]] Ji. <br />
<br />
A poet, a thinker, and a warrior, Guru Teg Bahadur Ji carried forward the light of sanctity and divinity of [[Guru Nanak Dev]] Ji and the subsequent Sikh Gurus. His spiritual writings, detailing varied themes such as, the nature of God, human attachments, body, mind, sorrow, dignity, service, death, and deliverance, are registered in the form of 116 poetic hymns in the sacred scripture, the Sri [[Guru Granth Sahib]] Ji. To spread the message of Sikhism, the Guru traveled extensively through the Indian subcontinent, setting up several new preaching centers. He founded the town of Chak-Nanki in [[Punjab]], later enlarged by the tenth Nanak, [[Guru Gobind Singh]] Ji, into the city of [[Sri Anandpur Sahib]]. <br />
<br />
In May 1675, Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was approached by [[Hindu]] Pandits from the [[Kashmir]] region, seeking the Guru's intercession against the forced conversions of Hindus to Islam by the [[Mughal]] rulers of India. For supporting the Hindu Pandits by resisting these forced conversions, and for himself refusing to convert to Islam, Guru Teg Bahadur Ji was [[Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur|publicly executed]] via beheading at the imperial capital of Delhi on the orders of Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]. Today, [[Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib]] and [[Gurdwara Rakab Ganj|Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib]] stand at the sites of beheading and cremation of Guru Ji’s body. Along with Guru Teg Bahadur Ji, three other Sikhs, [[Bhai Mati Das]], [[Bhai Sati Das]], and [[Bhai Dyal Das]], were also executed. <br />
<br />
On Guru Teg Bahadur Ji’s supreme sacrifice to champion fundamental human rights for all, his son, the tenth Nanak, [[Guru Gobind Singh]] Ji, wrote:<br />
<blockquote><br />
<i><br />
Thheekar forh dilees sir, Prabh pur keeaa payaan, <br><br />
Teg Bahadur see kirya, karee na kinahoo aan. <br><br />
Teg Bahaadur ke chalat, bhayo jagat ko sok, <br><br />
Hai hai hai sabh jag bhayo, jai jai jai sur lok.<br> <br />
<br />
Casting off his bodily vesture on the head of Suzerain Of Delhi; Teg Bahadur departed to the Realm of God. <br> <br />
None who came into the world performed such glorious deeds as him. <br><br />
On his departure, there was dismay in the world. <br><br />
This world cried, "Alas, Alas". The Heavens rang with greetings of victory. <br><br />
<small>([[Guru Gobind Singh]])</small><br />
</i><br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
{{Tocleft}}<br />
<br />
Guru Ji whose original name was Tyag Mal (Master of Renunciation) spent his childhood at Amritsar. In his early years he learned [[Gurmukhi]], [[Hindi]], [[Sanskrit]] and Indian religious philosophy from [[Bhai Gurdas]], and archery and horsemanship from [[Baba Budha]] while his father [[Guru Hargobind]] Ji, Master of [[Miri and Piri]] taught him swordsmanship. Only 13 years old, he asked his father to accompany him into battle as his village was attack by Painde Khan and the Mughals in a battle over Shah Jahan's hawk. During the battle he had weighed into the enemies with abandon, slashing his sword right and left. <br />
<br />
After the battle was won, (the [[Battle of Kartarpur]]) the victorious Sikhs returning home honored their new hero with a new 'warriors' name. And so Tyag Mal Ji was renamed Tegh Bahadur Ji (lit. Brave sword wielder or Best sword wielder).(Tegh = wielder of the sword. Bahadur (originally meaning brave was by that time being also used as a superlative meaning better or best). The young Tegh Bahadur soon showed a bent in the direction of the earlier Sikhs Gurus who had passed the 'seli' of Nanak (the sacred headgear of renunciation) to each new Guru. He delved into his studies and spent his time in meditation living up to his given name - Master of Renunciation. He was married to [[Mata Gujri]] Ji at Kartarpur in 1632.<br />
<br />
After the untimely death of his son [[Bhai Gurditta]], [[Guru Hargobind]] seemingly started grooming his grandson Har Rai to sit next on Guru Nanak's seat. Har Rai Ji became Guru Hargobind's successor in [[1644]]. Shortly after this Guru Hargobind asked Tegh Bahadur Ji to move with his wife and his mother to the village of [[Bakala]]. He had told his wife, who had wanted her son to follow the father as Guru, that one day he would become Guru and have a son and that both would become famous in their fight for justice.<br />
<br />
For the next 20 years the Master of Renunciation spent most of his time in an underground room absorbed in meditation. Before [[Guru Har Krishan]] Ji passed to God’s court, he indicated that his successor would be found in [[Bakala]]. Earlier a wealthy [[Sikh]] trader [[Makhan Shah]] whose ship was caught in a violent storm prayed to God that if his ship reached port safely he would give 500 golden Mohurs to his Guru Har Krishan. <br />
<br />
The ship landed safely and proving to be a [[Sikh]] of great integrity he headed to Delhi where the young Guru had travelled at the command of [[Aurangzeb]]. Along the way he learned of Guru Har Krishan's passing and of his mentioning that the next Guru was in the village of Bakala. He arrived in Bakala to find 22 members of the Sodhi dynasty styling themselves as the Guru and taking donations from the Sikhs. He decided to give each Guru 2 gold pieces and each Guru was pleased and blessed him. <br />
<br />
[[Makhan Shah]] was about to leave the village when a child told him of yet another holy man meditating nearby in an underground room. Again [[Makhan Shah]] bowed and gave 2 gold pieces and turned to leave. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji said: ''“Why have you broken your promise? When you prayed to God to save you and your ship from the terrible storm you promised 500 gold pieces to the Guru”. Makhan Shah was overjoyed, he gave the rest of the gold as promised and ran to the roof shouting “The True Guru has been found, O Sikhs come seek his blessing”''. The false Gurus all ran away.<br />
<br />
==Becomes Sikh Guru==<br />
The responsibility of instructing and guiding the Sikh community was now of Guru Tegh Bahadur's. He was the focal point of veneration of the Sikhs. They came singly and in batches to seek spiritual solace and inspiration. And by his teachings and practise, he moulded their religious and social conscience.<br />
<br />
As had been the custom since Guru Har Gobind, Guru Tegh Bahadur kept a splendid lifestyle. He had his armed attendance and other marks of royalty. But he himself lived austerely. Sikh or other documents make no mention of any clash with the ruling power having occurred during his time.<br />
<br />
==Visit to Harmandar Sahib==<br />
<br />
Soon after the public announcement by [[Makhan Shah]], the Guru with a party of Sikhs travelled to [[Amritsar]] to pay obeisance at the [[Harmandar Sahib]]. However on his arrival at this sacred shrine, the Guru was rebuffed by the Sodhi family Sardars who then had control of the [[Gurdwara]] and he was not allowed to enter the main section of the complex but went as far as the [[Thara Sahib]] - see [[Structure of Harmandar Sahib]].<br />
<br />
The party found that the doors of this premier Sikh shrine were suddenly shut and they were refused admittance. The reason for this action was that the greedy "[[masand]]s" (bishops) of Amritsar had acknowledged [[Guru Arjan Dev ji's]] elder brother [[Prithi Chand]] to be their guru. It was under the instructions of Harji, the impostor (Mina) guru of that time, that the doors of the Golden Temple were closed to Guru Tegh Bahadur ji. <br />
<br />
The Guru waited nearby for a little while. This place is now known as "Thara Sahib" - the Pillar of Patience. But when the doors were not opened, Guru ji went away and stayed in a nearby village of Wala in the humble dwelling of a peasant couple. Later, the women of [[Amritsar]] came out and repented for the shameful behaviour of the masands of Amritsar. Highly pleased at the sincere devotion and courage of the women of Amritsar, Guru Tegh Bahadur ji said, "Ever blessed by God be the women of Amritsar." <br />
<br />
==Mission starts in Punjab==<br />
<br />
The Guru made three successive visits to [[Kiratpur]]. On 21 August 1664, Guru Tegh Bahadur went there to console with Bibi Rup Kaur upon the passing away of her father, [[Guru Har Rai]], and of her brother, [[Guru Har Krishan]]. The second visit was on 15 October 1664, at the death on 29 September 1664, of Mata Bassi, mother of Guru Har Rai. A third visit concluded a fairly extensive journey through Majha, Malwa region in [[Punjab]] and [[Bangar]] districts of the [[Punjab region|Punjab]]. <br />
<br />
Crossing the [[Beas]]] and [[Sutlej]]] rivers, Guru Tegh Bahadur arrived in the Malwa. He visited Zira, and [[Moga]] and reached [[Darauli]]. He then sojourned in the Lakhi Jungle, a desolate and sandy tract comprising mainly present-day districts of [[Bhatinda]] and [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]. <br />
<br />
According to the Guru kian Sakhian, [[Baisakhi]] of 1665 was celebrated at Sabo-ki [[Talwandi]], now known as [[Damdama Sahib]]. This journey took Guru Tegh Bahadur up to [[Dhamdhan]], near [[Jind]], from where he returned to Kiratpur. The Dowager Rani Champa of Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh offered to give the Guru a piece of land in her state. <br />
<br />
The Guru bought the site (which was about six miles away from Kiratpur Sahib) on payment of Rs 500. The land consisted of the villages of Lodhipur, Mianpur and Sahota. Here on the mound of [[Makhowal]], Guru Tegh Bahadur ordained that a city be constructed. The original name of the city was Chakk Nanaki. However, later he would rename the city [[Anandpur]] - the City of Bliss and this was where the [[Khalsa]] was born.<br />
<br />
However, the Guru did not stay at Anandpur or Kiratpur for long; he left most of its construction to be done during his absence. <br />
<br />
==Mission to the East==<br />
<br />
Soon after, during about late 1665 and 1666, the Guru undertook travels to the region east of Punjab and to Easter India to different parts of this region to preach the teachings of [[Guru Nanak]]. His places of visit included Uttar Pardesh, [[Bihar]], [[Assam]], Bengal and present-day Bangladesh. One reason for Guru Tegh Bahadur ji's travels to the East was his wish to visit and pay homage to various places that were associated with the previous visit by [[Guru Nanak]]. <br />
<br />
These visits to places where core Sikh sangats (communities) existed created confidence and infuse renewed enthusiasm in the people; gave them moral and spiritual courage and a better and deeper understanding of Guru Nanak mission. <br />
<br />
Leaving [[Anandpur]], the Ninth Guru blessing various villages and towns, reached Kurukshetra. An eclipse of the Sun was due and there was a fair and a large gathering. The Guru took advantage of the occasion and went there. The Brahmans and some other people suggested to the Guru that he should bathe in the sacred tank and thus be purified. <br />
<br />
The Guru smiled and said, "My friends, one cannot be purified simply by washing one's body since the polluted mind cannot be washed with water. It is only the True Name of Almighty God that can wash away all sins and emancipate the soul." By these means, the Guru imparted the message of Guru Nanak and dispelled superstition and empty ritualistic behaviour. <br />
<br />
==Birth of Gobind Rai==<br />
<br />
During 1666 the Guru was travelling east of [[Patna]] to the regions of [[Bihar]], [[Assam]] and present-day Bangladesh after leaving his wife, family members and Sikh sangat at Patna, Bihar.<br />
<br />
At this time [[Mata Gujri]] was expecting a baby as so found it difficult to travel. Thirty four years had passed since her marriage to the Guru Tegh Bahadur. Three hours before the dawning of day, in the winter of her forty second year, on [[Friday]], [[January 5]], [[1666]], Mata Gujri ji became the mother of a prince. Marvelling at the majestic bearing of one so small, [[Mata Nankee]] delivered her newborn grandson proudly to his mother's outstretched arms.<br />
<br />
At his post outside the room, Kirpal Chand heard the infant take his first breath and immediately, he turned to dispatch the courier who stood by awaiting the signal to seek out the Guru and deliver the news of his son's birth. Thus [[Gobind Rai]] was born in the city of Patna in Bihar, East India. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Return to Punjab==<br />
<br />
Returning to Patna in 1670, the Guru directed his family to return to the [[Punjab]]. On the site of the house at Patna in which [[Gobind Rai]] was born and where he spent his early childhood now stands a sacred shrine, [[Sri Patna Sahib Gurdwara]], [[Bihar]].<br />
<br />
Gobind Rai was escorted to [[Anandpur]] (then known as Chakk Nanaki) on the foothills of the Sivaliks where he reached in March 1672 and where his early education included reading and writing of Punjabi, Braj, Sanskrit and Persian. He was barely nine years of age when a sudden turn came in his life as well as in the life of the community he was destined to lead. <br />
<br />
==Oppression by the Mughals==<br />
<br />
But soon oppression and intolerance would again rear its ugly head. The [[Mughal]] Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] ordered [[Hindu]] temples to be destroyed and that idol worship was to be stopped. He had a temple converted into a Mosque and slaughtered a cow inside it. He also had Hindus sacked from their government jobs and employed [[Muslim]]s instead. Aurangzeb also ordered [[Gurdwara]]s to be destroyed, and he expelled many missionaries from the main cities. Despite some resistance after many years of persecution, people were being forced to take up [[Islam]]. <br />
[[Image:Bachitar-quote-1web.jpg|500px|right]]<br />
P.N.K. Bamzi’s book, ''A History of Kashmir'' describes those days:<br />
<br />
:Iftikhar Khan… …was using force to convert the Pandits in Kashmir to Islam. Some pious men among the Pandits then met and decided to go to Amarnath and invoke the mercy of Lord Siva (at their sacred cave:editor) for deliverance from the tyrannies of the bigot. At the Amarnath cave, one of the pandits saw in a dream Lord Siva, who told him to go to Tegh Bahadur, the Ninth Sikh Guru, in the Punjab and ask for his help to save the Hindu religion. He spoke to his companions about the revelation. About 500 proceeded to Anandpur where Guru Tegh Bahadur was living.<br />
<br />
==Kashmiri pandits and Guru Tegh Bahadur==<br />
<br />
[[Aurangzeb]], being clever, decided if he could convert the revered Brahmin Pandits of Kashmir, then that would be millions of followers converted. Threatened with conversion or death, the Pandits overcome by panic, came in a delegation to Chakk Nanaki, Pargana Kahlur (from a contemporary entry in the Bhat Vahi (diary) of the purohit of Talauda in Jind Pargana) and requested Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji’s help. <br />
<br />
Hearing the serious nature of the conversation, Guru Ji’s 9 year old son Gobind Rai Ji told his father what the problem was. The Guru told his son of the Pandits dilemma and said that it would take a holy man literally laying down his life to intercede. Gobind Rai responded “Who would be better than you to defend the poor Brahmins”. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji decided to stand up for the right of freedom of worship and told the delegation to tell Aurangzeb that if he could convert Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji, they would gladly convert.<br />
<br />
==Gobind becomes 10th Sikh Guru==<br />
<br />
He had his son, Gobind Rai consecrated Guru and successor on 8th July 1675. The ceremony that had taken place seven times before was repeated: The Guru place five coins and a coconut before his son as a symbol of the Guru ship passing from him to his son; Gobind Rai was now the Guru of the Sikhs at the age of 9 years. <br />
<br />
Guru tegh Bahadur then left [[Anandpur]] for [[Delhi]] with 3 other Sikhs who knew as well the danger they were to face, [[Bhai Sati Das]], [[Bhai Mati Das]] and [[Bhai Dayal Das]]. <br />
<br />
==Journey to Martyrdom==<br />
<br />
It seems orders for his arrest had been issued by emperor Aurangzeb as soon as he received reports of his declared intention,SHRI GURU TEGH BAHADUR SAHIB JI along with his followers Bhai Mati Das ji, Bhai Sati Das ji Bhai Dyala Ji, Bhai Gurditta Ji, Bhai Udo ji, and Bhai Jaita ji started journey from SHRI ANANDPUR SAHIB. Stopping at Saifabad (Patiala), Cheeka, Jind, Rohtak, Janipur GURU SAHIB reached here at Agra. GURU SAHIB stopped outside Agra city at this place (GURUDWARA SHRI MANJI SAHIB, situated on the left side of GURUDWARA GURU KA TAAL in the same campus). As history reveals there was a grazer by the name of Hasan Ali who used to bring the goats here for grazing. He always used to pray to God that the savior of Hindus will get arrested one day and he should be the one responsible for his (GURU TEGH BAHADUR SAHIB’S) arrest and get paid a bounty of Rs.500 in the process. <br />
Guru Sahib beckoned Hasan Ali to fetch sweets from the market as He was hungry. Guru Sahib gave him His precious ring to sell in market and bring some sweets and food from that money. Guru Sahib also gave him a Shawl to carry the sweets and food. Hasan Ali went to the confectioner and gave the ring to the shopkeeper, in exchange for the sweets. Seeing such expensive things the shopkeeper became suspicious that how can a grazer have such things, maybe he must have stolen it and reported it to the Kotwali (Police Station). The Police arrested Hasan Ali who took them to Guru Sahib. The Police then asked who Guru Sahib was and in turn the reply came “The savior of Hindus Tegh Bahadur is my name”.<br />
On hearing this Police arrested Guru Sahib along with the other Sikhs. Guru Sahib was kept blind-folded for 9 days in Bhora Sahib (below the main Darbar Sahib). Hasan Ali was in turn given the bounty of 500 rupees. From here Guru Sahib and the other Sikhs were taken under high security to Delhi<br />
<br />
Along with him were arrested Diwan Mati Das and Sati Das, sons of Hira Nand Chhibbar, and Dyal Das, son of Mai Das. He was then cast into an iron cage and taken to Delhi, where he arrived on 4th Nov. 1675.<br />
<br />
==Guru's welcome in heaven==<br />
<br />
Guru Ji was beheaded on [[24 November]] [[1675]], [[Bhai Jaita]] consecrated Guru Ji’s severed head to [[Anandpur Sahib]] were it was cremated by Guru Gobind Singh. A severe storm had come up after the execution and [[Bhai Lakhi Shah]] carried Guru Ji’s body to his nearby house, which he then set on fire to conceal the cremation of his Guru's body. It is said that Bhai Jaita's own father volunteered to be beheaded to cover the loss of the Guru's body. Many of the Pandits became Sikhs their leader Kirpa Ram was baptised as a Sikh and died fighting the Moghuls with Guru Gobind Singh's older sons.<br />
<br />
Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji had a versatile personality, a warrior, family man with social commitment and a preacher of great understanding and vision. His martyrdom broke the myth of Aurangzeb’s religiosity.<br />
<br />
The achievements of Guru Tegh Bahadur are remarkable:<br />
* During the last period in Guru Ji’s life, Guru Ji founded a new town called [[Anandpur Sahib]] (City of Bliss) and went on missionary tours to UP and Bengal. Guru Ji also initiated welfare projects all over northern [[Panjab]].<br />
* Guru Ji symbolised the triumph of good over evil, Guru Ji’s martyrdom, unique in the history of mankind, inspired many Sikhs to lay down their lives for noble causes and moral values. <br />
* Guru Ji was also a versatile poet and embodied a message of freedom, courage and compassion; “Fear not and frighten not.”<br />
<br />
== Timeline ==<br />
<br />
{| cellpadding=5 cellspacing=2<br />
|- bgcolor=#cccccc<br />
! # !! YEAR !! EVENT !! AGE <br />
|- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 <br />
|align=center| 1 || 1621 || Born at Amritsar || <br />
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC<br />
|align=center| 2 || 1632 ||Marriage with Mata Gujri ||11<br />
|- bgcolor=#DDEEEE <br />
|align=center| 3 || 1665 ||Appointed as the Ninth Guru ||44<br />
|- bgcolor=#E6E6BB<br />
|align=center| 4 || 1666 ||Birth of Guru Gobind Singh ji ||45<br />
|- bgcolor=#CCFFDD <br />
|align=center| 5 || 1666 ||Founded city of Anandpur ||45<br />
|- bgcolor=#FFFFCC <br />
|align=center| 6 ||1666-70||Visited Bengal and Assam ||45-49<br />
|- bgcolor=#E6E6CC <br />
|align=center| 7 || 1670 ||Return to Punjab ||49<br />
|- bgcolor=#E6E6AA <br />
|align=center| 8 || 1673 ||Second tour of Malwa ||52 <br />
|- bgcolor=#DDEEEE<br />
|align=center| 9 || 1675 ||Petition of Kashmiri Pandits ||54<br />
|- bgcolor=#DDEEFF <br />
|align=center| 10 || 1675 ||Gurgaddi passed on to son ||54<br />
|- bgcolor=#E6E6EE <br />
|align=center| 24 || 1675 ||Martyrdom due to the above Petition ||54<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also==<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| width=33%|<br />
* [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]]<br />
* [[Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadar]]<br />
* [[Salok Mahala 9]]<br />
* [[Salok Mahala 9 bani]]<br />
* [[Learn Salok Mahala 9]]<br />
* [[Kashmiri pandits]]<br />
| width=33%|<br />
* [[Kirpa Singh Dutt]]<br />
* [[Baba Makhan Shah Labana]]<br />
* [[Bhai Kanhaiya]]<br />
* [[Sayth Nanak 9, Guru Tegh Bahadur]]<br />
* [[The Beheading of Guru Tegh Bahadur]]<br />
* [[Guru Arjan]]<br />
| width=33%|<br />
* [[Martyrdom of Guru Arjan]]<br />
* [[Martyrdom of Guru Arjan in the eyes of non-Sikh historians]]<br />
* [[Sikh Martyrs]]<br />
* [[Gurdwara Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib (Dhubri)]]<br />
* [[Shaheedi of Guru Tegh Bahadur]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/guru-teg-bahadur/ Eternal Glory of Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib]<br />
* [http://www.sikhvideos.com/shaheedi-guru-tegh-bahadur-sahib.html Video on the Martyrdom of Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Sahib]<br />
* [http://www.gurmat.info/sms/smssikhism/gurus/guruteghbahadurji/ Sikh Missionary Society]<br />
* [http://www.gurmat.info/sms/smspublications/thesupremesacrificeofguruteghbahadur/chapter4/ Travels to the East] <br />
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/teghbahadur.shtml BBC - Guru Tegh Bahadur]<br />
* [http://www.sikhcomics.com/guru-tegh-bahadur-the-ninth-guru-of-the-sikhs Graphic Novel on Guru Tegh Bahadur]<br />
* [http://www.discoversikhism.com/sikh_gurus/sri_guru_tegh_bahadur_ji.html DiscoverSikhism - Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji]<br />
<br />
== Additional References: ==<br />
* [http://www.gurmat.info/sms/smspublications/thesupremesacrificeofguruteghbahadur/ The Supreme Sacrifice of Guru Tegh Bahadur] - eBook<br />
* [https://www.amazon.com/Guru-Tegh-Bahadur-Comics-ebook/dp/B004Y72JW2 Guru Tegh Bahadur, The Ninth Guru of the Sikhs - Kindle Digital book]<br />
* '''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2017/07/guru-tegh-bahadur-select-bibliography.html Guru Tegh Bahadur A Select Bibliography - Man Singh Deora]'''<br />
<br />
* '''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2012/09/the-book-guru-tegh-bahadur-prophet-he.html Guru Tegh Bahadur - The Prophet He Died For The Oppressed]'''<br />
<br />
* '''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2012/09/guru-teg-bahadur-his-virtues-and-banis.html Guru Teg Bahadur - His Virtues and Banis]'''<br />
* '''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/11/who-killed-guru-tegh-bahadur-sirdar.html Who Killed Guru Tegh Bahadur? - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
* '''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/11/navam-tey-dasam-patshah-dey-malwey-dey.html Navam tey Dasam Patshah dey Malwey dey Safran di Sakhi Pothi utey Ik Panchi Drishti - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
* '''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/11/atam-baldani-guru-tegh-bahadar-tract-no.html Atam Baldani Guru Tegh Bahadar Tract No. 129]'''<br />
<br />
* '''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/11/bemisal-shahidi-tract-no-67.html Bemisal Shahidi Tract No. 67]'''<br />
<br />
* '''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/12/dharam-het-gurdev-pathaye-tract-no-21.html Dharam Het Gurdev Pathaye Tract No. 21]'''<br />
<br />
* '''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/01/dharam-het-gurdev-pathaye-tract-no-39.html Dharam Het Gurdev Pathaye Tract No. 39 (Hindi version)]'''<br />
<br />
* '''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/01/sri-guru-tegh-bahadar-ji-da-jeevan.html Sri Guru Tegh Bahadar ji da Jeevan Darshan Tract No. 118]'''<br />
*'''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/12/guru-tegh-bahadur-unique-martyr-pritam.html Guru Tegh Bahadur - The Unique Martyr - Pritam Singh Gill]'''<br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<gallery><br />
File:GuruTeghBahadurJi.jpg<br />
File:GuruTeghBahadur.jpg<br />
File:Harimandir sahib panel1.jpg<br />
File:TwoMohra.jpg<br />
File:BabaBekale.jpg<br />
File:GuruTeghBahadurJi FreedomOfReligion2.jpg<br />
File:GuruTeghBahadur and GobindRai.jpg<br />
File:BhaiMatiDas.jpg<br />
File:Guruteghbahadurmartyr.jpg<br />
File:RelGTegBSahib2.jpg<br />
File:Gurdwaraseesganjsahibsahib.JPG<br />
File:Rakab.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Footer==<br />
{{Sikh Gurus|Guru Har Krishan|(''"Bal Guru"'' - The Child Guru)|Guru Teg Bahadur|Guru Gobind Singh|(''Final Guru in human form'')}}<br><br />
<br />
{{Template:Sikh History}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sikh Gurus]]<br />
[[Category:Great Sikh Warriors]]<br />
[[Category:Martyr]]</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Dr._Ganda_Singh&diff=118558Dr. Ganda Singh2020-12-03T05:52:27Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* Online Works */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Dr. Ganda Singh''' celebrated [[Punjab]] historian (1900 - 1987), who by his sustained and pioneer work in the field of historical research initiated new trends in [[Sikh]] historiography and who by his critically important work became a vital and pervasive influence in historical learning in northern India, was born on 15 November 1900, the son of Javala Singh of Hariana, an old town close to the city of [[Hoshiarpur]] in the Punjab. He began his education in the village mosque, later translating himself to the primary school. He passed the middle standard examination from D.A.V. (Dayanand AngloVernacular) Middle School, Hoshiarpur, and his matriculation from Government High School in the same town. He joined the Forman Christian College at [[Lahore]], but soon left it to enlist in the army (1919). <br />
<br />
==Mesopotamia (Iraq) an Iran==<br />
He served at the Supply and Transport Corps Base Depot, [[Rawalpindi]], and at the divisional office at Peshawar before he was attached to the Mesopotamia Expeditionary Force, Basra, in 1920 and later to the British Royal Army Pay Corps, also at Basra, in 1921. At Basra he was shot in his thigh, after his recovery he was repatriated to India where his family had mistakenly been informed of his 'death'. This led to a dramatic situation when he suddenly appeared at the door of his home in the village late one evening. Taken to be a spirit, he was refused admittance. The following morning, still at the doorstep of his house, the family's horror turned into jubilation when they realized he wasn't a ghost. <br />
<br />
Ganda Singh did not stay at home for long. He went back to Mesopotamia (now Iraq) and then to Iran, there he joined the AngloPersian Oil Company at Abadan as accounts officer. At Abadan, he came under the influence of the British scholar, Sir Arnold Wilson, who besides his official duties as general manager of the company was working on his Bibliography of Persia. Young Ganda Singh now aspired to prepare a bibliography of his native Punjab. On his return to Punjab towards the end of 1930, he first worked on the editorial board of the Phuluari, a Punjabi monthly published from Lahore. One longlasting friendship he picked up there was with Bhagat Lakshman Singh, a Sikh reformer and educationist. He however missed meeting with Karam Singh, the historian, then very enthusiastic in promoting the cause of Sikh history. Karam Singh died before Ganda Singh could meet him.<br />
<br />
==Researcher and historian==<br />
In October 1931 began Dr Ganda Singh's long and fruitful career as a researcher and historian. The Khalsa College at Amritsar placed him in charge of its newly created Sikh History Research Department, which position he kept till 1949. During this period he travelled extensively, rummaging various public libraries, archives and private collections throughout India in quest of materials on Sikh history, enriching the library of his department. He also brought out several books and tracts based on these.<br />
<br />
In 1949 he was appointed Director of Archives and Curator of Museum under the Government of PEPSU (Patiala and East Punjab States Union). In 1950 he received the additional charge of Director of the Punjabi Department. His thesis on [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] earned him the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the Punjab University, Chandigarh, in 1954, as well as much applause from scholars and historians. Among them he counted Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, a leading Indian savant of the day.<br />
<br />
Dr Ganda Singh was principal of the Khalsa College, Patiala, when he was invited by the Punjabi University, Patiala, to organize its Department of Punjab Historical Studies. He set up Punjab History Conference in 1965 which became a very active forum for the discussion of matters relating to Punjab history. In 1967, he launched the University's journal, the biannual The Panjab Past and Present, of which he himself was the editor and which gathered high repute and much prestige over the years.<br />
<br />
In 1938, he had been appointed a corresponding member of Indian Historical Records Commission of Government of India, and was a full member of the Commission from 1950 to 1956. He was nominated member of Punjab Regional Committee for the Survey of Historical Records, Government of Punjab, Lahore, and of Indian Historical Records Commission, Government of India. He was secretary of the Committee for the History of Freedom Movement in PEPSU, Patiala, and chairman of the Regional Records Survey Committee for History of Freedom Movement, Shimla/Patiala, from November 1957 to December 1962. He held membership of Asiatic Society, Calcutta, Indian Institute of Historical Studies, Calcutta, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, London, and Bharat Itihas Sanshodhak Mandal, Poona. He presided over the medieval section of Punjab History Conference session of the Institute of Historical Studies, Calcutta, held at Shillong in 1974 as well as over its 13th session held at Panaji (Goa) in 1975. In 1974, he presided the 35th session of Indian History Congress at Jadavpur.<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Dr Ganda Singh was a prolific writer. In addition to scores of research papers, booklets and pamphlets, he published over two dozen fulllength volumes of high historical value. Chronologically they are: InkishafiHaqiqat (Urdu/Persian), 1926; Baisakhi Ka Khalsa Sandesh (Hindi), 1930; Life of Banda Singh Bahadur (English), 1935; History of Gurdwara Shahidganj Lahore (English), 1935; Maharaja Ranjit Singh (English), 1939; Maharaja Ranjit Singh: First Death Centenary Memorial Volume (English), 1939; Qazi Nur Muhammad Jangnama (English), 1939; Maharaja Kaura Mall Bahadur (Punjabi), 1942; Sardar Sham Singh Atrivala (Punjabi), 1942; Kukian di Vithia (Punjabi), 1944; M'akhaziTwdrikhiSikhan (ed. Persian), 1949; Mukhtsar Nanak Shahi Jantari (Urdu), 1949; A Short History of the Sikhs (English in collaboration with Teja Singh), 1950; Shahnama Ranjit Singh by Maulawi Ahmad Yar (ed. Persian/Urdu), 1951; The Panjab in 183940 (English), 1952; The First AngloSikh War (MS., English), 1955; Private Correspondence Relating to AngloSikh Wars (ed. English), 1955; Punjab Utte Angrezan da Qabza (Punjabi), 1957; Ahmad Shah Durrani (English), 1959; Sikhon Ka Sankshipt Itihas (Hindi), 1963; Banda Singh Bahadur (Punjabi), 1965; Some Confidential Papers of the Akali Movement (English), 1965; Bibliography of the Panjab (English), 1966; Sri Gur Sobha (ed. Punjabi), 1967; Hukamname (Punjabi), 1967; Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluvalia (Punjabi), 1969; Maharaja Duleep Singh Correspondence (English), 1977; Deportation of [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] and Sardar [[Ajit Singh]] (English), 1978; and Seditious Literature of the Panjab (English), 1987.<br />
<br />
==Online Works==<br />
* [http://www.scribd.com/doc/70213584/Life-of-Banda-Singh-Bahadar Life of Banda Singh Bahadar by Dr. Ganda Singh]<br />
* [http://www.gurmatveechar.com/books/English_Books/A.Short.History.of.The.Sikhs.by.Teja.Singh.Ganda.Singh.%28GurmatVeechar.com%29.pdf A Short History of the Sikhs by Ganda Singh and Teja Singh]<br />
* [http://www.scribd.com/doc/68910100/Sardar-Jassa-Singh-Ahluwalia Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia by Dr. Ganda Singh]<br />
<br />
'''Punjabi Books/ Tracts'''<br />
<br />
''1'' Title: [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/05/kukian-di-vithya-vol1-drganda-singh.html Kukian di Vithya Vol.1]<br />
Publisher: Author<br />
Pages: 363<br />
<br />
''2'' Title: [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/04/afghanistan-da-safar-dr-ganda-singh.html Afghanistan da Safar]<br />
Publisher: Parkash and Co, New Delhi.<br />
Pages: 152<br />
<br />
''3'' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/11/amarnama-pharsi-mool-panjabi-utara-tey.html Amarnama (Pharsi Mool, Panjabi Utara tey Arth)]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''English Books/ Tracts'''<br />
<br />
'''1''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/06/a-brief-account-of-sikhs-dr-ganda-singh.html A Brief Account Of The Sikhs]<br />
<br />
'''2''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/07/guru-gobind-singhs-death-at-nanded.html Guru Gobind Singh's death at Nanded - An Examination Of Succession Theories]<br />
<br />
'''3''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/09/the-indian-mutiny-of-1857-and-sikhs-dr.html The indian mutiny of 1857 and the Sikhs - Dr. Ganda Singh]<br />
<br />
'''4)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/05/history-of-gurdwara-shahidganj-lahore.html History of The Gurdwara Shahidganj, Lahore, From its Origin To November 1935 Compiled From Original Sources, Judicial Records and Contemporary Materials]<br />
<br />
'''5)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/10/life-of-banda-singh-bahadur-based-on.html Life of Banda Singh Bahadur Based on Contemporary and Original Records]<br />
<br />
'''6)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/08/a-diary-of-partition-days-1947-dr-ganda.html A Diary Of The Partition Days 1947] <br />
<br />
'''7)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/04/importance-of-hair-and-turban-to-sikhs.html Importance Of Hair And Turban To The Sikhs - Dr. Ganda Singh Tract No. 396]<br />
<br />
8) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/05/the-panjab-in-1839-40-selections-from.html The Panjab in 1839-40: Selections from the Punjab Akhbars, Punjab Intelligence, etc. preserved in the National Archives of India, New Delhi - Dr. Ganda Singh (Ed.)]<br />
<br />
'''9)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/some-confidential-papers-of-akali.html Some Confidential Papers of The Akali Movement]<br />
<br />
'''10)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/guru-nanaks-impact-on-history-dr-ganda.html Guru Nanak's Impact On History - Guru Nanak Dev Mission Patiala Tract No. 332]<br />
<br />
'''11)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/03/the-sikhs-and-their-religion-dr-ganda.html The Sikhs and Their Religion] <br />
<br />
'''12)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/03/bhagat-lakshman-singh-autobiography-dr.html Bhagat Lakshman Singh Autobiography - Dr. Ganda Singh (Edited and Annotated)]<br />
<br />
'''13)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/08/the-british-occupation-of-panjab-dr.html The British occupation of the Panjab]<br />
<br />
'''14)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/11/guru-nanak-his-life-and-teachings-3rd.html Guru Nanak - His Life and Teachings (3rd edition)] <br />
<br />
'''15)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/03/dr-ganda-singh-memorial-trust.html Dr. Ganda Singh Memorial Trust]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''RESEARCH PAPERS/ ARTICLES<br />
<br />
'''1) Proceedings of The Indian Historical Records Commission'''<br />
<br />
'''A)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-persian-akhbars-in-alienation.html The Persian Akhbars in The Alienation Office, Poona (Vol. 16 1939)]<br />
<br />
'''B)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/some-new-light-on-treaty-of-bhyrowal.html Some New Light on the Treaty of Bhyrowal (December 16, 1846) thrown by the private letters of Sir Henry Hardinge (Vol. 17 1940)]<br />
<br />
'''C)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/akhbarat-i-lahaur-o-multan-dr-ganda.html Akhbarat-I-Lahaur-o-Multan (Vol. 21 December 1944)]<br />
<br />
'''D)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-punjab-news-in-akhbar-i-darbar-i.html The Punjab News in the Akhbar-I-Darbar-I-Mualla (Vol. 24, February 1948)] <br />
<br />
<br />
'''2) The Journal of Indian History'''<br />
<br />
'''A)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/nanak-panthis-or-sikhs-and-sikhism-of.html Nanak Panthis or The Sikhs and Sikhism of the 17th Century (Vol. 19(2); Aug 1940; pp 195-219)]<br />
<br />
'''B)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2016/09/last-days-of-guru-gobind-singh-dr-ganda.html Last Days of Guru Gobind Singh (Vol. 20(1); April 1941; pp 120-32)]<br />
<br />
'''C)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/some-correspondence-of-maharaja-duleep.html Some Correspondence of Maharaja Duleep Singh (Vol. 27(1); April 1949; pp 1-23)]<br />
<br />
'''D)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/08/a-diary-of-partition-days-1947-dr-ganda.html A Diary Of The Partition Days 1947 (Vol. 38(1); April 1960; pp 205-32 and Vol. 38(2); August 1960; pp 241-84)]<br />
<br />
'''E)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-origin-of-hindu-sikh-tension-in.html The Origin of the hindu-Sikh Tension in The Punjab (Vol. 39(1); April 1961; pp 119-23)]<br />
<br />
'''F)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/three-letters-of-maharani-jind-kaur-dr.html Three Letters of Maharani Jind Kaur (Vol. 42(1); April 1964; pp 265-80)]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''3) Proceedings of Indian History Congress'''<br />
<br />
'''A)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/contemporary-sources-of-sikh-history.html Contemporary Sources of Sikh History (1469-1708) (1938)]<br />
<br />
'''B)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-maratha-sikh-treaty-of-1785-dr.html The Maratha-Sikh Treaty of 1785 (1939)]<br />
<br />
'''C)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-arrest-and-release-of-sardar-lahna.html The arrest and release of Sardar Lahna Singh Majithia (1940)]<br />
<br />
'''D)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/muslim-relics-with-sikh-rulers-of.html Muslims Relics with the Sikh Rulers of Lahore (1943)]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''4) The Sikh Review, Calcutta.'''<br />
<br />
'''A)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-indian-society-as-guru-nanak-found.html The Indian Society as Guru Nanak Found it]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''5) The Panjab Past and Present'''<br />
<br />
'''1)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/03/secret-cid-memorandum-on-recent.html Secret C.I.D. Memorandum on Recent Developments in Sikh Politics 1911 - Mr. D. Petrie; Vol. 4 Part 2 Serial No. 8 October 1970, pp 300-379.]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Commemoration Volume/ Abhinandan Granth <br />
<br />
1)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/early-maratha-sikh-relations-dr-ganda.html Early Maratha-Sikh Relations (Mahamahopadhyaya Prof. D.V.Potdar Commemoration Volume)]<br />
<br />
'''2)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/08/panjab-1849-1960-bhai-jodh-singh.html Panjab (1849-1960) – Bhai Jodh Singh Abhinandan Granth - Dr. Ganda Singh ਪੰਜਾਬ (ਸਨ ੧੮੪੯ - ੧੯੬੦ ਈ.) - ਭਾਈ ਜੋਧ ਸਿੰਘ ਅਭਿਨੰਦਨ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ - ਡਾ. ਗੰਡਾ ਸਿੰਘ]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''BOOKS<br />
<br />
1)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/socio-religious-movements-in-punjab-in.html Social and Religious Movements in the Punjab in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries - Dr. S.P. Sen (Ed.) — Socio-Religious Movements in the Punjab in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries - Dr. Ganda Singh]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''BIBLIOGRAPHIES<br />
<br />
1)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/guru-nanaks-works-bibliography-compiled.html Guru Nanak's Works: A Bibliography]<br />
<br />
'''2)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-national-bibliography-of-indian.html The National Bibliography of Indian Literature (1901-1953) Vol. 3 (Panjabi)]<br />
<br />
'''3)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2016/11/bibliography-of-sikh-religious-and.html Bibliography Of Sikh Religious And Historical Literature]<br />
<br />
'''4)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/12/a-select-bibliography-of-sikhs-and.html A Select Bibliography of the Sikhs and Sikhism - Dr. Ganda Singh]<br />
<br />
==Honors==<br />
Dr Ganda Singh's magnificent work was widely acknowledged and lauded in his lifetime, and he received honours from a number of professional institutions and associations. The Punjab Government invested him with the Award for Literature on 31 March 1963 and the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Amritsar, paid its tribute on 28 March 1964. On 19 December 1964, Muslim University, 'Aligarh, conferred on him the degree of D. Litt. honoris causa. Sikh Educational Conference honoured him during its 52nd annual session held at Kanpur on 2527 October 1974, and Punjabi University, Patiala, at the annual session of the Punjab History Conference held during November 1976. The University also brought out during the same year an anthology, Essays in Honour of Dr Ganda Singh, lovingly edited by his old pupil Professor Harbans Singh. The University also awarded him the degree of Doctor of Literature at its 15th convocation held on 25 February 1978. The Indian History Congress during its Silver Jubilee session held at Panaji (Goa) on 57 November 1987 honoured him as one of the five distinguished historians of India. The Government of India honoured him with the award of Padma Bhushan in 1983.<br />
<br />
In the course of his long career as a researcher and scholar, Dr Ganda Singh had acquired a vast personal collection of rare books, maps, documents and manuscripts which occupied several rooms of his modest residence on the Lower Mall at Patiala. This precious treasure is now the property of Punjabi University, Patiala, to which institution he donated the entire collection. Dr Ganda Singh died at Patiala on 27 December 1987.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
1. Griffin, Lepel, and C.F. Massy, Chiefs and Families of Note in the Punjab. Lahore, 1909<br />
<br />
2. Harbans Singh and N. G. Barrier, ed., Punjab Past and Present: Essays in Honour of Dr Ganda Singh. Patiala, 1976<br />
<br />
3. Verma, Devinder Kumar, and Jasmer Singh, A Bibliography of Dr Ganda Singh. Rajpura, 1989<br />
[[Category:Sikh Scholars]]</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Guru_Nanak&diff=118533Guru Nanak2020-11-14T19:05:43Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>:''"The Bounteous Lord heard the anguished cries (of humanity), ''<br />
:''and so, Guru Nanak, He sent to this world of woe."'' - Bhai Gurdas Ji<br />
<br />
{{fa|9}}<br />
{{fa1|216}}<br />
{{infobox Guru<br />
|Image name = Nanakpicnanaksar.jpg<br />
|Subject Name = Guru Nanak Dev ji<br>(1469 to 1539)<br />
|Name = Nanak Dev<br />
|Birth = On [[Saturday]] [[15 April]], [[1469]] at Rai Bhoeki Talwandi, Pakistan ([[Nankana Sahib]])<br />
|Parents = [[Kalyan Dass|Mehta Kalu]] and [[Mata Tripta|Mata Tripta Devi]]<br />
|brosis = [[Bibi Nanaki|Sister Bebe Nanki]]<br />
|Spouse = [[Mata Sulakhni|Mata Sulakhani]]<br />
|Children = [[Sri Chand|Sri chand]] and [[Lakhmi Das|Lakhmi Das]]<br />
|Guruship = 1469 to 1539<br />
|Died = On [[Monday]] [[22 September]], [[1539]] at Kartarpur<br />
|Bani in GGS = 974 Shabads in 19 Ragas, [[Gurbani]] Includes [[Japji]], [[Sidh Gohst]], Sohilaa, [[Dakhni Onkar]], [[Asa di Var]], Patti, [[Bara Maha Tukhri|Bara Mah]]<br />
|Other Info = [[Guru Nanak Udasis|Four Udasis]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Guru Nanak Dev Ji''' ([[Gurmukhi]]: ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ), the founder and first Guru of [[Sikhism]], was [[The Birth of the Guru|born]] in the year 1469, in the village [[Nankana Sahib| Talwandi]] which is located in the [[Punjab]] region of the Indian subcontinent. The village, now known as [[Nankana Sahib]], is situated near the city of [[Lahore]] in present day [[Pakistan]]. [[Sikhs]] around the world celebrate the auspicious occasion of Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s birth on the Pooranmashi (full moon) day in the Lunar month of Katak (October-November), which falls on a different date every year. <br />
<br />
Guru Nanak Dev ji's father, [[Mehta Kalu]] ji, was a village accountant. His mother, [[Mata Tripta]] ji, was described as a simple and very religious woman. He also had an elder sister named [[Nanaki|Bebe Nanki]] ji, who cherished her younger brother. From an early age, it was evident that Guru Nanak ji was an extraordinary child, distinguished by his divine grace. Blessed with a deeply contemplative mind and rational thinking, young Nanak ji would often astound his elders and teachers with the sublimity of his knowledge, particularly on divine matters. Growing up, he [[Guru Nanak and the Sacred Thread|refused to partake]] in traditional religious rituals, and often spoke out against several prevalent societal practices such as the [[Caste System]], [[idolatry]], and the worship of demi-Gods. By the age of 16, Guru Nanak Dev ji had mastered multiple religious texts and languages including Sanskrit, Persian, and Hindi, and was writing what many believed were divinely inspired compositions. <br />
<br />
In the year 1487, Guru Nanak Dev ji was married to [[Mata Sulakhni]] ji, and they had two sons, [[Sri Chand]] and [[Lakhmi Das]]. The family, accompanied by [[Bhai Mardana]], a Muslim childhood friend of Guru Nanak Dev ji, then moved to the town of [[Sultanpur Lodhi]], where Guru ji took the job of an accountant in charge of the stores of the local Governor. Here, Guru Nanak ji worked during the days, but during the early mornings and late nights, he meditated and sang hymns accompanied by Bhai Mardana on the [[rabab]] (a stringed instrument). During one of those early mornings while bathing in “Vain Nadi” (a small river), Guru Nanak ji heard [[Three Days in the River|God‘s call]] to dedicate himself completely to the service of humanity. The very first sentence which he uttered then was, "There is no [[Hindu]], no Musalman ([[Muslim]])". Stating that he had been taken to the God's court and given a divine mission, Guru Nanak ji then began the next stage of his life, to preach his unique doctrine (Sikhi) to the entire world. <br />
<br />
For the next 30 years, accompanied by Bhai Mardana, Guru Nanak Dev ji undertook [[The Udasis of Guru Nanak|four major spiritual journeys]], running across [[India]], [[South Asia]], [[Tibet]] and [[Arabia]], covering about 30,000 kilometers. In these journeys, he preached the new concept of God as "Supreme, All powerful and Truthful, Formless ([[Nirankar]]), Fearless ([[Nirbhau]]), Without hate ([[Nirvair]]), the Sole (Ik), the Self-Existent ([[Saibhang]]), the Incomprehensible and Everlasting creator of all things ([[Karta Purakh]]), and the Eternal and Absolute Truth ([[Satnam]])". Guru ji taught people that the 'One' God dwells in every one of his creations, and that all human beings can have direct access to God without the need of any rituals or priests. Setting up a unique spiritual, social and political platform based on equality and fraternal love, Guru Nanak Dev ji attacked the citadel of the Hindu [[Caste System]], and condemned the theocracy of [[Mughal]] rulers. He described the dangers of egotism, falsehood, and hypocrisy, and called upon the people to engage in worship through the "Naam" (the name of God). He rejected the path of renunciation (Tyaga), emphasizing a householder's (family) life based on honest conduct, selfless service ([[Sewa]]), and constant devotion and remembrance of God's name. Guru Nanak Dev ji promoted the equality of all mankind and upheld the causes of the downtrodden and the poor, laying special emphasis to assert the equality of women. <br />
<br />
In the later years of his life, Guru ji founded and settled down at the township of [[Kartarpur]] ("creator's town"), on the banks of river Ravi in [[Punjab]]. Here, he donned the robes of a peasant, earning his own honest living by cultivating the lands. Followers came from near and far to listen to the Master. He introduced the institution of [[Langar]] (free communal kitchen) at Kartarpur, establishing the basic equality of all people regardless of their social and economic status. In the year 1539, knowing that the end was drawing near, Guru Ji, after having tested his own two sons and some followers over the years, installed Bhai Lehna ji ([[Guru Angad Dev]] Ji) as the Second Nanak, and after a few days passed into [[Sachkhand]].<br />
<br />
Guru Nanak Dev ji's writings, in the form of 974 spiritual hymns comprising the [[Japji Sahib]], [[Asa di Var]], [[Bara Maha Tukhri|Bara Mah]], [[Sidh Gosht]] and [[Dakhni Onkar]] were incorporated in the scripture [[Guru Granth Sahib]] by the fifth [[Guru Arjan Dev ji]]. All the [[Sikh Gurus]] after Guru Nanak Dev ji continued to identify themselves as ''Nanak'' while penning down their sacred writings. Thus, [[Sikhs]] believe that all the Gurus possessed the same divine light and further strengthened the same doctrine as was propagated by Guru Nanak Dev Ji. <br />
<br />
Among people of various faiths and traditions, Guru Nanak Dev Ji is variously revered as Satguru Nanak, Jagat Guru Nanak, Baba Nanak, Nanak Shah Faqir, Bhagat Nanak, Nanak Kalandar.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Bhai Gurdas ji's summary==<br />
<br />
<center><br />
<br />
ਸੁਣੀ ਪੁਕਾਰਿ ਦਾਤਾਰ ਪ੍ਰਭੁ ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਜਗ ਮਾਹਿ ਪਠਾਇਆ || ਚਰਨ ਧੋਇ ਰਹਰਾਸਿ ਕਰਿ ਚਰਣਾਮ੍ਰਿਤੁ ਸਿੱਖਾਂ ਪੀਲਾਇਆ || <br><br />
ਪਾਰਬ੍ਰਹਮ ਪੂਰਨ ਬ੍ਰਹਮ ਕਲਿਜੁਗ ਅੰਦਰ ਇਕ ਦਿਖਾਇਆ || ਚਾਰੇ ਪੈਰ ਧਰਮ ਦੇ ਚਾਰਿ ਵਰਨ ਇਕ ਵਰਨੁ ਕਰਾਇਆ || <br><br />
ਰਾਣਾ ਰੰਕ ਬਰਾਬਰੀ ਪੈਰੀ ਪਵਣਾ ਜਗਿ ਵਰਤਾਇਆ | ਉਲਟਾ ਖੇਲੁ ਪਿਰੰਮ ਦਾ ਪੈਰਾਂ ਉਪਰਿ ਸੀਸ ਨਿਵਾਇਆ || <br><br />
ਕਲਿਜੁਗ ਬਾਬੇ ਤਾਰਿਆ ਸਤਿਨਾਮੁ ਪੜ੍ਹਿ ਮੰਤ੍ਰ ਸੁਣਾਇਆ || ਕਲਿ ਤਾਰਣਿ ਗੁਰੁ ਨਾਨਕ ਆਇਆ ||੨੩|| ਵਾਰ ੧ || <br><br><br />
<br />
The Provider Lord listened to the cries (of humanity), Guru Nanak ji descended into this world. <br><br />
Washing His feet and praising God, he got his Sikhs to drink the ambrosial nectar (of humility). <br><br />
In this Dark Age, he showed all gods to be just one. <br><br />
The four feet of Dharma, the four castes were converted into one. <br><br />
Equality of the King and beggar, he spread the custom of being humble. <br><br />
Reversed is the game of the beloved; the egotist high heads bowed to the feet. <br><br />
Baba Nanak rescued this Dark Age; read ‘[[satnam]]’ and recited the mantra. <br><br />
Guru Nanak ji came to redeem this Dark Age of Kaljug. [http://www.searchgurbani.com/bhai_gurdas_vaaran/vaar/1/pauri/23/line/1 Bhai Gurdas - Vaar 1 pauri 23]<br />
</center><br />
<br />
==His path==<br />
It was a dark and moonless night; the clouds were heavy with rain as it was the monsoon season. Suddenly lightning flashed and thunder sounded as a few raindrops started to fall. The village was asleep. Only Nanak ji was awake and the echo of his song filled the air.<br />
<br />
Guru Nanak ji’s mother was worried because it was pitch dark and day break was far away. The lamp in his room was burning. She could hear his melodious voice as he sang, restraining herself no longer she knocked at his door. “Go to sleep, my son, the sun is a long way ahead.” Nanak became silent. From the darkness sounded the call of the sparrow-hawk. “Piyu, piyu, piyu!” it called.<br />
<br />
:“Listen, mother!” Nanak ji called out. “The sparrow-hawk is calling to his beloved; how can I be silent, because I am competing with it? I will call my [[1|beloved]] before he calls his – even for longer because his beloved is nearby, perhaps in the next tree! My beloved is so far away. I will have to sing for lives upon lives before my voice reaches Him.” Nanak ji resumed his song.<br />
<br />
<br />
Guru Nanak ji’s path was, is and will ever remain decorated with endless rows of true flowers; he realised God by singing virtues of God and following a life of true deeds. Guru Nanak Dev ji did not practise normal Hindu austerities, meditation or yoga; he only sang in the beautiful poetic forms of the time. Singing, often extemporaneously, with all his heart and soul, so much so that his singing became his meditation, his purification and his yugam (yoking ones self to the almighty, to [[Satguru]]. This was Guru Nanak ji’s path; decorated with true flowers of song, songs of glory and praise of the Almighty Lord. <br />
<br />
Whatever he has said was said in [[Gurbani|verse straight from GOD]]. His blissful and mesmerizing songs are not those of an ordinary singer; they have sprung from within one who has known. There is the ring of truth, the reflection of God within them. It is these songs, songs of love and expressions of truthfulness and worship, along with the songs of Guru Nanak Dev ji's nine successors, that form the eternal Guru of the [[Sikh.|Sikhs]], the [[Bani|Guru Granth Sahib]].<br />
-------------------<br />
<br />
===Background===<br />
<br />
According to some ancient Sikh records, Guru Sahib was born in the early morning of the third day of the light half of the month of [[Baisakh]] (April - May), which is believed to be [[Saturday]] [[15 April]] [[1469]] ; while some other chronicles state the date of birth as October 20, 1469. The [[Sikh]]s now celebrate this auspicious event each year on the Pooranmashi (full moon day) in the lunar month of Katak (October-November), which falls on different dates every year.<br />
<br />
His father was Kalayan Das Mehta, also known as [[Mehta Kalu]], and his mother was [[Mata Tripta]]. They belonged to the Vedic Kshatriya caste. His father was the local [[Village accountant|patwari]] (accountant) for crop revenue in the village of Talwandi. Guru ji had an elder sister named [[Nanaki|Bebey Nanki]], who was the first to recognize Guru Nanak ji as an enlightened Soul. <br />
{{Guru Nanak Dev Relatives}}<br />
Guru Nanak Dev ji from an early age evidenced a questioning and inquiring mind. He soon mastered the Vedas and Sanskrit and was enrolled into a Madrassa to study Persian and Arabic languages. Picking up both languages quickly, he surprised his teacher by composing an acrostic on the Persian language. <br />
<br />
When it was time for Guru Nanak Dev ji to be invested with the twice born thread the [[Guru Nanak and the Sacred Thread|“sacred” thread]], called the Janeu, he refused to take part in the ritual. When the priest continued to insist that the young Nanak ji done the string he went into a trance and sang: <br />
[[Image:GuruNanakDevJi.jpg||left|200px]]<br />
::Let mercy be the cotton, contentment the thread,<br />
::Continence the knot and truth the twist.<br />
::Oh priest! if you have such a thread,<br />
::Do give it to me.<br />
::It will not wear out, nor get soiled, nor be burnt, nor lost.<br />
::Says Nanak, blessed are those who go about wearing such a thread.<br />
::::::::::::::''(Rag Asa)''<br />
<br />
'''Guru Nanak Dev ji's Life at Sultanpur'''<br />
<br />
Guru Nanak ji married [[Mata Sulakhni|Sulkhni]] of Batala, and they had two sons, [[Sri Chand]] and [[Lakhmi Das]]. Guru ji's brother-in-law, the husband of his sister Nanki, obtained a job for him in Sultanpur as the manager of the government's grainary. One morning, when he was twenty-eight, he went as usual down to the river to bathe and meditate. It was said that he was [[3 Days in the River|gone for three days]]. When he reappeared, filled with the spirit of God, it was apparent to all that he was a changed man. He would say nothing, he quit his job and distributed all that he had to the poor. Accompanied by his childhood friend, a Muslim named Mardana who had always played the [[Rebab]] while Nanak ji sang, they left town. When, after a few days, he spoke saying "There is no Hindu, no Musalman."[1] It was then that Guru Nanak Dev ji began his missionary work and travels. <br />
<br />
As a householder, Guru ji continued to carry out the [[Khalsa|mission]] of his life – to lead people on the [[Compendium of TRUE IDEAs|true path to God]], to dispel [[FALSEHOOD|superstition]], to bring people out of ritualistic practises, to lead them directly to follow [[Gurbani]] without the need for [[FALSEHOOD|priests and clergy]], and to restrain and guard against the five thieves within – Pride, Anger, Greed, Attachment and Lust.<br />
<br />
==Teachings==<br />
Guru Nanak Dev ji founded and formalised the [[three pillars of Sikhism]]: <br />
<br />
#''' <u>[[Naam Japna]]</u>''' Guru Ji led the Sikhs directly to practise [[Simran]] and [[Naam Japna]] – meditation on [[God]] through reciting, chanting, singing, and constant remembrance followed by deep study & comprehension of God’s Name and virtues. In real life to practice and tread on the path of [[Dharam]] (righteousness) - The inner thought of the Sikh, thus stays constantly immersed in the praises and appreciation of the Creator and the ONE ETERNAL GOD [[Waheguru]].<br />
#''' <u>[[Kirat Karni]]</u>''' He expected the Sikhs to live as honourable householders and practise [[Kirat Karni]] – To honestly earn by ones physical and mental effort while accepting both pains and pleasures as GOD's gifts and blessings. One is to stay truthful at all times and fear none but the Eternal Super Soul. Live a life founded on decency immersed in [[Dharam]] - life controlled by high spiritual, moral, and social values. <br />
#''' <u>[[Vand Chakna]]</u>'''. The Sikhs were asked to share their wealth within the community by practising [[Vand Chakna]] – “Share and Consume together”. The community or [[Sadh Sangat]] is an important part of [[Sikhism]]. One must be part of a community that is living by the flawless objective values set out by the [[Sikh Gurus]] and every Sikh has to contribute in whatever way possible to the common community pool. This spirit of '''Sharing''' and '''Giving''' is an important message from [[Guru Nanak]] Dev Ji.<br />
<br />
=== Contributions to humanity ===<br />
<br />
During his his time on Earth Guru Nanak Dev ji was revered by both [[Hindus]] and [[Muslims]] and even today many, outside of the Sikh faith, revere him. It is related that as he lay dying, his followers some formerly Hindu and others formerly Muslims argued whether his body should be cremated as Hindu tradition dictated or buried as in Islamic tradition.<br />
It is said that when they removed the sheet which had covered the Guru they found only beautiful flowers. The Hindus burned theirs, the Muslims buried theirs.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Guru Nanak Mardana Bala Woodcut1.jpg|thumb|250px|'''Guru Nanak Dev ji with Mardana (left) and Bala''' Coloured woodcut, Amritsar or Lahore, about 1875|right]]<br />
<br />
Following are highlighted contribution of Guru Nanak Dev ji:<br />
===== '''Equality of humans''' =====<br />
<br />
When in the middle east, the west and the rest of asia slavery, varna/class and race discrimination was rife and respect between the different classes and caste was at a peak, Guru Nanak Dev ji preached against discrimination and prejudices due to race, caste, status, etc. He said: "See the brotherhood of all mankind as the highest order of Yogis; conquer your own mind, and conquer the world." (SGGS page 6); also "There is one awareness among all created beings." (page 24) and finally "One who recognizes the One Lord among all beings does not talk of ego. ||4||" (page 432). He urges all the peoples of the world to "conquer" their minds to these evil practises. All human beings had the light of the Lord and were the same -- only by subduing one's pride and ego could one see this light in all. <br />
<br />
===== '''Equality of women''' =====<br />
In about 1499 when the world offered low to no status or respect to women, Guru Nanak Dev ji sought to improve the respect of women by spreading this message: "From woman, man is born; within woman, man is conceived; to woman he is engaged and married. Woman becomes his friend; through woman, the future generations come. When his woman dies, he seeks another woman; to woman he is bound. So why call her bad? From her, kings are born. From woman, woman is born; without woman, there would be no one at all. O Nanak, only the True Lord is without a woman." (page 473). In so doing, he promoted women's rights and equality — a first for the 15th century!<br />
<br />
===== '''Universal message for all people''' =====<br />
<br />
It had been a custom at the time for religious leaders to address only their own congregation and for segregation of the different religions -- but Guru Nanak Dev ji broke with tradition and spoke to all of humanity. To the Muslim he said: "And when, O Nanak, he is merciful to all beings, only then shall he be called a Muslim. ||1||" (page 141); to the Hindu, he said "O Nanak, without the True Name, of what use is the frontal mark of the Hindus, or their sacred thread? ||1||" (page 467); and to all he preached: "To take what rightfully belongs to another is like a Muslim eating pork, or a Hindu eating beef." (page 141).<br />
{{Guru Nank Dev Banis}}<br />
<br />
==Spiritual journeys==<br />
[[Image:Guru Nanak Udasis.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Map of Guru Nanak Dev Ji Journeys|left]]<br />
{{main|The Udasis of Guru Nanak}}<br />
Guru Nanak Dev ji made four great Spiritual journeys, traveling to all parts of [[India]], Sri Lanka, [[wikipedia:Arabia|Arabia]] and [[wikipedia:Persia|Persia]]. He visited head centers of all religions and had discourses with head priests of various sects of [[Hinduism|Hindus]], [[wikipedia:Jainism|Jains]], [[wikipedia:Buddhism|Buddhists]], [[wikipedia:Parsee|Parsee]]s, and [[Muslim]]s. Everywhere he outcome in Spiritual discussions; therefore having followers from all religious backgrounds.<br />
<br />
He spoke in the temples and mosques, and at various pilgrimage sites. Wherever he went, Guru Nanak Dev ji spoke out against empty [[wikipedia:Ritual|religious rituals]], [[wikipedia:pilgrimage|pilgrimage]]s, the [[wikipedia:caste system|caste system]], the [[Sati|sacrifice of widows]], of depending on [[wikipedia:Sacred text|books]] to learn the true religion, and of all the other tenets that were to define his teachings. Never did he ask his listeners to follow him. He asked the Muslims to be true Muslims and the Hindus to be true Hindus.<br />
<br />
After the last of his great journeys, Guru Nanak Dev ji tried a new experiment - he asked a wealthy follower to donate a large tract of land . Here he built a town calling it Kartapur (in [[Punjab]]) on the banks of the [[wikipedia:Ravi_River|Ravi]] where he taught for another fifteen years. Followers from all over came to settle in Kartapur to listen, and sing, and be with him. During this time, although his followers still remained Hindu, Muslim, or of the religion to which they were born, they became known as the Guru ji's disciples, or [[Sikh|sikhs]]. It was here his followers began to refer to him as teacher, or [[Guru|guru]]. The Guru ji told his followers that they were to be [[wikipedia:Household|householders]] and could not live apart from the world -- there were to be no [[wikipedia:Priest|priests]] or [[wikipedia:Hermit|hermits]]. Here is where the Guru ji instituted the [[Langar|common meal]], requiring the rich and poor, Hindu and Muslim, high caste and low caste, to sit together while eating. All worked together, all owned the town. Here is where Lehna, later to be [[Guru_Angad_Dev|Guru Angad]], came to be with Guru Nanak Dev ji. <br />
<br />
A well known legend, when Guru Nanak Dev ji met Babur (1483-1530) the Emperor of India offered him a shared pipe of [Bhang], Guru Nanak ji replied that he had a bhang whose wonderful effects never wore off.<br />
Inquiring of Guru Nanak ji where he could find such wonderful bhang - Guru Nanak ji declined the emperor's offer, saying GOD the [SAT GURU] was his bhang.<br />
<br />
{{Guru Nanak Udasia}}<br />
<br />
==The Guru leaves for his heavenly abode==<br />
<br />
After completing his odysseys, Guru Nanak Dev ji settled in '''Kartarpur''' ''(meaning: The City of the Creator)''. This city was established by [[Guru Nanak Dev ji]] himself in 1522.<br />
The guru ji by then had become widely renowned and respected by everyone for the love and guidance he'd bestowed on humanity. The Sikh, Hindu and Muslim devotees all claimed the guru as one of their own prophets. <br />
When it became apparent that Guru Nanak Dev ji's end was imminent, an argument ensued as to who would claim the guru's body for funeral rites. The Muslims wished to bury him according to their customs, while the Sikhs and Hindus wished to cremate his body according to their beliefs. To settle the matter, Guru Nanak Dev ji himself was consulted as to how his remains should be disposed of, and by whom. He explained the concept of joti jot, that only his mortal body would expire, but that light which illumined him was the divine and imperishable light, and would pass to his successor [[Guru Angad Dev]].<br />
<br />
The guru ji requested his devotees to bring flowers and instructed the Sikhs and Hindus to place flowers on his right side and the Muslims to place flowers to his left side. He told them that permission for funeral rites would be determined by whichever set of flowers remained fresh through out the night. On Asu sudi 10, 1596 Bikrmi [Monday September 22, 1539 AD] Guru Nanak Dev ji breathed his last breath at Kartarpur. <br />
The Sikh, Hindu and Muslim devotees returned the following morning. They carefully lifted and removed the sheet which had been placed over the guru ji's body. All were amazed and astonished to discover that no trace at all remained of Guru Nanak Dev Ji's mortal body. Only fresh flowers remained, for not a single bud had wilted of any blossom which had been left by either Sikhs, Hindus, or Muslims, the night before.<br />
<br />
The Muslims then buried the flowers, while the Hindus and Sikhs cremated them. Therefore, both a samadhi (Hindu traditional monument of remembrance) and a grave (according to Muslim traditions) were created by each community.<br />
A gurudwara now stands there, near the banks of river Ravi, next to a small village named Kothay Pind (village) on the West bank of the [[Ravi River]] in [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]. <br />
<br />
This [[Gurudwara]] is also visible from the Indian side of the border, from a Gurdwara at the historical town of [[Dehra Baba Nanak]] in [[India]]. Both sites are considered to be some of the holiest places in Sikhism.<br />
<br />
==Preparations for the 550th Celebrations of the birth of Guru Nanak Dev ji begin==<br />
{{P|File:2018-Gurpurb celebrations begin.JPG|Former Indian PM Dr Manmohan Singh, Punjab Governor VP Singh Badnore and CM Amarinder Singh lay the foundation stone of 26 projects at Sultanpur Lodhi on Friday, 23-Nov-2018. Tribune Photo: Malkiat Singh }}<br />
<br />
{{main|550th Celebrations of the birth of Guru Nanak}}<br />
<br />
In November 2019, the whole world will be celebrating the 550th birth anniversary of [[Guru Nanak Dev ji]]. In [[Punjab]], [[India]], on Friday, 23 November 2018, the Punjab Chief Minister [[Captain Amarinder Singh]] launched a year-long preparations for the celebrations of the 550th birth anniversary of [[Guru Nanak Dev]], the founder of [[Sikhism]] which will be taking place in November 2019. He called upon people to set aside their religious and political differences to join his government in making it a memorable event. Addressing a large gathering in [[Sultanpur Lodhi]] in [[Kapurthala]] district, where Guru Nanak Dev ji spent over 14 years of his early life, the Captain exhorted the people to reconnect with his teachings, principles and ideals.<br />
<br />
The Captain thanked Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and the Union government for acceding to various requests of the state government with regard to the celebrations. He hailed the Centre’s decision to develop the Kartarpur Sahib Corridor from Punjab’s Gurdaspur district to the International Border to facilitate Indian pilgrims to visit Gurdwara Darbar Sahib in Kartarpur in Pakistan. He said a long-pending demand of Punjab was on the verge of fulfilment and on November 26, he would join the President to lay the foundation stone of the corridor.<br />
<br />
He also thanked the Government of [[Pakistan]] for reciprocating on the issue and said his government would also contribute, as may be required, to ensure timely completion of the project. Addressing the gathering, former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh expressed gratitude to Amarinder Singh and his government for giving him the opportunity to be part of this special moment. He expressed hope that all would rise above petty considerations of communalism and hatred to celebrate the event in a befitting manner.<br />
<br />
The former prime minister exhorted the people to participate in the year-long celebrations with full enthusiasm and gaiety, regardless of caste, colour, creed and religion. Governor Badnore said it was a matter of pride for him to be part of the auspicious occasion. He called for universal brotherhood as the key message of the commemorative events.<br />
<br />
Former Indian cricketer Kapil Dev, who was also present, presented a book, ‘We the Sikhs around the world’, relating to 100 gurdwaras across the globe, to Manmohan Singh, Badnore and Capt Amarinder. Earlier, Manmohan Singh, along with his wife Gursharan Kaur, Badnore and Capt Amarinder paid obeisance at the historic Gurdwara Ber Sahib here. Former Punjab Chief Minister Parkash Singh Badal and Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD) President Sukhbir Singh Badal also paid obeisance at Gurdwara Ber Sahib.<br />
<br />
== Guru Nanak ji saakhis ==<br />
<br />
{{Main|Sakhis of Guru Nanak}}<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|<br />
* [[3 Days in the River]]<br />
* [[Bhai Lalo's Honesty]]<br />
* [[Charity to Sadhus]]<br />
* [[Dukh Sukh]]<br />
* [[Guru Ji's Sickness]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Guru Nanak and Duni Chand]]<br />
* [[Guru Nanak and the Sacred Thread]]<br />
* [[Guru Nanak at School]]<br />
* [[Is there one God for the Rich, and one for the Poor?]]<br />
* [[Mardana Gives Clothes and Food]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Sajan the Robber]]<br />
* [[The Birth of the Guru]]<br />
* [[There is no Hindu and no Musalman]]<br />
* [[Watering the Crops]]<br />
* [[Walli Kandhari]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Mian Mitha]]<br />
* [[Hamza Gaus]]<br />
* [[Sheikh Brahm]]<br />
* [[Salis Rai Jouri]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{|<br />
|<br />
* [[GURU NANAK - By Puran Singh]]<br />
* [[Guru Nanak Udasis]]<br />
* [[Guru Nanak in Baghdad]]<br />
* [[Guru Nanak in Tibet]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Guru Nanak in Tibet Quotes]]<br />
* [[Guru Nanak in Nepal]]<br />
* [[Guru Nanak Dev Ji's Third Udasi]]<br />
* [[Sikhism]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Sikhs]]<br />
* [[Sikh Sites]]<br />
* [[Dera Baba Nanak, Kartarpur (Ravi)]]<br />
* [[Kartarpur (Ravi)]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Guru Nanak: Bridge across all faiths]]<br />
* [[Establishment of Kartarpur]]<br />
* [[Nanakshahi calendar]]<br />
* [[Guru Nanak in Nepal]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* {{Wikipedia}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/guru-nanak Eternal Glory of Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji]<br />
*[http://www.discoversikhism.com/sikh_gurus/sri_guru_nanak_dev_ji.html DiscoverSikhism]<br />
*[http://www.gurmat.info/sms/smssikhism/gurus/gurunanakdevji/ Sikh Missionary Society]<br />
*[http://www.sikhvideos.org/guru-nanak-nirankar.htm Video on Guru Nanak Dev Ji]<br />
*[http://www.sikhphilosophy.net/guru-nanak-dev/ Guru Nanak Dev]<br />
*[http://www.sikhcoalition.org/SikhismCalendar3.asp Birth Date of Guru Nanak Sahib]<br />
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/nanak.shtml BBC on Guru Nanak]<br />
*[http://www.sikhs.org/guru1.htm Sikhs.org]<br />
*[http://www.indianetzone.com/2/guru_nanak.htm Complete information on Guru Nanak]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===eBooks:===<br />
*[https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Eternal_Glory_of_Guru_Nanak.html?id=XuGrDwAAQBAJ Eternal Glory of Guru Nanak]<br />
*[http://www.sacred-texts.com/skh/tsr1/index.htm Max Arthur MacAuliff, ''The Sikh Religion, Vol 1, (The Life of Guru Nanak)'', Oxford University Press, 1909.]<br />
*[http://www.gurmat.info/sms/smspublications/gurunanakforchildren/ Guru Nanak Dev Ji (for Children)]<br />
<br />
===Audio:===<br />
*[http://www.sikhism.com/playlists/play4.htm Sikhifm.com]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
* '''1. [http://sgpc.net/ten-guru-sahibs/guru-nanak-sahib/ Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji]'''<br />
<br />
* '''2. Sikh Gurus, Their Lives & Teachings, K.S. Duggal, p 14'''<br />
<br />
* '''3. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/06/contributions-of-guru-nanak-by-s-kapur.html Contributions Of Guru Nanak - S. Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
* '''4. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/04/my-master-sri-satguru-guru-nanak-dev.html My Master - Sri Satguru Guru Nanak Dev! - Sher Singh MSc Kashmir]'''<br />
<br />
* '''6. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/06/guru-nanak-dev-di-pad-padvi-sirdar.html Guru Nanak Dev di Pad Padvi - Sirdar Kapur Singh Tract No. 407]'''<br />
<br />
* '''7. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/03/guru-nanak-and-his-mission-principal.html Guru Nanak And His Mission - Principal Teja Singh]'''<br />
<br />
* '''8. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/03/sri-guru-nanak-dev-ji-sher-singh-msc.html Sri Guru Nanak Dev ji - Sher Singh MSc Kashmir]'''<br />
<br />
* '''9. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/02/guru-nanak-darpan-gyani-bhag-singh.html Guru Nanak Darpan - Gyani Bhag Singh Ambala]'''<br />
<br />
* '''10. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/01/the-japji-guru-nanak-devs-master-key.html The Japji - Guru Nanak Dev's Master Key-Holy To The Mystery Of Deification Of Man - Sher Singh MSc Kashmir]'''<br />
<br />
* '''11. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/12/the-dakhni-onkar-word-divine-uttered-by.html The Dakhni Onkar (The Word Divine Uttered by Sri Guru Nanak Dev In The South) - Sher Singh MSc Kashmir]'''<br />
<br />
* '''12. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/11/guru-nanak-usherer-in-of-golden-age.html Guru Nanak - The Usherer-In of the Golden Age - Sher Singh MSc Kashmir]'''<br />
<br />
* '''14. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/09/guru-nanak-dev-ji-and-chungthung.html 'Guru Nanak Dev Ji and Chungthung' - Gyani Brahma Singh Brahma]''' - The article 'Guru Nanak Dev Ji and Chungthung', written by Gyani Brahma Singh Brahma was published in Tract No 301 of Guru Nanak Dev Mission, Patiala, in November 1986. This article provides information about spots blessed by Guru Nanak's visit in Sikkim. The stories connected with these places are similar to the ones associated with Wali-Kandhari's event and Babe-di-ber at Sultanpur Lodhi.<br />
<br />
* '''15. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/07/the-tract-guru-nanak-saviour-of-world.html Guru Nanak The Saviour of the world (1469-1538) - Sher Singh MSc Kashmir]'''<br />
<br />
* '''16. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/06/contributions-of-guru-nanak-by-s-kapur.html Contributions Of Guru Nanak - S. Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
* '''17. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/04/guru-nanaks-message-to-mankind-sher_2.html Guru Nanak's Message To Mankind - Sher Singh MSc Kashmir''']'''<br />
<br />
* '''18. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/03/sri-guru-babey-ji-di-chahun-jugi-janam.html Sri Guru Babey ji di Chahun Jugi Janam Sakhi - An Autobiography of Eternal-Nanak - New Light on Eternally-old ATMAN]'''<br />
<br />
* '''19. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2012/09/guru-nanak-king-of-mystics.html Guru Nanak - King of Mystics - Gyani Brahma Singh Brahma]'''<br />
<br />
* '''20.''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2012/09/guru-nanak-advocate-of-communal-concord.html Guru Nanak - Advocate of communal concord]'''<br />
<br />
* '''21. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/10/guru-nanak-select-bibliography-1965.html Guru Nanak - A Select Bibliography (1965-1980) - Man Singh Deora]'''<br />
<br />
* '''22. [https://www.sikhs.org/guru1.htm The First Master Guru Nanak (1469 - 1539)]'''<br />
<br />
* '''23. [http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/gurus/nanak1.html Guru Nanak Dev ji (1469 - 1539)]'''<br />
<br />
* '''24. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/11/guru-nanak-his-status-and-salience.html Guru Nanak His Status and Salience - Sirdar Kapur Singh]''' - The paper "Guru Nanak His Status and Salience" was read by Sirdar Kapur Singh on 30th November 1977, at the Khalsa College, Amritsar.<br />
<br />
* '''25. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/02/sidh-goshat-ramkali-i-sher-singh-msc.html Sidh-Goshat, Ramkali I - Sher Singh MSc Kashmir]'''<br />
<br />
* '''26. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/09/sikhan-di-janam-bhoomi-sri-nanakana.html Sikhan di Janam Bhoomi - Sri Nanakana Sahib Tract No. 432]'''<br />
<br />
* '''27. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/09/flora-and-fauna-in-guru-nanaks-bani-dr.html Flora and Fauna in Guru Nanak's Bani - Dr. Jasbir Singh Sarna]'''<br />
<br />
* '''28. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/10/guru-nanak-da-krantikari-andolan.html Guru Nanak Da Krantikari Andolan]'''<br />
<br />
* '''29. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/guru-nanak-devji-da-sangti-da-sankalp.html Guru Nanak Devji Da Sangti Da Sankalp]''' <br />
<br />
* '''30. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/guru-nanaks-impact-on-history-dr-ganda.html Guru Nanak's Impact On History - Dr. Ganda Singh]'''<br />
<br />
* '''31. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/guru-nanak-man-with-message-part-2.html Guru Nanak - The Man With A Message (Part 2) - Harchand Singh (Canada) Tract No. 283]'''<br />
<br />
* '''32. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/guru-nanaks-works-bibliography-compiled.html Guru Nanak's Works: A Bibliography - Compiled by Dr. Ganda Singh]'''<br />
<br />
* '''33. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/janam-sakhi-or-biography-of-guru-nanak.html Janam Sakhi or The Biography of Guru Nanak, Founder of The Sikh Religion]'''<br />
<br />
* '''34. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/nanak-panthis-or-sikhs-and-sikhism-of.html Nanak Panthis or The Sikhs and Sikhism of the 17th Century - Dr. Ganda Singh]'''<br />
<br />
* '''35. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/guru-nanak-dev-ji-dey-raajneetik.html Guru Nanak Dev ji dey raajneetik vichaar - Jaswant Singh 'Aman' Tract No. 523]'''<br />
<br />
* '''36. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/guru-nanak-jhira-tract-no-389.html Guru Nanak Jhira Tract No. 389]''' <br />
<br />
* '''37. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/nanakana-sahib-narain-singh-tract-no-412.html Nanakana Sahib - Narain Singh Tract No. 412]'''<br />
<br />
* '''38. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/nanakana-sahib-darshan-taangh-tey.html Nanakana Sahib Darshan - Taangh Tey Paryatan Tract No. 356]'''<br />
<br />
* '''39. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/nanakana-sahib-dey-beetey-samey-tey-ik.html Nanakana Sahib Dey Beetay Samey Tey Ik Jhaat Tract No. 395]'''<br />
<br />
* '''40. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/08/pakistan-andar-rahe-gurudware-tract-no.html Pakistan Andar Rahe Gurudware Tract No. 138]'''<br />
<br />
* '''41. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/nanak-jhira-tey-gurmat-shah-rah-tract.html Nanak Jhira Tey Gurmat Shah Rah Tract No. 159]''' <br />
<br />
* '''42. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/kartarpur-ravi-sikh-inkalab-da-sarot.html Kartarpur-Ravi - Sikh Inkalab da Sarot - Surjeet Singh Bhatia Tract No. 529]''' <br />
<br />
* '''43. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/06/guru-nanak-sahib-da-arab-deshan-da.html Guru Nanak Sahib da Arab Deshan da Safarnama - Dr. Jasbir Singh Sarna]'''<br />
<br />
* '''44. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/09/guru-nanak-dev-ji-di-lok-lehar-part-2.html Guru Nanak Dev Ji Di Lok Lehar Part 2 Tract No. 333]'''<br />
<br />
* '''45. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/09/guru-nanak-deekhia-tract-no-204.html Guru Nanak Deekhia Tract No. 204]'''<br />
<br />
* '''46. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/09/guru-nanak-jeevan-chon-jhankian-tract.html Guru Nanak Jeevan chon Jhankian Tract No. 190]'''<br />
<br />
* '''47. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/09/ik-fakir-vada-mastana-tract-no-80.html Ik Fakir Vada Mastana Tract No. 80]'''<br />
<br />
* '''48. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/09/kaljug-babey-tarya-tract-no-106.html Kaljug Babey Tarya Tract No. 106]'''<br />
<br />
* '''49. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/09/krantikar-guru-nanak-tract-no-4.html Krantikar Guru Nanak Tract No. 4]'''<br />
<br />
* '''50. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/09/krantikar-guru-nanak-tract-no-79.html Krantikar Guru Nanak Tract No. 79]'''<br />
<br />
* '''51. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-central-message-of-guru-nanak.html The Central Message of Guru Nanak - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
* '''52. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/guru-nanak-and-civil-servant-sirdar.html Guru Nanak and the civil servant - Sirdar Kapur Singh]''' <br />
<br />
* '''53. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-region-of-grace-sirdar-kapur-singh.html The Region of Grace - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
* '''54. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/guru-nanak-founder-of-world-religion.html Guru Nanak the founder of a world religion - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
* '''55. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-japu-of-guru-nanak-sirdar-kapur.html The Japu of Guru Nanak - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
* '''56. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-indian-society-as-guru-nanak-found.html The Indian Society as Guru Nanak Found it - Dr. Ganda Singh]'''<br />
<br />
* '''57. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/guru-nanaks-concept-of-nature-sirdar.html Guru Nanak's Concept of Nature - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
* '''58. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/nanakana-sahib-darshan-taangh-tey.html Nanakana Sahib Darshan Taangh Tey Paryatan Tract No. 175]'''<br />
<br />
* '''59. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/true-status-of-guru-nanak-sirdar-kapur.html True Status of Guru Nanak - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
* '''60. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/08/japuji-exegesis-and-poetic-rendering-dr.html Japuji Exegesis and Poetic Rendering - Dr. S.S. Bhatti]'''<br />
<br />
* '''61. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/nanakana-sahib-da-hirdey-vedhak-saka.html Nanakana Sahib Da Hirdey Vedhak Saka Tract No. 413]'''<br />
<br />
* '''62. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/nanakana-sahib-dey-shahidan-nu.html Nanakana Sahib dey Shahidan nu Shardhanjli Tract No. 179]'''<br />
<br />
* '''63. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/satguru-nanak-da-birha-tract-no-40.html Satguru Nanak Da Birha Tract No. 40]'''<br />
<br />
* '''64. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/sidh-gosht-da-saar-tract-no-137.html Sidh Gosht da Saar Tract No. 137]'''<br />
<br />
* '''65. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/sanskrit-kaav-vich-sikh-guru-sahiban-di.html Sanskrit Kaav vich Sikh Guru Sahiban di Mehma - Dr. Mahesh Chandar Sharma Gautam Tract No. 475]'''<br />
<br />
* '''66. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/sri-nanakana-sahib-da-shaheedi-saka.html Sri Nanakana Sahib da Shaheedi Saka February 21, 1921 - Lal Singh, Narain Singh M.A. Tract No. 196]'''<br />
<br />
* '''67. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/12/translation-of-japji-m-macauliffe.html Translation of the Japji - M. Macauliffe]'''<br />
<br />
* '''68. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-advent-and-message-of-guru-nanak.html The Advent and Message of Guru Nanak Tract No. 249]'''<br />
<br />
* '''69. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/sooraj-nikalya-tract-no-50.html Sooraj Nikalya Tract No. 50]'''<br />
<br />
* '''70. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/sidh-gosht-da-pichokad-tract-no-132.html Sidh Gosht da Pichokad Tract No. 132]'''<br />
<br />
* '''71. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/sri-japu-nisan-kartar-singh-dakha.html Sri Japu Nisan - Kartar Singh Dakha]'''<br />
<br />
* '''72. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/sri-guru-nanak-bani-shamsher-singh-ashok.html Sri Guru Nanak-Bani - Shamsher Singh Ashok]'''<br />
<br />
* '''73. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/nanak-panthi-soochi-gyani-fauja-singh.html Nanak Panthi Soochi - Gyani Fauja Singh]'''<br />
<br />
* '''74. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/sri-guru-nanak-dev-ji-barey-sahit.html Sri Guru Nanak Dev ji barey Sahit - Shamsher Singh Ashok]'''<br />
<br />
* '''75. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/dua-e-sahari-japji-sahib-ka-urdu.html Dua-E-Sahari (Japji Sahib ka Urdu tarjuma) - Kartar Singh Kaimbalpuri]'''<br />
<br />
* '''76. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/vird-e-haq-translation-of-japji-sahib.html Vird-E-Haq (translation of Japji Sahib in Urdu verse) - Master Lal Singh Anand Khalsa]'''<br />
<br />
* '''77. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/sri-guru-nanak-dev-ji-di-onkareshwar.html Sri Guru Nanak Dev ji di Onkareshwar Pheri - Bhagat Singh Hira]'''<br />
<br />
* '''78. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/thus-spoke-guru-nanak-sir-jogendra-singh.html Thus Spoke Guru Nanak - Sir Jogendra Singh]'''<br />
<br />
* '''79. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/guru-nanaks-japji-and-sohila-arti-prof.html Guru Nanak's Japji and Sohila-Arti - Prof. Puran Singh]'''<br />
<br />
* '''80. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/jap-vichar-japji-sahib-da-bahu-pakhi.html Jap Vichar - Japji Sahib da Bahu-Pakhi Adheyan - Prof. Prakash Singh]'''<br />
<br />
* '''81. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/02/jap-ji-sahib-vyakhya-vichar-darshan.html Jap Ji Sahib - Vyakhya, Vichar Darshan atey Kala - Dr. Gurcharan Singh Mehta]'''<br />
<br />
* '''82. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/gur-nanak-dev-govind-roop-dr-kartar.html Gur Nanak Dev Govind Roop - Dr. Kartar Singh]'''<br />
<br />
* '''83. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/jap-vichar-tract-no-56.html Jap Vichar Tract No. 56]'''<br />
<br />
* '''84. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/guru-nanak-dev-ji-dey-purkhian-dey-pind.html Guru Nanak Dev ji dey Purkhian dey Pind da Ithaas - PatehyVindPur(i)NaamKahantey - Bhai Sarabjeet Singh Dhotian]'''<br />
<br />
* '''85. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/03/jeevan-gatha-guru-nanak-sahib-ji-bebey.html Jeevan Gatha Guru Nanak Sahib ji, Bebey Nanaki atey Mata Nanaki ji - Dr. Harbhajan Singh Sekhon, Dr. Karamdeep Kaur]'''<br />
<br />
* '''86. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/03/gurmat-di-roshni-vich-arti-dr-harbhajan.html Gurmat di Roshni vich Arti - Dr. Harbhajan Singh Sekhon, Deep Singh Sangra]'''<br />
<br />
* '''87. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/09/guru-nanak-darshan.html Guru Nanak Darshan]'''<br />
* '''88. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/11/guru-nanak-his-life-and-teachings-3rd.html Guru Nanak - His Life and Teachings (3rd edition) - Dr. Ganda Singh]'''<br />
* '''89. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/11/the-doctrine-of-guru-nanak-pritam-singh.html The Doctrine of Guru Nanak - Pritam Singh Gill]'''<br />
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==Footer==<br />
{{Sikh Gurus|Bhagats|([[1100]] - [[1469]])|Guru Nanak|Guru Angad Dev|(Second [[Sikh Guru]])}}<br />
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{{Guru Nanak Dev Relatives}}<br />
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{{Events relating to Guru Nanak}}<br />
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{{Sakhis of Guru Nanak}}<br />
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[[Category:Sikh Gurus]]</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Dr._Ganda_Singh&diff=118531Dr. Ganda Singh2020-11-11T19:58:30Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* Online Works */</p>
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<div>'''Dr. Ganda Singh''' celebrated [[Punjab]] historian (1900 - 1987), who by his sustained and pioneer work in the field of historical research initiated new trends in [[Sikh]] historiography and who by his critically important work became a vital and pervasive influence in historical learning in northern India, was born on 15 November 1900, the son of Javala Singh of Hariana, an old town close to the city of [[Hoshiarpur]] in the Punjab. He began his education in the village mosque, later translating himself to the primary school. He passed the middle standard examination from D.A.V. (Dayanand AngloVernacular) Middle School, Hoshiarpur, and his matriculation from Government High School in the same town. He joined the Forman Christian College at [[Lahore]], but soon left it to enlist in the army (1919). <br />
<br />
==Mesopotamia (Iraq) an Iran==<br />
He served at the Supply and Transport Corps Base Depot, [[Rawalpindi]], and at the divisional office at Peshawar before he was attached to the Mesopotamia Expeditionary Force, Basra, in 1920 and later to the British Royal Army Pay Corps, also at Basra, in 1921. At Basra he was shot in his thigh, after his recovery he was repatriated to India where his family had mistakenly been informed of his 'death'. This led to a dramatic situation when he suddenly appeared at the door of his home in the village late one evening. Taken to be a spirit, he was refused admittance. The following morning, still at the doorstep of his house, the family's horror turned into jubilation when they realized he wasn't a ghost. <br />
<br />
Ganda Singh did not stay at home for long. He went back to Mesopotamia (now Iraq) and then to Iran, there he joined the AngloPersian Oil Company at Abadan as accounts officer. At Abadan, he came under the influence of the British scholar, Sir Arnold Wilson, who besides his official duties as general manager of the company was working on his Bibliography of Persia. Young Ganda Singh now aspired to prepare a bibliography of his native Punjab. On his return to Punjab towards the end of 1930, he first worked on the editorial board of the Phuluari, a Punjabi monthly published from Lahore. One longlasting friendship he picked up there was with Bhagat Lakshman Singh, a Sikh reformer and educationist. He however missed meeting with Karam Singh, the historian, then very enthusiastic in promoting the cause of Sikh history. Karam Singh died before Ganda Singh could meet him.<br />
<br />
==Researcher and historian==<br />
In October 1931 began Dr Ganda Singh's long and fruitful career as a researcher and historian. The Khalsa College at Amritsar placed him in charge of its newly created Sikh History Research Department, which position he kept till 1949. During this period he travelled extensively, rummaging various public libraries, archives and private collections throughout India in quest of materials on Sikh history, enriching the library of his department. He also brought out several books and tracts based on these.<br />
<br />
In 1949 he was appointed Director of Archives and Curator of Museum under the Government of PEPSU (Patiala and East Punjab States Union). In 1950 he received the additional charge of Director of the Punjabi Department. His thesis on [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] earned him the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the Punjab University, Chandigarh, in 1954, as well as much applause from scholars and historians. Among them he counted Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, a leading Indian savant of the day.<br />
<br />
Dr Ganda Singh was principal of the Khalsa College, Patiala, when he was invited by the Punjabi University, Patiala, to organize its Department of Punjab Historical Studies. He set up Punjab History Conference in 1965 which became a very active forum for the discussion of matters relating to Punjab history. In 1967, he launched the University's journal, the biannual The Panjab Past and Present, of which he himself was the editor and which gathered high repute and much prestige over the years.<br />
<br />
In 1938, he had been appointed a corresponding member of Indian Historical Records Commission of Government of India, and was a full member of the Commission from 1950 to 1956. He was nominated member of Punjab Regional Committee for the Survey of Historical Records, Government of Punjab, Lahore, and of Indian Historical Records Commission, Government of India. He was secretary of the Committee for the History of Freedom Movement in PEPSU, Patiala, and chairman of the Regional Records Survey Committee for History of Freedom Movement, Shimla/Patiala, from November 1957 to December 1962. He held membership of Asiatic Society, Calcutta, Indian Institute of Historical Studies, Calcutta, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, London, and Bharat Itihas Sanshodhak Mandal, Poona. He presided over the medieval section of Punjab History Conference session of the Institute of Historical Studies, Calcutta, held at Shillong in 1974 as well as over its 13th session held at Panaji (Goa) in 1975. In 1974, he presided the 35th session of Indian History Congress at Jadavpur.<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Dr Ganda Singh was a prolific writer. In addition to scores of research papers, booklets and pamphlets, he published over two dozen fulllength volumes of high historical value. Chronologically they are: InkishafiHaqiqat (Urdu/Persian), 1926; Baisakhi Ka Khalsa Sandesh (Hindi), 1930; Life of Banda Singh Bahadur (English), 1935; History of Gurdwara Shahidganj Lahore (English), 1935; Maharaja Ranjit Singh (English), 1939; Maharaja Ranjit Singh: First Death Centenary Memorial Volume (English), 1939; Qazi Nur Muhammad Jangnama (English), 1939; Maharaja Kaura Mall Bahadur (Punjabi), 1942; Sardar Sham Singh Atrivala (Punjabi), 1942; Kukian di Vithia (Punjabi), 1944; M'akhaziTwdrikhiSikhan (ed. Persian), 1949; Mukhtsar Nanak Shahi Jantari (Urdu), 1949; A Short History of the Sikhs (English in collaboration with Teja Singh), 1950; Shahnama Ranjit Singh by Maulawi Ahmad Yar (ed. Persian/Urdu), 1951; The Panjab in 183940 (English), 1952; The First AngloSikh War (MS., English), 1955; Private Correspondence Relating to AngloSikh Wars (ed. English), 1955; Punjab Utte Angrezan da Qabza (Punjabi), 1957; Ahmad Shah Durrani (English), 1959; Sikhon Ka Sankshipt Itihas (Hindi), 1963; Banda Singh Bahadur (Punjabi), 1965; Some Confidential Papers of the Akali Movement (English), 1965; Bibliography of the Panjab (English), 1966; Sri Gur Sobha (ed. Punjabi), 1967; Hukamname (Punjabi), 1967; Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluvalia (Punjabi), 1969; Maharaja Duleep Singh Correspondence (English), 1977; Deportation of [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] and Sardar [[Ajit Singh]] (English), 1978; and Seditious Literature of the Panjab (English), 1987.<br />
<br />
==Online Works==<br />
* [http://www.scribd.com/doc/70213584/Life-of-Banda-Singh-Bahadar Life of Banda Singh Bahadar by Dr. Ganda Singh]<br />
* [http://www.gurmatveechar.com/books/English_Books/A.Short.History.of.The.Sikhs.by.Teja.Singh.Ganda.Singh.%28GurmatVeechar.com%29.pdf A Short History of the Sikhs by Ganda Singh and Teja Singh]<br />
* [http://www.scribd.com/doc/68910100/Sardar-Jassa-Singh-Ahluwalia Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia by Dr. Ganda Singh]<br />
<br />
'''Punjabi Books/ Tracts'''<br />
<br />
''1'' Title: [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/05/kukian-di-vithya-vol1-drganda-singh.html Kukian di Vithya Vol.1]<br />
Publisher: Author<br />
Pages: 363<br />
<br />
''2'' Title: [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/04/afghanistan-da-safar-dr-ganda-singh.html Afghanistan da Safar]<br />
Publisher: Parkash and Co, New Delhi.<br />
Pages: 152<br />
<br />
''3'' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/11/amarnama-pharsi-mool-panjabi-utara-tey.html Amarnama (Pharsi Mool, Panjabi Utara tey Arth)]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''English Books/ Tracts'''<br />
<br />
'''1''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/06/a-brief-account-of-sikhs-dr-ganda-singh.html A Brief Account Of The Sikhs]<br />
<br />
'''2''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/07/guru-gobind-singhs-death-at-nanded.html Guru Gobind Singh's death at Nanded - An Examination Of Succession Theories]<br />
<br />
'''3''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/09/the-indian-mutiny-of-1857-and-sikhs-dr.html The indian mutiny of 1857 and the Sikhs - Dr. Ganda Singh]<br />
<br />
'''4)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/05/history-of-gurdwara-shahidganj-lahore.html History of The Gurdwara Shahidganj, Lahore, From its Origin To November 1935 Compiled From Original Sources, Judicial Records and Contemporary Materials]<br />
<br />
'''5)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/10/life-of-banda-singh-bahadur-based-on.html Life of Banda Singh Bahadur Based on Contemporary and Original Records]<br />
<br />
'''6)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/08/a-diary-of-partition-days-1947-dr-ganda.html A Diary Of The Partition Days 1947] <br />
<br />
'''7)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/04/importance-of-hair-and-turban-to-sikhs.html Importance Of Hair And Turban To The Sikhs - Dr. Ganda Singh Tract No. 396]<br />
<br />
8) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/05/the-panjab-in-1839-40-selections-from.html The Panjab in 1839-40: Selections from the Punjab Akhbars, Punjab Intelligence, etc. preserved in the National Archives of India, New Delhi - Dr. Ganda Singh (Ed.)]<br />
<br />
'''9)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/some-confidential-papers-of-akali.html Some Confidential Papers of The Akali Movement]<br />
<br />
'''10)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/guru-nanaks-impact-on-history-dr-ganda.html Guru Nanak's Impact On History - Guru Nanak Dev Mission Patiala Tract No. 332]<br />
<br />
'''11)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/03/the-sikhs-and-their-religion-dr-ganda.html The Sikhs and Their Religion] <br />
<br />
'''12)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/03/bhagat-lakshman-singh-autobiography-dr.html Bhagat Lakshman Singh Autobiography - Dr. Ganda Singh (Edited and Annotated)]<br />
<br />
'''13)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/08/the-british-occupation-of-panjab-dr.html The British occupation of the Panjab]<br />
<br />
'''14)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/11/guru-nanak-his-life-and-teachings-3rd.html Guru Nanak - His Life and Teachings (3rd edition)] <br />
<br />
'''15)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/03/dr-ganda-singh-memorial-trust.html Dr. Ganda Singh Memorial Trust]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''RESEARCH PAPERS/ ARTICLES<br />
<br />
'''1) Proceedings of The Indian Historical Records Commission'''<br />
<br />
'''A)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-persian-akhbars-in-alienation.html The Persian Akhbars in The Alienation Office, Poona (Vol. 16 1939)]<br />
<br />
'''B)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/some-new-light-on-treaty-of-bhyrowal.html Some New Light on the Treaty of Bhyrowal (December 16, 1846) thrown by the private letters of Sir Henry Hardinge (Vol. 17 1940)]<br />
<br />
'''C)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/akhbarat-i-lahaur-o-multan-dr-ganda.html Akhbarat-I-Lahaur-o-Multan (Vol. 21 December 1944)]<br />
<br />
'''D)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-punjab-news-in-akhbar-i-darbar-i.html The Punjab News in the Akhbar-I-Darbar-I-Mualla (Vol. 24, February 1948)] <br />
<br />
<br />
'''2) The Journal of Indian History'''<br />
<br />
'''A)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/nanak-panthis-or-sikhs-and-sikhism-of.html Nanak Panthis or The Sikhs and Sikhism of the 17th Century (Vol. 19(2); Aug 1940; pp 195-219)]<br />
<br />
'''B)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2016/09/last-days-of-guru-gobind-singh-dr-ganda.html Last Days of Guru Gobind Singh (Vol. 20(1); April 1941; pp 120-32)]<br />
<br />
'''C)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/some-correspondence-of-maharaja-duleep.html Some Correspondence of Maharaja Duleep Singh (Vol. 27(1); April 1949; pp 1-23)]<br />
<br />
'''D)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/08/a-diary-of-partition-days-1947-dr-ganda.html A Diary Of The Partition Days 1947 (Vol. 38(1); April 1960; pp 205-32 and Vol. 38(2); August 1960; pp 241-84)]<br />
<br />
'''E)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-origin-of-hindu-sikh-tension-in.html The Origin of the hindu-Sikh Tension in The Punjab (Vol. 39(1); April 1961; pp 119-23)]<br />
<br />
'''F)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/three-letters-of-maharani-jind-kaur-dr.html Three Letters of Maharani Jind Kaur (Vol. 42(1); April 1964; pp 265-80)]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''3) Proceedings of Indian History Congress'''<br />
<br />
'''A)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/contemporary-sources-of-sikh-history.html Contemporary Sources of Sikh History (1469-1708) (1938)]<br />
<br />
'''B)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-maratha-sikh-treaty-of-1785-dr.html The Maratha-Sikh Treaty of 1785 (1939)]<br />
<br />
'''C)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-arrest-and-release-of-sardar-lahna.html The arrest and release of Sardar Lahna Singh Majithia (1940)]<br />
<br />
'''D)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/muslim-relics-with-sikh-rulers-of.html Muslims Relics with the Sikh Rulers of Lahore (1943)]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''4) The Sikh Review, Calcutta.'''<br />
<br />
'''A)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-indian-society-as-guru-nanak-found.html The Indian Society as Guru Nanak Found it]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''5) The Panjab Past and Present'''<br />
<br />
'''1)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/03/secret-cid-memorandum-on-recent.html Secret C.I.D. Memorandum on Recent Developments in Sikh Politics 1911 - Mr. D. Petrie; Vol. 4 Part 2 Serial No. 8 October 1970, pp 300-379.]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Commemoration Volume/ Abhinandan Granth <br />
<br />
1)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/early-maratha-sikh-relations-dr-ganda.html Early Maratha-Sikh Relations (Mahamahopadhyaya Prof. D.V.Potdar Commemoration Volume)]<br />
<br />
'''2)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/08/panjab-1849-1960-bhai-jodh-singh.html Panjab (1849-1960) – Bhai Jodh Singh Abhinandan Granth - Dr. Ganda Singh ਪੰਜਾਬ (ਸਨ ੧੮੪੯ - ੧੯੬੦ ਈ.) - ਭਾਈ ਜੋਧ ਸਿੰਘ ਅਭਿਨੰਦਨ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ - ਡਾ. ਗੰਡਾ ਸਿੰਘ]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''BOOKS<br />
<br />
1)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/socio-religious-movements-in-punjab-in.html Social and Religious Movements in the Punjab in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries - Dr. S.P. Sen (Ed.) — Socio-Religious Movements in the Punjab in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries - Dr. Ganda Singh]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''BIBLIOGRAPHIES<br />
<br />
1)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/guru-nanaks-works-bibliography-compiled.html Guru Nanak's Works: A Bibliography]<br />
<br />
'''2)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-national-bibliography-of-indian.html The National Bibliography of Indian Literature (1901-1953) Vol. 3 (Panjabi)]<br />
<br />
'''3)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2016/11/bibliography-of-sikh-religious-and.html Bibliography Of Sikh Religious And Historical Literature]<br />
<br />
==Honors==<br />
Dr Ganda Singh's magnificent work was widely acknowledged and lauded in his lifetime, and he received honours from a number of professional institutions and associations. The Punjab Government invested him with the Award for Literature on 31 March 1963 and the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Amritsar, paid its tribute on 28 March 1964. On 19 December 1964, Muslim University, 'Aligarh, conferred on him the degree of D. Litt. honoris causa. Sikh Educational Conference honoured him during its 52nd annual session held at Kanpur on 2527 October 1974, and Punjabi University, Patiala, at the annual session of the Punjab History Conference held during November 1976. The University also brought out during the same year an anthology, Essays in Honour of Dr Ganda Singh, lovingly edited by his old pupil Professor Harbans Singh. The University also awarded him the degree of Doctor of Literature at its 15th convocation held on 25 February 1978. The Indian History Congress during its Silver Jubilee session held at Panaji (Goa) on 57 November 1987 honoured him as one of the five distinguished historians of India. The Government of India honoured him with the award of Padma Bhushan in 1983.<br />
<br />
In the course of his long career as a researcher and scholar, Dr Ganda Singh had acquired a vast personal collection of rare books, maps, documents and manuscripts which occupied several rooms of his modest residence on the Lower Mall at Patiala. This precious treasure is now the property of Punjabi University, Patiala, to which institution he donated the entire collection. Dr Ganda Singh died at Patiala on 27 December 1987.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
1. Griffin, Lepel, and C.F. Massy, Chiefs and Families of Note in the Punjab. Lahore, 1909<br />
<br />
2. Harbans Singh and N. G. Barrier, ed., Punjab Past and Present: Essays in Honour of Dr Ganda Singh. Patiala, 1976<br />
<br />
3. Verma, Devinder Kumar, and Jasmer Singh, A Bibliography of Dr Ganda Singh. Rajpura, 1989<br />
[[Category:Sikh Scholars]]</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Guru_Nanak&diff=118530Guru Nanak2020-11-11T19:57:06Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>:''"The Bounteous Lord heard the anguished cries (of humanity), ''<br />
:''and so, Guru Nanak, He sent to this world of woe."'' - Bhai Gurdas Ji<br />
<br />
{{fa|9}}<br />
{{fa1|216}}<br />
{{infobox Guru<br />
|Image name = Nanakpicnanaksar.jpg<br />
|Subject Name = Guru Nanak Dev ji<br>(1469 to 1539)<br />
|Name = Nanak Dev<br />
|Birth = On [[Saturday]] [[15 April]], [[1469]] at Rai Bhoeki Talwandi, Pakistan ([[Nankana Sahib]])<br />
|Parents = [[Kalyan Dass|Mehta Kalu]] and [[Mata Tripta|Mata Tripta Devi]]<br />
|brosis = [[Bibi Nanaki|Sister Bebe Nanki]]<br />
|Spouse = [[Mata Sulakhni|Mata Sulakhani]]<br />
|Children = [[Sri Chand|Sri chand]] and [[Lakhmi Das|Lakhmi Das]]<br />
|Guruship = 1469 to 1539<br />
|Died = On [[Monday]] [[22 September]], [[1539]] at Kartarpur<br />
|Bani in GGS = 974 Shabads in 19 Ragas, [[Gurbani]] Includes [[Japji]], [[Sidh Gohst]], Sohilaa, [[Dakhni Onkar]], [[Asa di Var]], Patti, [[Bara Maha Tukhri|Bara Mah]]<br />
|Other Info = [[Guru Nanak Udasis|Four Udasis]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Guru Nanak Dev Ji''' ([[Gurmukhi]]: ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ), the founder and first Guru of [[Sikhism]], was [[The Birth of the Guru|born]] in the year 1469, in the village [[Nankana Sahib| Talwandi]] which is located in the [[Punjab]] region of the Indian subcontinent. The village, now known as [[Nankana Sahib]], is situated near the city of [[Lahore]] in present day [[Pakistan]]. [[Sikhs]] around the world celebrate the auspicious occasion of Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s birth on the Pooranmashi (full moon) day in the Lunar month of Katak (October-November), which falls on a different date every year. <br />
<br />
Guru Nanak Dev ji's father, [[Mehta Kalu]] ji, was a village accountant. His mother, [[Mata Tripta]] ji, was described as a simple and very religious woman. He also had an elder sister named [[Nanaki|Bebe Nanki]] ji, who cherished her younger brother. From an early age, it was evident that Guru Nanak ji was an extraordinary child, distinguished by his divine grace. Blessed with a deeply contemplative mind and rational thinking, young Nanak ji would often astound his elders and teachers with the sublimity of his knowledge, particularly on divine matters. Growing up, he [[Guru Nanak and the Sacred Thread|refused to partake]] in traditional religious rituals, and often spoke out against several prevalent societal practices such as the [[Caste System]], [[idolatry]], and the worship of demi-Gods. By the age of 16, Guru Nanak Dev ji had mastered multiple religious texts and languages including Sanskrit, Persian, and Hindi, and was writing what many believed were divinely inspired compositions. <br />
<br />
In the year 1487, Guru Nanak Dev ji was married to [[Mata Sulakhni]] ji, and they had two sons, [[Sri Chand]] and [[Lakhmi Das]]. The family, accompanied by [[Bhai Mardana]], a Muslim childhood friend of Guru Nanak Dev ji, then moved to the town of [[Sultanpur Lodhi]], where Guru ji took the job of an accountant in charge of the stores of the local Governor. Here, Guru Nanak ji worked during the days, but during the early mornings and late nights, he meditated and sang hymns accompanied by Bhai Mardana on the [[rabab]] (a stringed instrument). During one of those early mornings while bathing in “Vain Nadi” (a small river), Guru Nanak ji heard [[Three Days in the River|God‘s call]] to dedicate himself completely to the service of humanity. The very first sentence which he uttered then was, "There is no [[Hindu]], no Musalman ([[Muslim]])". Stating that he had been taken to the God's court and given a divine mission, Guru Nanak ji then began the next stage of his life, to preach his unique doctrine (Sikhi) to the entire world. <br />
<br />
For the next 30 years, accompanied by Bhai Mardana, Guru Nanak Dev ji undertook [[The Udasis of Guru Nanak|four major spiritual journeys]], running across [[India]], [[South Asia]], [[Tibet]] and [[Arabia]], covering about 30,000 kilometers. In these journeys, he preached the new concept of God as "Supreme, All powerful and Truthful, Formless ([[Nirankar]]), Fearless ([[Nirbhau]]), Without hate ([[Nirvair]]), the Sole (Ik), the Self-Existent ([[Saibhang]]), the Incomprehensible and Everlasting creator of all things ([[Karta Purakh]]), and the Eternal and Absolute Truth ([[Satnam]])". Guru ji taught people that the 'One' God dwells in every one of his creations, and that all human beings can have direct access to God without the need of any rituals or priests. Setting up a unique spiritual, social and political platform based on equality and fraternal love, Guru Nanak Dev ji attacked the citadel of the Hindu [[Caste System]], and condemned the theocracy of [[Mughal]] rulers. He described the dangers of egotism, falsehood, and hypocrisy, and called upon the people to engage in worship through the "Naam" (the name of God). He rejected the path of renunciation (Tyaga), emphasizing a householder's (family) life based on honest conduct, selfless service ([[Sewa]]), and constant devotion and remembrance of God's name. Guru Nanak Dev ji promoted the equality of all mankind and upheld the causes of the downtrodden and the poor, laying special emphasis to assert the equality of women. <br />
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In the later years of his life, Guru ji founded and settled down at the township of [[Kartarpur]] ("creator's town"), on the banks of river Ravi in [[Punjab]]. Here, he donned the robes of a peasant, earning his own honest living by cultivating the lands. Followers came from near and far to listen to the Master. He introduced the institution of [[Langar]] (free communal kitchen) at Kartarpur, establishing the basic equality of all people regardless of their social and economic status. In the year 1539, knowing that the end was drawing near, Guru Ji, after having tested his own two sons and some followers over the years, installed Bhai Lehna ji ([[Guru Angad Dev]] Ji) as the Second Nanak, and after a few days passed into [[Sachkhand]].<br />
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Guru Nanak Dev ji's writings, in the form of 974 spiritual hymns comprising the [[Japji Sahib]], [[Asa di Var]], [[Bara Maha Tukhri|Bara Mah]], [[Sidh Gosht]] and [[Dakhni Onkar]] were incorporated in the scripture [[Guru Granth Sahib]] by the fifth [[Guru Arjan Dev ji]]. All the [[Sikh Gurus]] after Guru Nanak Dev ji continued to identify themselves as ''Nanak'' while penning down their sacred writings. Thus, [[Sikhs]] believe that all the Gurus possessed the same divine light and further strengthened the same doctrine as was propagated by Guru Nanak Dev Ji. <br />
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Among people of various faiths and traditions, Guru Nanak Dev Ji is variously revered as Satguru Nanak, Jagat Guru Nanak, Baba Nanak, Nanak Shah Faqir, Bhagat Nanak, Nanak Kalandar.<br />
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<br />
==Bhai Gurdas ji's summary==<br />
<br />
<center><br />
<br />
ਸੁਣੀ ਪੁਕਾਰਿ ਦਾਤਾਰ ਪ੍ਰਭੁ ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਜਗ ਮਾਹਿ ਪਠਾਇਆ || ਚਰਨ ਧੋਇ ਰਹਰਾਸਿ ਕਰਿ ਚਰਣਾਮ੍ਰਿਤੁ ਸਿੱਖਾਂ ਪੀਲਾਇਆ || <br><br />
ਪਾਰਬ੍ਰਹਮ ਪੂਰਨ ਬ੍ਰਹਮ ਕਲਿਜੁਗ ਅੰਦਰ ਇਕ ਦਿਖਾਇਆ || ਚਾਰੇ ਪੈਰ ਧਰਮ ਦੇ ਚਾਰਿ ਵਰਨ ਇਕ ਵਰਨੁ ਕਰਾਇਆ || <br><br />
ਰਾਣਾ ਰੰਕ ਬਰਾਬਰੀ ਪੈਰੀ ਪਵਣਾ ਜਗਿ ਵਰਤਾਇਆ | ਉਲਟਾ ਖੇਲੁ ਪਿਰੰਮ ਦਾ ਪੈਰਾਂ ਉਪਰਿ ਸੀਸ ਨਿਵਾਇਆ || <br><br />
ਕਲਿਜੁਗ ਬਾਬੇ ਤਾਰਿਆ ਸਤਿਨਾਮੁ ਪੜ੍ਹਿ ਮੰਤ੍ਰ ਸੁਣਾਇਆ || ਕਲਿ ਤਾਰਣਿ ਗੁਰੁ ਨਾਨਕ ਆਇਆ ||੨੩|| ਵਾਰ ੧ || <br><br><br />
<br />
The Provider Lord listened to the cries (of humanity), Guru Nanak ji descended into this world. <br><br />
Washing His feet and praising God, he got his Sikhs to drink the ambrosial nectar (of humility). <br><br />
In this Dark Age, he showed all gods to be just one. <br><br />
The four feet of Dharma, the four castes were converted into one. <br><br />
Equality of the King and beggar, he spread the custom of being humble. <br><br />
Reversed is the game of the beloved; the egotist high heads bowed to the feet. <br><br />
Baba Nanak rescued this Dark Age; read ‘[[satnam]]’ and recited the mantra. <br><br />
Guru Nanak ji came to redeem this Dark Age of Kaljug. [http://www.searchgurbani.com/bhai_gurdas_vaaran/vaar/1/pauri/23/line/1 Bhai Gurdas - Vaar 1 pauri 23]<br />
</center><br />
<br />
==His path==<br />
It was a dark and moonless night; the clouds were heavy with rain as it was the monsoon season. Suddenly lightning flashed and thunder sounded as a few raindrops started to fall. The village was asleep. Only Nanak ji was awake and the echo of his song filled the air.<br />
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Guru Nanak ji’s mother was worried because it was pitch dark and day break was far away. The lamp in his room was burning. She could hear his melodious voice as he sang, restraining herself no longer she knocked at his door. “Go to sleep, my son, the sun is a long way ahead.” Nanak became silent. From the darkness sounded the call of the sparrow-hawk. “Piyu, piyu, piyu!” it called.<br />
<br />
:“Listen, mother!” Nanak ji called out. “The sparrow-hawk is calling to his beloved; how can I be silent, because I am competing with it? I will call my [[1|beloved]] before he calls his – even for longer because his beloved is nearby, perhaps in the next tree! My beloved is so far away. I will have to sing for lives upon lives before my voice reaches Him.” Nanak ji resumed his song.<br />
<br />
<br />
Guru Nanak ji’s path was, is and will ever remain decorated with endless rows of true flowers; he realised God by singing virtues of God and following a life of true deeds. Guru Nanak Dev ji did not practise normal Hindu austerities, meditation or yoga; he only sang in the beautiful poetic forms of the time. Singing, often extemporaneously, with all his heart and soul, so much so that his singing became his meditation, his purification and his yugam (yoking ones self to the almighty, to [[Satguru]]. This was Guru Nanak ji’s path; decorated with true flowers of song, songs of glory and praise of the Almighty Lord. <br />
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Whatever he has said was said in [[Gurbani|verse straight from GOD]]. His blissful and mesmerizing songs are not those of an ordinary singer; they have sprung from within one who has known. There is the ring of truth, the reflection of God within them. It is these songs, songs of love and expressions of truthfulness and worship, along with the songs of Guru Nanak Dev ji's nine successors, that form the eternal Guru of the [[Sikh.|Sikhs]], the [[Bani|Guru Granth Sahib]].<br />
-------------------<br />
<br />
===Background===<br />
<br />
According to some ancient Sikh records, Guru Sahib was born in the early morning of the third day of the light half of the month of [[Baisakh]] (April - May), which is believed to be [[Saturday]] [[15 April]] [[1469]] ; while some other chronicles state the date of birth as October 20, 1469. The [[Sikh]]s now celebrate this auspicious event each year on the Pooranmashi (full moon day) in the lunar month of Katak (October-November), which falls on different dates every year.<br />
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His father was Kalayan Das Mehta, also known as [[Mehta Kalu]], and his mother was [[Mata Tripta]]. They belonged to the Vedic Kshatriya caste. His father was the local [[Village accountant|patwari]] (accountant) for crop revenue in the village of Talwandi. Guru ji had an elder sister named [[Nanaki|Bebey Nanki]], who was the first to recognize Guru Nanak ji as an enlightened Soul. <br />
{{Guru Nanak Dev Relatives}}<br />
Guru Nanak Dev ji from an early age evidenced a questioning and inquiring mind. He soon mastered the Vedas and Sanskrit and was enrolled into a Madrassa to study Persian and Arabic languages. Picking up both languages quickly, he surprised his teacher by composing an acrostic on the Persian language. <br />
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When it was time for Guru Nanak Dev ji to be invested with the twice born thread the [[Guru Nanak and the Sacred Thread|“sacred” thread]], called the Janeu, he refused to take part in the ritual. When the priest continued to insist that the young Nanak ji done the string he went into a trance and sang: <br />
[[Image:GuruNanakDevJi.jpg||left|200px]]<br />
::Let mercy be the cotton, contentment the thread,<br />
::Continence the knot and truth the twist.<br />
::Oh priest! if you have such a thread,<br />
::Do give it to me.<br />
::It will not wear out, nor get soiled, nor be burnt, nor lost.<br />
::Says Nanak, blessed are those who go about wearing such a thread.<br />
::::::::::::::''(Rag Asa)''<br />
<br />
'''Guru Nanak Dev ji's Life at Sultanpur'''<br />
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Guru Nanak ji married [[Mata Sulakhni|Sulkhni]] of Batala, and they had two sons, [[Sri Chand]] and [[Lakhmi Das]]. Guru ji's brother-in-law, the husband of his sister Nanki, obtained a job for him in Sultanpur as the manager of the government's grainary. One morning, when he was twenty-eight, he went as usual down to the river to bathe and meditate. It was said that he was [[3 Days in the River|gone for three days]]. When he reappeared, filled with the spirit of God, it was apparent to all that he was a changed man. He would say nothing, he quit his job and distributed all that he had to the poor. Accompanied by his childhood friend, a Muslim named Mardana who had always played the [[Rebab]] while Nanak ji sang, they left town. When, after a few days, he spoke saying "There is no Hindu, no Musalman."[1] It was then that Guru Nanak Dev ji began his missionary work and travels. <br />
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As a householder, Guru ji continued to carry out the [[Khalsa|mission]] of his life – to lead people on the [[Compendium of TRUE IDEAs|true path to God]], to dispel [[FALSEHOOD|superstition]], to bring people out of ritualistic practises, to lead them directly to follow [[Gurbani]] without the need for [[FALSEHOOD|priests and clergy]], and to restrain and guard against the five thieves within – Pride, Anger, Greed, Attachment and Lust.<br />
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==Teachings==<br />
Guru Nanak Dev ji founded and formalised the [[three pillars of Sikhism]]: <br />
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#''' <u>[[Naam Japna]]</u>''' Guru Ji led the Sikhs directly to practise [[Simran]] and [[Naam Japna]] – meditation on [[God]] through reciting, chanting, singing, and constant remembrance followed by deep study & comprehension of God’s Name and virtues. In real life to practice and tread on the path of [[Dharam]] (righteousness) - The inner thought of the Sikh, thus stays constantly immersed in the praises and appreciation of the Creator and the ONE ETERNAL GOD [[Waheguru]].<br />
#''' <u>[[Kirat Karni]]</u>''' He expected the Sikhs to live as honourable householders and practise [[Kirat Karni]] – To honestly earn by ones physical and mental effort while accepting both pains and pleasures as GOD's gifts and blessings. One is to stay truthful at all times and fear none but the Eternal Super Soul. Live a life founded on decency immersed in [[Dharam]] - life controlled by high spiritual, moral, and social values. <br />
#''' <u>[[Vand Chakna]]</u>'''. The Sikhs were asked to share their wealth within the community by practising [[Vand Chakna]] – “Share and Consume together”. The community or [[Sadh Sangat]] is an important part of [[Sikhism]]. One must be part of a community that is living by the flawless objective values set out by the [[Sikh Gurus]] and every Sikh has to contribute in whatever way possible to the common community pool. This spirit of '''Sharing''' and '''Giving''' is an important message from [[Guru Nanak]] Dev Ji.<br />
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=== Contributions to humanity ===<br />
<br />
During his his time on Earth Guru Nanak Dev ji was revered by both [[Hindus]] and [[Muslims]] and even today many, outside of the Sikh faith, revere him. It is related that as he lay dying, his followers some formerly Hindu and others formerly Muslims argued whether his body should be cremated as Hindu tradition dictated or buried as in Islamic tradition.<br />
It is said that when they removed the sheet which had covered the Guru they found only beautiful flowers. The Hindus burned theirs, the Muslims buried theirs.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Guru Nanak Mardana Bala Woodcut1.jpg|thumb|250px|'''Guru Nanak Dev ji with Mardana (left) and Bala''' Coloured woodcut, Amritsar or Lahore, about 1875|right]]<br />
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Following are highlighted contribution of Guru Nanak Dev ji:<br />
===== '''Equality of humans''' =====<br />
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When in the middle east, the west and the rest of asia slavery, varna/class and race discrimination was rife and respect between the different classes and caste was at a peak, Guru Nanak Dev ji preached against discrimination and prejudices due to race, caste, status, etc. He said: "See the brotherhood of all mankind as the highest order of Yogis; conquer your own mind, and conquer the world." (SGGS page 6); also "There is one awareness among all created beings." (page 24) and finally "One who recognizes the One Lord among all beings does not talk of ego. ||4||" (page 432). He urges all the peoples of the world to "conquer" their minds to these evil practises. All human beings had the light of the Lord and were the same -- only by subduing one's pride and ego could one see this light in all. <br />
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===== '''Equality of women''' =====<br />
In about 1499 when the world offered low to no status or respect to women, Guru Nanak Dev ji sought to improve the respect of women by spreading this message: "From woman, man is born; within woman, man is conceived; to woman he is engaged and married. Woman becomes his friend; through woman, the future generations come. When his woman dies, he seeks another woman; to woman he is bound. So why call her bad? From her, kings are born. From woman, woman is born; without woman, there would be no one at all. O Nanak, only the True Lord is without a woman." (page 473). In so doing, he promoted women's rights and equality — a first for the 15th century!<br />
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===== '''Universal message for all people''' =====<br />
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It had been a custom at the time for religious leaders to address only their own congregation and for segregation of the different religions -- but Guru Nanak Dev ji broke with tradition and spoke to all of humanity. To the Muslim he said: "And when, O Nanak, he is merciful to all beings, only then shall he be called a Muslim. ||1||" (page 141); to the Hindu, he said "O Nanak, without the True Name, of what use is the frontal mark of the Hindus, or their sacred thread? ||1||" (page 467); and to all he preached: "To take what rightfully belongs to another is like a Muslim eating pork, or a Hindu eating beef." (page 141).<br />
{{Guru Nank Dev Banis}}<br />
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==Spiritual journeys==<br />
[[Image:Guru Nanak Udasis.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Map of Guru Nanak Dev Ji Journeys|left]]<br />
{{main|The Udasis of Guru Nanak}}<br />
Guru Nanak Dev ji made four great Spiritual journeys, traveling to all parts of [[India]], Sri Lanka, [[wikipedia:Arabia|Arabia]] and [[wikipedia:Persia|Persia]]. He visited head centers of all religions and had discourses with head priests of various sects of [[Hinduism|Hindus]], [[wikipedia:Jainism|Jains]], [[wikipedia:Buddhism|Buddhists]], [[wikipedia:Parsee|Parsee]]s, and [[Muslim]]s. Everywhere he outcome in Spiritual discussions; therefore having followers from all religious backgrounds.<br />
<br />
He spoke in the temples and mosques, and at various pilgrimage sites. Wherever he went, Guru Nanak Dev ji spoke out against empty [[wikipedia:Ritual|religious rituals]], [[wikipedia:pilgrimage|pilgrimage]]s, the [[wikipedia:caste system|caste system]], the [[Sati|sacrifice of widows]], of depending on [[wikipedia:Sacred text|books]] to learn the true religion, and of all the other tenets that were to define his teachings. Never did he ask his listeners to follow him. He asked the Muslims to be true Muslims and the Hindus to be true Hindus.<br />
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After the last of his great journeys, Guru Nanak Dev ji tried a new experiment - he asked a wealthy follower to donate a large tract of land . Here he built a town calling it Kartapur (in [[Punjab]]) on the banks of the [[wikipedia:Ravi_River|Ravi]] where he taught for another fifteen years. Followers from all over came to settle in Kartapur to listen, and sing, and be with him. During this time, although his followers still remained Hindu, Muslim, or of the religion to which they were born, they became known as the Guru ji's disciples, or [[Sikh|sikhs]]. It was here his followers began to refer to him as teacher, or [[Guru|guru]]. The Guru ji told his followers that they were to be [[wikipedia:Household|householders]] and could not live apart from the world -- there were to be no [[wikipedia:Priest|priests]] or [[wikipedia:Hermit|hermits]]. Here is where the Guru ji instituted the [[Langar|common meal]], requiring the rich and poor, Hindu and Muslim, high caste and low caste, to sit together while eating. All worked together, all owned the town. Here is where Lehna, later to be [[Guru_Angad_Dev|Guru Angad]], came to be with Guru Nanak Dev ji. <br />
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A well known legend, when Guru Nanak Dev ji met Babur (1483-1530) the Emperor of India offered him a shared pipe of [Bhang], Guru Nanak ji replied that he had a bhang whose wonderful effects never wore off.<br />
Inquiring of Guru Nanak ji where he could find such wonderful bhang - Guru Nanak ji declined the emperor's offer, saying GOD the [SAT GURU] was his bhang.<br />
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{{Guru Nanak Udasia}}<br />
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==The Guru leaves for his heavenly abode==<br />
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After completing his odysseys, Guru Nanak Dev ji settled in '''Kartarpur''' ''(meaning: The City of the Creator)''. This city was established by [[Guru Nanak Dev ji]] himself in 1522.<br />
The guru ji by then had become widely renowned and respected by everyone for the love and guidance he'd bestowed on humanity. The Sikh, Hindu and Muslim devotees all claimed the guru as one of their own prophets. <br />
When it became apparent that Guru Nanak Dev ji's end was imminent, an argument ensued as to who would claim the guru's body for funeral rites. The Muslims wished to bury him according to their customs, while the Sikhs and Hindus wished to cremate his body according to their beliefs. To settle the matter, Guru Nanak Dev ji himself was consulted as to how his remains should be disposed of, and by whom. He explained the concept of joti jot, that only his mortal body would expire, but that light which illumined him was the divine and imperishable light, and would pass to his successor [[Guru Angad Dev]].<br />
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The guru ji requested his devotees to bring flowers and instructed the Sikhs and Hindus to place flowers on his right side and the Muslims to place flowers to his left side. He told them that permission for funeral rites would be determined by whichever set of flowers remained fresh through out the night. On Asu sudi 10, 1596 Bikrmi [Monday September 22, 1539 AD] Guru Nanak Dev ji breathed his last breath at Kartarpur. <br />
The Sikh, Hindu and Muslim devotees returned the following morning. They carefully lifted and removed the sheet which had been placed over the guru ji's body. All were amazed and astonished to discover that no trace at all remained of Guru Nanak Dev Ji's mortal body. Only fresh flowers remained, for not a single bud had wilted of any blossom which had been left by either Sikhs, Hindus, or Muslims, the night before.<br />
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The Muslims then buried the flowers, while the Hindus and Sikhs cremated them. Therefore, both a samadhi (Hindu traditional monument of remembrance) and a grave (according to Muslim traditions) were created by each community.<br />
A gurudwara now stands there, near the banks of river Ravi, next to a small village named Kothay Pind (village) on the West bank of the [[Ravi River]] in [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]. <br />
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This [[Gurudwara]] is also visible from the Indian side of the border, from a Gurdwara at the historical town of [[Dehra Baba Nanak]] in [[India]]. Both sites are considered to be some of the holiest places in Sikhism.<br />
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==Preparations for the 550th Celebrations of the birth of Guru Nanak Dev ji begin==<br />
{{P|File:2018-Gurpurb celebrations begin.JPG|Former Indian PM Dr Manmohan Singh, Punjab Governor VP Singh Badnore and CM Amarinder Singh lay the foundation stone of 26 projects at Sultanpur Lodhi on Friday, 23-Nov-2018. Tribune Photo: Malkiat Singh }}<br />
<br />
{{main|550th Celebrations of the birth of Guru Nanak}}<br />
<br />
In November 2019, the whole world will be celebrating the 550th birth anniversary of [[Guru Nanak Dev ji]]. In [[Punjab]], [[India]], on Friday, 23 November 2018, the Punjab Chief Minister [[Captain Amarinder Singh]] launched a year-long preparations for the celebrations of the 550th birth anniversary of [[Guru Nanak Dev]], the founder of [[Sikhism]] which will be taking place in November 2019. He called upon people to set aside their religious and political differences to join his government in making it a memorable event. Addressing a large gathering in [[Sultanpur Lodhi]] in [[Kapurthala]] district, where Guru Nanak Dev ji spent over 14 years of his early life, the Captain exhorted the people to reconnect with his teachings, principles and ideals.<br />
<br />
The Captain thanked Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and the Union government for acceding to various requests of the state government with regard to the celebrations. He hailed the Centre’s decision to develop the Kartarpur Sahib Corridor from Punjab’s Gurdaspur district to the International Border to facilitate Indian pilgrims to visit Gurdwara Darbar Sahib in Kartarpur in Pakistan. He said a long-pending demand of Punjab was on the verge of fulfilment and on November 26, he would join the President to lay the foundation stone of the corridor.<br />
<br />
He also thanked the Government of [[Pakistan]] for reciprocating on the issue and said his government would also contribute, as may be required, to ensure timely completion of the project. Addressing the gathering, former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh expressed gratitude to Amarinder Singh and his government for giving him the opportunity to be part of this special moment. He expressed hope that all would rise above petty considerations of communalism and hatred to celebrate the event in a befitting manner.<br />
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The former prime minister exhorted the people to participate in the year-long celebrations with full enthusiasm and gaiety, regardless of caste, colour, creed and religion. Governor Badnore said it was a matter of pride for him to be part of the auspicious occasion. He called for universal brotherhood as the key message of the commemorative events.<br />
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Former Indian cricketer Kapil Dev, who was also present, presented a book, ‘We the Sikhs around the world’, relating to 100 gurdwaras across the globe, to Manmohan Singh, Badnore and Capt Amarinder. Earlier, Manmohan Singh, along with his wife Gursharan Kaur, Badnore and Capt Amarinder paid obeisance at the historic Gurdwara Ber Sahib here. Former Punjab Chief Minister Parkash Singh Badal and Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD) President Sukhbir Singh Badal also paid obeisance at Gurdwara Ber Sahib.<br />
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== Guru Nanak ji saakhis ==<br />
<br />
{{Main|Sakhis of Guru Nanak}}<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|<br />
* [[3 Days in the River]]<br />
* [[Bhai Lalo's Honesty]]<br />
* [[Charity to Sadhus]]<br />
* [[Dukh Sukh]]<br />
* [[Guru Ji's Sickness]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Guru Nanak and Duni Chand]]<br />
* [[Guru Nanak and the Sacred Thread]]<br />
* [[Guru Nanak at School]]<br />
* [[Is there one God for the Rich, and one for the Poor?]]<br />
* [[Mardana Gives Clothes and Food]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Sajan the Robber]]<br />
* [[The Birth of the Guru]]<br />
* [[There is no Hindu and no Musalman]]<br />
* [[Watering the Crops]]<br />
* [[Walli Kandhari]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Mian Mitha]]<br />
* [[Hamza Gaus]]<br />
* [[Sheikh Brahm]]<br />
* [[Salis Rai Jouri]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{|<br />
|<br />
* [[GURU NANAK - By Puran Singh]]<br />
* [[Guru Nanak Udasis]]<br />
* [[Guru Nanak in Baghdad]]<br />
* [[Guru Nanak in Tibet]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Guru Nanak in Tibet Quotes]]<br />
* [[Guru Nanak in Nepal]]<br />
* [[Guru Nanak Dev Ji's Third Udasi]]<br />
* [[Sikhism]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Sikhs]]<br />
* [[Sikh Sites]]<br />
* [[Dera Baba Nanak, Kartarpur (Ravi)]]<br />
* [[Kartarpur (Ravi)]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Guru Nanak: Bridge across all faiths]]<br />
* [[Establishment of Kartarpur]]<br />
* [[Nanakshahi calendar]]<br />
* [[Guru Nanak in Nepal]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* {{Wikipedia}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/guru-nanak Eternal Glory of Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji]<br />
*[http://www.discoversikhism.com/sikh_gurus/sri_guru_nanak_dev_ji.html DiscoverSikhism]<br />
*[http://www.gurmat.info/sms/smssikhism/gurus/gurunanakdevji/ Sikh Missionary Society]<br />
*[http://www.sikhvideos.org/guru-nanak-nirankar.htm Video on Guru Nanak Dev Ji]<br />
*[http://www.sikhphilosophy.net/guru-nanak-dev/ Guru Nanak Dev]<br />
*[http://www.sikhcoalition.org/SikhismCalendar3.asp Birth Date of Guru Nanak Sahib]<br />
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/nanak.shtml BBC on Guru Nanak]<br />
*[http://www.sikhs.org/guru1.htm Sikhs.org]<br />
*[http://www.indianetzone.com/2/guru_nanak.htm Complete information on Guru Nanak]<br />
|}<br />
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<br />
===eBooks:===<br />
*[https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Eternal_Glory_of_Guru_Nanak.html?id=XuGrDwAAQBAJ Eternal Glory of Guru Nanak]<br />
*[http://www.sacred-texts.com/skh/tsr1/index.htm Max Arthur MacAuliff, ''The Sikh Religion, Vol 1, (The Life of Guru Nanak)'', Oxford University Press, 1909.]<br />
*[http://www.gurmat.info/sms/smspublications/gurunanakforchildren/ Guru Nanak Dev Ji (for Children)]<br />
<br />
===Audio:===<br />
*[http://www.sikhism.com/playlists/play4.htm Sikhifm.com]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
* '''1. [http://sgpc.net/ten-guru-sahibs/guru-nanak-sahib/ Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji]'''<br />
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* '''2. Sikh Gurus, Their Lives & Teachings, K.S. Duggal, p 14'''<br />
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* '''3. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/06/contributions-of-guru-nanak-by-s-kapur.html Contributions Of Guru Nanak - S. Kapur Singh]'''<br />
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* '''4. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/04/my-master-sri-satguru-guru-nanak-dev.html My Master - Sri Satguru Guru Nanak Dev! - Sher Singh MSc Kashmir]'''<br />
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* '''6. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/06/guru-nanak-dev-di-pad-padvi-sirdar.html Guru Nanak Dev di Pad Padvi - Sirdar Kapur Singh Tract No. 407]'''<br />
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* '''7. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/03/guru-nanak-and-his-mission-principal.html Guru Nanak And His Mission - Principal Teja Singh]'''<br />
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* '''8. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/03/sri-guru-nanak-dev-ji-sher-singh-msc.html Sri Guru Nanak Dev ji - Sher Singh MSc Kashmir]'''<br />
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* '''9. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/02/guru-nanak-darpan-gyani-bhag-singh.html Guru Nanak Darpan - Gyani Bhag Singh Ambala]'''<br />
<br />
* '''10. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/01/the-japji-guru-nanak-devs-master-key.html The Japji - Guru Nanak Dev's Master Key-Holy To The Mystery Of Deification Of Man - Sher Singh MSc Kashmir]'''<br />
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* '''11. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/12/the-dakhni-onkar-word-divine-uttered-by.html The Dakhni Onkar (The Word Divine Uttered by Sri Guru Nanak Dev In The South) - Sher Singh MSc Kashmir]'''<br />
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* '''12. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/11/guru-nanak-usherer-in-of-golden-age.html Guru Nanak - The Usherer-In of the Golden Age - Sher Singh MSc Kashmir]'''<br />
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* '''14. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/09/guru-nanak-dev-ji-and-chungthung.html 'Guru Nanak Dev Ji and Chungthung' - Gyani Brahma Singh Brahma]''' - The article 'Guru Nanak Dev Ji and Chungthung', written by Gyani Brahma Singh Brahma was published in Tract No 301 of Guru Nanak Dev Mission, Patiala, in November 1986. This article provides information about spots blessed by Guru Nanak's visit in Sikkim. The stories connected with these places are similar to the ones associated with Wali-Kandhari's event and Babe-di-ber at Sultanpur Lodhi.<br />
<br />
* '''15. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/07/the-tract-guru-nanak-saviour-of-world.html Guru Nanak The Saviour of the world (1469-1538) - Sher Singh MSc Kashmir]'''<br />
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* '''16. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/06/contributions-of-guru-nanak-by-s-kapur.html Contributions Of Guru Nanak - S. Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
* '''17. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/04/guru-nanaks-message-to-mankind-sher_2.html Guru Nanak's Message To Mankind - Sher Singh MSc Kashmir''']'''<br />
<br />
* '''18. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/03/sri-guru-babey-ji-di-chahun-jugi-janam.html Sri Guru Babey ji di Chahun Jugi Janam Sakhi - An Autobiography of Eternal-Nanak - New Light on Eternally-old ATMAN]'''<br />
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* '''19. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2012/09/guru-nanak-king-of-mystics.html Guru Nanak - King of Mystics - Gyani Brahma Singh Brahma]'''<br />
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* '''20.''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2012/09/guru-nanak-advocate-of-communal-concord.html Guru Nanak - Advocate of communal concord]'''<br />
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* '''21. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/10/guru-nanak-select-bibliography-1965.html Guru Nanak - A Select Bibliography (1965-1980) - Man Singh Deora]'''<br />
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* '''22. [https://www.sikhs.org/guru1.htm The First Master Guru Nanak (1469 - 1539)]'''<br />
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* '''23. [http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/gurus/nanak1.html Guru Nanak Dev ji (1469 - 1539)]'''<br />
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* '''24. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/11/guru-nanak-his-status-and-salience.html Guru Nanak His Status and Salience - Sirdar Kapur Singh]''' - The paper "Guru Nanak His Status and Salience" was read by Sirdar Kapur Singh on 30th November 1977, at the Khalsa College, Amritsar.<br />
<br />
* '''25. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/02/sidh-goshat-ramkali-i-sher-singh-msc.html Sidh-Goshat, Ramkali I - Sher Singh MSc Kashmir]'''<br />
<br />
* '''26. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/09/sikhan-di-janam-bhoomi-sri-nanakana.html Sikhan di Janam Bhoomi - Sri Nanakana Sahib Tract No. 432]'''<br />
<br />
* '''27. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/09/flora-and-fauna-in-guru-nanaks-bani-dr.html Flora and Fauna in Guru Nanak's Bani - Dr. Jasbir Singh Sarna]'''<br />
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* '''28. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/10/guru-nanak-da-krantikari-andolan.html Guru Nanak Da Krantikari Andolan]'''<br />
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* '''29. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/guru-nanak-devji-da-sangti-da-sankalp.html Guru Nanak Devji Da Sangti Da Sankalp]''' <br />
<br />
* '''30. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/guru-nanaks-impact-on-history-dr-ganda.html Guru Nanak's Impact On History - Dr. Ganda Singh]'''<br />
<br />
* '''31. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/guru-nanak-man-with-message-part-2.html Guru Nanak - The Man With A Message (Part 2) - Harchand Singh (Canada) Tract No. 283]'''<br />
<br />
* '''32. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/guru-nanaks-works-bibliography-compiled.html Guru Nanak's Works: A Bibliography - Compiled by Dr. Ganda Singh]'''<br />
<br />
* '''33. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/janam-sakhi-or-biography-of-guru-nanak.html Janam Sakhi or The Biography of Guru Nanak, Founder of The Sikh Religion]'''<br />
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* '''34. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/nanak-panthis-or-sikhs-and-sikhism-of.html Nanak Panthis or The Sikhs and Sikhism of the 17th Century - Dr. Ganda Singh]'''<br />
<br />
* '''35. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/guru-nanak-dev-ji-dey-raajneetik.html Guru Nanak Dev ji dey raajneetik vichaar - Jaswant Singh 'Aman' Tract No. 523]'''<br />
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* '''36. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/guru-nanak-jhira-tract-no-389.html Guru Nanak Jhira Tract No. 389]''' <br />
<br />
* '''37. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/nanakana-sahib-narain-singh-tract-no-412.html Nanakana Sahib - Narain Singh Tract No. 412]'''<br />
<br />
* '''38. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/nanakana-sahib-darshan-taangh-tey.html Nanakana Sahib Darshan - Taangh Tey Paryatan Tract No. 356]'''<br />
<br />
* '''39. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/nanakana-sahib-dey-beetey-samey-tey-ik.html Nanakana Sahib Dey Beetay Samey Tey Ik Jhaat Tract No. 395]'''<br />
<br />
* '''40. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/08/pakistan-andar-rahe-gurudware-tract-no.html Pakistan Andar Rahe Gurudware Tract No. 138]'''<br />
<br />
* '''41. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/nanak-jhira-tey-gurmat-shah-rah-tract.html Nanak Jhira Tey Gurmat Shah Rah Tract No. 159]''' <br />
<br />
* '''42. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/kartarpur-ravi-sikh-inkalab-da-sarot.html Kartarpur-Ravi - Sikh Inkalab da Sarot - Surjeet Singh Bhatia Tract No. 529]''' <br />
<br />
* '''43. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/06/guru-nanak-sahib-da-arab-deshan-da.html Guru Nanak Sahib da Arab Deshan da Safarnama - Dr. Jasbir Singh Sarna]'''<br />
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* '''44. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/09/guru-nanak-dev-ji-di-lok-lehar-part-2.html Guru Nanak Dev Ji Di Lok Lehar Part 2 Tract No. 333]'''<br />
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* '''45. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/09/guru-nanak-deekhia-tract-no-204.html Guru Nanak Deekhia Tract No. 204]'''<br />
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* '''46. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/09/guru-nanak-jeevan-chon-jhankian-tract.html Guru Nanak Jeevan chon Jhankian Tract No. 190]'''<br />
<br />
* '''47. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/09/ik-fakir-vada-mastana-tract-no-80.html Ik Fakir Vada Mastana Tract No. 80]'''<br />
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* '''48. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/09/kaljug-babey-tarya-tract-no-106.html Kaljug Babey Tarya Tract No. 106]'''<br />
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* '''49. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/09/krantikar-guru-nanak-tract-no-4.html Krantikar Guru Nanak Tract No. 4]'''<br />
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* '''50. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/09/krantikar-guru-nanak-tract-no-79.html Krantikar Guru Nanak Tract No. 79]'''<br />
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* '''51. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-central-message-of-guru-nanak.html The Central Message of Guru Nanak - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
* '''52. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/guru-nanak-and-civil-servant-sirdar.html Guru Nanak and the civil servant - Sirdar Kapur Singh]''' <br />
<br />
* '''53. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-region-of-grace-sirdar-kapur-singh.html The Region of Grace - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
* '''54. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/guru-nanak-founder-of-world-religion.html Guru Nanak the founder of a world religion - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
* '''55. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-japu-of-guru-nanak-sirdar-kapur.html The Japu of Guru Nanak - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
* '''56. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-indian-society-as-guru-nanak-found.html The Indian Society as Guru Nanak Found it - Dr. Ganda Singh]'''<br />
<br />
* '''57. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/guru-nanaks-concept-of-nature-sirdar.html Guru Nanak's Concept of Nature - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
* '''58. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/nanakana-sahib-darshan-taangh-tey.html Nanakana Sahib Darshan Taangh Tey Paryatan Tract No. 175]'''<br />
<br />
* '''59. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/true-status-of-guru-nanak-sirdar-kapur.html True Status of Guru Nanak - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
* '''60. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/08/japuji-exegesis-and-poetic-rendering-dr.html Japuji Exegesis and Poetic Rendering - Dr. S.S. Bhatti]'''<br />
<br />
* '''61. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/nanakana-sahib-da-hirdey-vedhak-saka.html Nanakana Sahib Da Hirdey Vedhak Saka Tract No. 413]'''<br />
<br />
* '''62. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/nanakana-sahib-dey-shahidan-nu.html Nanakana Sahib dey Shahidan nu Shardhanjli Tract No. 179]'''<br />
<br />
* '''63. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/satguru-nanak-da-birha-tract-no-40.html Satguru Nanak Da Birha Tract No. 40]'''<br />
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* '''64. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/sidh-gosht-da-saar-tract-no-137.html Sidh Gosht da Saar Tract No. 137]'''<br />
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* '''65. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/sanskrit-kaav-vich-sikh-guru-sahiban-di.html Sanskrit Kaav vich Sikh Guru Sahiban di Mehma - Dr. Mahesh Chandar Sharma Gautam Tract No. 475]'''<br />
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* '''66. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/sri-nanakana-sahib-da-shaheedi-saka.html Sri Nanakana Sahib da Shaheedi Saka February 21, 1921 - Lal Singh, Narain Singh M.A. Tract No. 196]'''<br />
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* '''67. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/12/translation-of-japji-m-macauliffe.html Translation of the Japji - M. Macauliffe]'''<br />
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* '''68. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-advent-and-message-of-guru-nanak.html The Advent and Message of Guru Nanak Tract No. 249]'''<br />
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* '''69. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/sooraj-nikalya-tract-no-50.html Sooraj Nikalya Tract No. 50]'''<br />
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* '''70. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/sidh-gosht-da-pichokad-tract-no-132.html Sidh Gosht da Pichokad Tract No. 132]'''<br />
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* '''71. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/sri-japu-nisan-kartar-singh-dakha.html Sri Japu Nisan - Kartar Singh Dakha]'''<br />
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* '''72. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/sri-guru-nanak-bani-shamsher-singh-ashok.html Sri Guru Nanak-Bani - Shamsher Singh Ashok]'''<br />
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* '''73. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/nanak-panthi-soochi-gyani-fauja-singh.html Nanak Panthi Soochi - Gyani Fauja Singh]'''<br />
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* '''74. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/sri-guru-nanak-dev-ji-barey-sahit.html Sri Guru Nanak Dev ji barey Sahit - Shamsher Singh Ashok]'''<br />
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* '''75. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/dua-e-sahari-japji-sahib-ka-urdu.html Dua-E-Sahari (Japji Sahib ka Urdu tarjuma) - Kartar Singh Kaimbalpuri]'''<br />
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* '''76. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/vird-e-haq-translation-of-japji-sahib.html Vird-E-Haq (translation of Japji Sahib in Urdu verse) - Master Lal Singh Anand Khalsa]'''<br />
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* '''77. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/sri-guru-nanak-dev-ji-di-onkareshwar.html Sri Guru Nanak Dev ji di Onkareshwar Pheri - Bhagat Singh Hira]'''<br />
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* '''78. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/thus-spoke-guru-nanak-sir-jogendra-singh.html Thus Spoke Guru Nanak - Sir Jogendra Singh]'''<br />
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* '''79. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/guru-nanaks-japji-and-sohila-arti-prof.html Guru Nanak's Japji and Sohila-Arti - Prof. Puran Singh]'''<br />
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* '''80. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/jap-vichar-japji-sahib-da-bahu-pakhi.html Jap Vichar - Japji Sahib da Bahu-Pakhi Adheyan - Prof. Prakash Singh]'''<br />
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* '''81. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/02/jap-ji-sahib-vyakhya-vichar-darshan.html Jap Ji Sahib - Vyakhya, Vichar Darshan atey Kala - Dr. Gurcharan Singh Mehta]'''<br />
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* '''82. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/gur-nanak-dev-govind-roop-dr-kartar.html Gur Nanak Dev Govind Roop - Dr. Kartar Singh]'''<br />
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* '''83. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/jap-vichar-tract-no-56.html Jap Vichar Tract No. 56]'''<br />
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* '''84. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/guru-nanak-dev-ji-dey-purkhian-dey-pind.html Guru Nanak Dev ji dey Purkhian dey Pind da Ithaas - PatehyVindPur(i)NaamKahantey - Bhai Sarabjeet Singh Dhotian]'''<br />
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* '''85. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/03/jeevan-gatha-guru-nanak-sahib-ji-bebey.html Jeevan Gatha Guru Nanak Sahib ji, Bebey Nanaki atey Mata Nanaki ji - Dr. Harbhajan Singh Sekhon, Dr. Karamdeep Kaur]'''<br />
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* '''86. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/03/gurmat-di-roshni-vich-arti-dr-harbhajan.html Gurmat di Roshni vich Arti - Dr. Harbhajan Singh Sekhon, Deep Singh Sangra]'''<br />
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* '''87. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/09/guru-nanak-darshan.html Guru Nanak Darshan]'''<br />
* '''88. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/11/guru-nanak-his-life-and-teachings-3rd.html Guru Nanak - His Life and Teachings (3rd edition) - Dr. Ganda Singh]'''<br />
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==Footer==<br />
{{Sikh Gurus|Bhagats|([[1100]] - [[1469]])|Guru Nanak|Guru Angad Dev|(Second [[Sikh Guru]])}}<br />
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{{Guru Nanak Dev Relatives}}<br />
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{{Events relating to Guru Nanak}}<br />
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{{Sakhis of Guru Nanak}}<br />
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[[Category:Sikh Gurus]]</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=1984_Massacre_of_Sikhs&diff=1185111984 Massacre of Sikhs2020-10-31T17:44:11Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* Related Documents */</p>
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<div>[[Image:1_DeadBody.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A Sikh guy Hunted in Riots]]<br />
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1984 Anti-Sikh Pogroms took place in India after the assassination of {{w|Indira Gandhi}} on October 31, 1984. India's Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was assassinated by two of her Sikh guards acting in the aftermath of [[Operation Bluestar]].<br />
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Over the next four days nearly 3000 Sikhs were massacred in systematic riots planned and led by Congress activists and sympathizers. The then Congress government was widely criticized for doing very little at the time, if not acting as a conspirator, especially since voting lists were used to identify Sikh families. <br />
<br />
The then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, son of Indira Gandhi allegedly made a statement emphasizing the importance of his mother, while discounting the death of thousands, "When a big tree falls, the earth is bound to shake" on the Sikh carnage. His widow, Sonia Gandhi, the President of the Congress Party, officially apologized in 1998 for the events of November, 1984.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Delhi09.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The Devil Of evil on people]]<br />
<br />
It is alleged that the anti-Sikh violence were conducted at the behest of the Congress party who actually instigated masses. Many ordinary Indians of different religious dispositions made significant efforts to hide and help Sikh families as outlined in affidavits of Sikh victims and have been active in seeking appropriate justice.<br />
<br />
==Incident==<br />
On November 1, 1984, a huge mob from the suburbs of Delhi descended on various localities where mainly Sikh were concentrated. They were armed with iron rods, knives, clubs and some carried combustible materials, including kerosene. They had voters' lists of houses and business establishments belonging to Sikhs. The mobsters swarmed into Sikh homes brutally killing men, women and children. Their houses and shops were then ransacked and burned. The most affected regions were neighborhoods in Delhi, but in and out of Delhi, crazed mobs stopped buses and trains, pulling out Sikh passengers who were lynched or doused with kerosene and burned alive.<br />
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<br />
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[[Image:Killed2.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Victim Of Riot]]<br />
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==Timeline==<br />
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9:20 AM: Indira Gandhi shot by two of her sikh security guards at her residence, No. 1 Safdarjung Road, and rushed to All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS).<br />
<br />
Around 10:50 AM: Indira Gandhi dies. [5][6]<br />
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11:00 AM: All India Radio listeners learn that two security guards who shot Indira Gandhi were Sikhs.<br />
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4:00 PM: Rajiv Gandhi returns from West Bengal and reaches AIIMS. Stray incidents of attacks in and around that area.<br />
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5:30 PM: The motorcade of President Zail Singh, who returned from a foreign visit, was stoned as it approached AIIMS. Late Evening and Night: Mobs fanned out in different directions from AIIMS. The violence against Sikhs spread, starting in the neighboring constituency of Congress Councillor Arjun Das. The violence included destruction of Sikh properties and takes place even in VIP areas such as in the vicinity of Prithviraj Road.<br />
<br />
Shortly after Rajiv Gandhi was sworn in, senior advocate and opposition leader, Ram Jethmalani, met Home Minister, P.V. Narasimha Rao and urged him to take immediate steps to save Sikhs from further attacks. Delhi's Lt. Governor, P.G. Gavai and Police Commissioner, S.C. Tandon, visited some of the violence affected areas. But no precautionary follow -up action was initiated. It was also alleged that Rajiv Gandhi deliberately delayed in calling in the Army, a move which many believe could have saved the lives of many.<br />
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On the night of October 31st and morning of November 1st, several Congress leaders allegedly held meetings and mobilized support to launch a full scale assault against Delhi's Sikhs.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Delhi07.jpg|thumb|right|300px|CTU bus Which comes to [[Chandigarh]]]]<br />
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==Commission(s) of Enquiry==<br />
<br />
Numerous commissions have been setup to investigate the pogroms, however, many of the primary accused were acquitted or never charge-sheeted. Ten commissions and committees have till now inquired into the pogroms. The most recent commission on the pogroms, headed by Justice G.T. Nanavati submitted its 185-page report to the Home Minister, Shivraj Patil on February 9, 2005 and the report was tabled in Parliament on August 8, 2005. The commissions below are listed in the order they were formed.<br />
<br />
====Marwah Commission====<br />
<br />
This commission was appointed in November 1984. Ved Marwah, Additional Commissioner of Police, was assigned the job of enquiring into the role of the police during the carnage of November 1984. Mr Marwah almost completed his inquiry towards the middle of 1985 when he was directed by the Central Government not to proceed further as Misra Commission had been appointed by then. Complete records of the Marwah Commission were taken over by the government and were later transferred to the Misra Commission. However, the most important part of the record, namely the handwritten notes of Mr Marwah, which contained important information, were not transferred to the Misra Commission.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Delhi13.jpg|thumb|left|300px|What people can do??]]<br />
====Misra Commission of Enquiry====<br />
<br />
Misra commission was appointed in May 1985. Justice Rangnath Misra, was a sitting judge of the Supreme Court of India. Justice Misra submitted his report in August 1986 and the report was made public six months thereafter in February 1987. In his report, Justice Misra stated that it was not part of his terms of reference to identify any person and recommended the formation of three committees. There was only one term of reference to this commission, i.e. whether the violence was organised? The commission and its report has been heavily criticized as biased and a miscarriage of justice.<br />
<br />
====Kapur Mittal Committee====<br />
<br />
Kapur Mittal Committee was appointed in February 1987 on the recommendation of the Misra Commission to inquire into the role of the police, which the Marwah Commission had almost completed in 1985 itself, when the government asked that committee to wind up and not proceed further. After almost two years, this committee was appointed for the same purpose. This committee consisted of Justice Dalip Kapur and Mrs Kusum Mittal, retired Secretary of Uttar Pradesh. It submitted its report in 1990. Seventy-two police officers were identified for their connivance or gross negligence. The committee recommended forthwith dismissal of 30 police officers out of 72. However, till date, not a single police officer has been awarded any kind of punishment.<br />
<br />
====Jain Banerjee Committee====<br />
<br />
This committee was recommended by the Misra Commission for recommending registration of cases. It consisted of Justice M.L. Jain, former Judge of the Delhi High Court and Mr A.K. Banerjee, retired Inspector General of Police. The Misra Commission held in its report that a large number of cases had not been registered and wherever the victims named political leaders or police officers, cases were not registered against them. This committee recommended registration of cases against Mr Sajjan Kumar in August 1987, but no case was registered. In November 1987 many press reports appeared for not registering cases in spite of the recommendation of the committee. In December 1987, one of the co-accused along with Sajjan Kumar, namely Mr Brahmanand Gupta filed a writ petition in the Delhi High Court and obtained a stay against this committee. The government did not oppose the stay. The Citizens Justice Committee filed an application for vacating the stay. Ultimately, the writ petition was decided in August 1989 and the high court quashed the appointment of this committee. An appeal was filed by the Citizens Justice Committee in the Supreme Court of India.<br />
<br />
====Potti Rosha Committee====<br />
<br />
Potti Rosha Committee was appointed in March 1990, by the V.P. Singh government, as a successor to the Jain Banerjee Committee. In August 1990, Potti-Rosha issued recommendations for filing cases based on affidavits victims of the violence had submitted. There was one against Sajjan Kumar. A CBI team went to Kumar's home to file the charges; his supporters locked them up and threatened them harm if they persisted in their designs on their leader. As a result of this intimidation, when Potti-Rosha's term expired in September 1990, Potti and Rosha decided to disband their inquiry.<br />
<br />
====Jain Aggarwal Committee====<br />
<br />
The committee was appointed in December 1990 as a successor to the Potti Rosha Committee. It consisted of Justice J.D. Jain, retired Judge of the Delhi High Court and Mr D.K. Aggarwal, retired DGP of Uttar Pradesh. This committee recommended registration of cases against H.K.L. Bhagat, Sajjan Kumar, Dharamdas Shastri and Jagdish Tytler. The Committee also suggested setting up of two - three Special Investigating Teams in the Delhi Police under a Deputy Commissioner of Police and the overall supervision by the Additional Commissioner of Police, In-charge - CID and also to review the work-load of the three Special Courts set up to deal with October - November, 1984 pogroms cases exclusively so that these cases could be taken up on day-to-day basis. The question of appointment of Special Prosecutors to deal with October - November 1984 pogroms cases exclusively was also discussed. This committee was wound up in August 1993. However, the cases recommended by this committee were not even registered by the police.<br />
<br />
====Ahuja Committee====<br />
<br />
Ahuja Committee was the third committee recommended by the Misra Commission to ascertain the total number of killings in Delhi. This committee submitted its report in August 1987 and gave a figure of 2,733 as the number of Sikhs killed in Delhi alone.<br />
<br />
====Dhillon Committee====<br />
<br />
Dhillon Committee headed by Mr Gurdial Singh Dhillon was appointed in 1985 to recommend measures for the rehabilitation of the victims. This committee submitted its report by the end of 1985. One of the major recommendations of this Committee was that the business establishments, which had insurance cover, but whose insurance claims were not settled by insurance companies on the technical ground that riot was not covered under insurance, should be paid compensation under the directions of the government. This committee recommended that since all insurance companies were nationalised, they be directed to pay the claims. However, the government did not accept this recommendation and as a result insurance claims were rejected by all insurance companies throughout the country.<br />
<br />
====Narula Committee====<br />
<br />
Narula Committee was appointed in December 1993 by the Madan Lal Khurana government in Delhi. One of the recommendations of the Narula Committee was to convince the Central Government to grant sanction in this matter. Mr. Khurana took up the matter with the Central Government and in the middle of 1994, the Central Government decided that the matter did not fall within its purview and sent the case to the Lt. Governor of Delhi. It took two years for the Narasimha Rao Government to decide that it did not fall within Centre's purview. Narasimha Rao Government further delayed the case. This committee submitted its report in January 1994 and recommended the registration of cases against H.K.L. Bhagat, Sajjan Kumar and Jagdish Tytler. Ultimately, despite the delay by the Central government, the CBI was able to file the charge sheet in December 1994.<br />
<br />
====The Nanavati Commission====<br />
[[Image:Delhi14.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Who will provide justice to them????]]<br />
Nanavati Commission was appointed by a unanimous resolution passed in the Rajya Sabha. This commission was headed by Justice G.T. Nanavati, retired Judge of the Supreme Court of India. The commission submitted its report in February 2004. The Commission claimed evidence against congressmen Jagdish Tytler, Sajjan Kumar and H.K.L. Bhagat for instigating the mobs to violence. The Commission also held the then police commissioner S.C. Tandon directly responsible for the pogroms. There was widespread protest against the report as it did not mention clearly the role of Tytler and other Congressmen in the pogroms. It finally led to the resignation of Jagdish Tytler from the Union Cabinet. The Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh also apologised to the Sikhs for the pogroms, few days after the report was tabled in the Parliament. The ATR report, while exonerating Mr Tytler, said, "a person cannot be prosecuted simply on the basis of probabilities."<br />
<br />
Nearly 3,000 members of India's Sikh community were massacred after the assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi by her two Sikh bodyguards on 31 October 1984. Rahul Bedi, one of the first journalists to reach the affected areas in the capital, Delhi, recalls events. <br />
The wave of ethnic cleansing which raged unhindered across the country, especially in Delhi, after Mrs Gandhi was shot dead ended only with her cremation on 2 November. During these three days droves of Sikhs were determinedly hunted down by Hindu mobs from their homes, corralled and slaughtered like animals. The trigger for Mrs Gandhi's killing was the storming of the Golden Temple in Sikhism's holy city Amritsar four months earlier to flush out Sikh militants fighting for an independent homeland of Khalistan or Land of the Pure. <br />
Sikh shops and establishments were targeted and burnt The heavily-armed militants - many of them former soldiers - had barricaded themselves inside the temple and were dislodged only after three days of bitter fighting. Some 1,000 people, including women and children pilgrims and about 157 soldiers, died. Tanks too were employed to end the siege, leaving Sikhs highly aggrieved. <br />
The eventual and possibly avoidable storming of the Golden Temple generated a wave of violence leading to Mrs Gandhi's assassination, the anti-Sikh pogroms and a vicious insurgency across Punjab that was eventually stamped out by the military around 1993, although not without widespread human rights abuses. <br />
<br />
But the 1984 Delhi pogroms rocked the world, more so for the state's direct involvement and public justification of the blood-letting. <br />
Massacre dismissed in thoughtless - 'Earth shakes' comment<br />
Reacting to the continuing Sikh killings in Delhi and other places, newly appointed Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi declared at a massive rally in the capital that "once a mighty tree falls, it is only natural that the earth around it shakes". <br />
One of the worst massacres took place in two narrow alleys in the city's poor Trilokpuri colony where some 350 Sikhs, including women and children, were casually butchered over 72 hours. <br />
Nearly 3,000 Sikhs were killed in the massacres <br />
<br />
The charred and hacked remains of the hundreds that perished in Trilokpuri's Block 32 on the smoky and dank evening of 2 November 1984 were stark testimony to the unimpeded and seemingly endless massacre. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Related Documents==<br />
'''1. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/05/never-ever-we-forget-our-martyrs.html Never Ever We Forget Our Martyrs]'''<br />
<br />
'''2. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/10/never-ever-we-forget-our-martyrs.html Never Ever We Forget Our Martyrs - Genocide Nov 1984]'''<br />
<br />
'''3. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/10/report-of-advisory-committee-to-chief.html Report Of Advisory Committee To chief minister of delhi on Nov 1984 killings]'''<br />
<br />
'''4. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/10/report-to-nation-truth-about-delhi.html Report To The Nation - Truth About Delhi Violence]'''<br />
<br />
'''5. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2016/12/carnage-84-massacre-of-4000-sikhs-in.html Carnage 84 - Massacre Of 4000 Sikhs In Delhi]''' <br />
<br />
'''6. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2016/03/koi-sardar-hai-payal-singh-mohanka.html Koi Sardar Hai - Payal Singh Mohanka]''' <br />
<br />
'''7. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/p/the-forum-gazette_1.html The Forum Gazette Index]'''<br />
<br />
'''8. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/08/delhi-31-october-to-4-november-1984.html Delhi 31 October to 4 November 1984 - Report Of The Citizens' Commission]'''<br />
<br />
'''9. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/09/delhi-31-october-to-4-november-1984.html Delhi 31 October to 4 November 1984 - Report Of The Citizens' Commission (Hindi)]''' <br />
<br />
'''10. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2011/11/spokesman-weekly-vol-34-no-9-10-11-guru.html The Spokesman Weekly Vol. 34 No. 9-10-11 Guru Nanak Number, 1984]'''<br />
<br />
'''11. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/10/killings-of-sikhs-in-1984-can.html Killings of Sikhs in 1984: can conscience be stirred?]'''<br />
<br />
'''12. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/04/black-laws-1984-85.html Black Laws 1984-85]''' <br />
<br />
'''13. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/04/1984-carnage-in-delhi-report-on.html 1984 Carnage in Delhi - A Report on the Aftermath]'''<br />
<br />
'''14. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/05/rajiv-gandhi-and-1984-facts-and.html rajiv gandhi and 1984 - Facts and Fantasies]'''<br />
<br />
'''15. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/06/politics-of-revenge-understanding-1984.html Politics of Revenge - Understanding 1984 anti-Sikh Carnage]'''<br />
<br />
'''16. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/11/sultanpuri-survery-forms-p2.html Sultanpuri Survery Forms (P2)]'''<br />
<br />
'''17. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/12/p-3-sultanpuri-survey-form.html P-3 - Sultanpuri Survey Form]'''<br />
<br />
'''18. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/12/survey-forms-widows-of-p2-sultanpuri.html Survey Forms - Widows of P2 Sultanpuri]'''<br />
<br />
'''19. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/01/pucl-bulletin-vol-5-no-2-february-1985.html PUCL Bulletin Vol. 5 No. 2 February 1985]'''<br />
<br />
'''20. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/02/who-are-guilty.html Who Are The Guilty?]''' <br />
<br />
'''21. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/07/the-trans-yamuna-carnage-report-from.html The Trans-Yamuna Carnage - A Report From Nanaksar Ashram]'''<br />
<br />
'''22. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/03/a-report-from-farash-bazar-police.html A Report From The Farash Bazar Police Station Relief Camp]'''<br />
<br />
'''23. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/04/two-judgements-of-1996.html Two Judgements of 1996]'''<br />
<br />
'''24. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/03/justice-denied-critique-of-mishra.html JUSTICE DENIED : A Critique of the mishra commission report on the Riots in November 1984]'''<br />
<br />
'''25. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/10/jain-banerji-panel-murder-of-corpse.html Jain-Banerji Panel - Murder of a corpse]'''<br />
<br />
26. [[Amu (The Film)]]<br />
<br />
27. [[Nanavati Commission]]<br />
<br />
28. [[Nanavati Commission Report]]<br />
<br />
== Related External Links ==<br />
<br />
http://amitabhbacchan1984.blogspot.com/2009/04/amitabh-bacchan-1984.html#comment-form<br />
<br />
[[category:anti Sikhism]]<br />
[[Category:History]]<br />
{{1984}}</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Golden_Temple&diff=118509Golden Temple2020-10-27T16:40:16Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: </p>
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[[Image:HSPano.jpg|800px|centre]]<br />
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[[Image:Harimandar sahib overview.jpg|thumb|250px|Bird's eye view of Harimandir Sahib and Amritsar. Click for detailed view [http://www.gigapan.org/gigapans/fullscreen/84/]. <br />
|right]]<br />
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<br />
'''Sri Harmandir Sahib Ji''' ("The abode of God"), also known as '''Sri Darbar Sahib Ji''', and informally referred to as the Golden Temple, is a [[Gurdwara]] located in the city of [[Amritsar]], Punjab, India. It is one of the most revered spiritual sites of [[Sikhism]].<br />
<br />
Amritsar (literally, "the tank of nectar of immortality") was founded in 1577 by the fourth [[Sikh Gurus|Sikh Guru]], [[Guru Ram Das|Guru Ram Das Ji]]. The fifth Sikh Guru, [[Guru Arjan Dev|Guru Arjan Dev Ji]], designed the Harmandir Sahib to be built in the center of this tank, and upon its construction, installed the [[Adi Granth]], the holy scripture of Sikhism, inside the Harmandir Sahib. The Harmandir Sahib complex is also home to the [[Akal Takht]] (the throne of the timeless one), constituted by the Sixth Guru, [[Guru HarGobind|Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji]]). While the Harmandir Sahib is regarded as the abode of God's spiritual attribute, the Akal Takht is the seat of God's temporal authority.<br />
<br />
The construction of Harmandir Sahib was intended to build a place of worship for men and women from all walks of life and all religions to worship God equally. The four entrances (representing the four directions) to get into the Harmandir Sahib also symbolize the openness of the [[Sikhs]] towards all people and religions. Over 100,000 people visit the shrine daily for worship, and also partake jointly in the free community kitchen and meal ([[Langar]]) regardless of any distinctions, a tradition that is a hallmark of all Sikh Gurudwaras.<br />
<br />
The present-day Gurdwara was renovated in 1764 by [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]] with the help of other [[Sikh Misls]]. In the early nineteenth century, [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] secured the Punjab region from outside attack and covered the upper floors of the Gurdwara with 750 kg of gold, which gives it its distinctive appearance and its English name.<br />
<br />
=="The Abode of God" ==<br />
<br />
:"Shining in the morning light, the gilded splendour of its panelling, big dome and small minarets, this temple is a fairy world palace to the devotees of the Sikh faith. Certainly, the first look brings onto the innocent eye the image of a transcendent fact. The 'loving sight' peering into heaven from the legends of the miraculous cures by the touch of the water in the pool of nectar, in which the shrine stands makes for ecstatic awareness. The vision has been received by millions of pilgrims who have come here for centuries from near and far." (quoted from a devotee)<br />
<br />
Of great historical, spiritual, and emotional significance to the [[Sikhs]], this [[Gurdwara]] was first conceived by [[Guru Amar Das]], but its actual construction was begun under the supervision of [[Guru Ram Das]] his successor. The Temple had modest beginnings, a house built of sun dried mud bricks was the first building constructed by Guru Amar Das. Guru Amar Das is said to have found 'a medicinal herb growing at the edge of the pool, which cured a skin ailment of his master [[Guru Angad]] the 'second Nanak'. For many years the Amrit Sarovar remained little more than a village tank, until the fourth Guru, Guru Ram Das Ji, began to carry out the plans of his mentor, Guru Amar Das Ji, for a more permanent structure built of kiln fired brick.<br />
{{tocleft}}<br />
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<br />
=='''"The Golden Temple" '''== <br />
<br />
Around the world, to non-Sikhs, the Harimander Sahib is, perhaps, better known by its English 'sobriquet' - a name given to the Temple because of the lavish gold plating that adorns the walls of its two upper floors, which include its dome, the airy Shish Mahal, where three Gurus spent many hours, and its minarettes. [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]], the great Sikh Maharaja of the only Sikh state to never be ruled by the British during his lifetime was, besides one of the greatest generals of military history, one of the few rulers of India to serve his Kingdom and its subjects of, various religions, with an eye to the equality of all. He was also a great patron of the arts. During his lifetime, he had strived to bring all the Sikhs under the rule of one great [[Khalsa]] Kingdom. When he gained control of Amritsar, he used much of the great excess wealth that Punjab produced to rebuild many Gurdwaras associated with the days of the Gurus, as well as having many more constructed. <br />
<br />
He was, along with his grandson, Nau Nihal Singh, very generous in his patronage of the Gurdwara at Tarn Taran, but the Harmandir Sahib held that same special place in his heart, that it holds for all Sikhs. Here, he contributed tons of gold to cover the exterior walls of the Gurdwara's two upper floor's, ornately fashioned metal panels. The beautiful dome, shaped like an inverted lotus, which sits above the curved bangaldar roof of its Shish Mahal, alone was covered in 220 lbs. of the precious metal.<br />
<br />
(The SGPC in March 2005 has prohibited Sikhs from referring to the Sri Harmandir Sahib as the Golden Temple.)<br />
{{tocleft}}<br />
<br />
==The Tank that lends the City its Name==<br />
The city in which the temple is located is now known by the name of its Holy tank the Amritsar (pool of nectar). [[Amritsar]] is located in East [[Punjab]] at the North West border of [[India]]. It is the most sacred and the most visited of the many historic Sikh shrines spread across [[India]], [[Pakistan]] and the world.<br />
<br />
In 2002, the Temples gold plating was replaced with new gold plates. In 1604, the newly compiled [[Adi Granth]] was housed here for the first time.<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
[[Image:Gt00A1.gif|thumb|300px|right|Aerial View & map [http://wikimapia.org/#y=31619538&x=74876354&z=17&l=0&m=h&v=2 Harimandir Sahib @ wikimapia.org] ]]<br />
<br />
===Adi Granth===<br />
The Fifth Sikh Guru, [[Guru Arjan Dev]] ji sat on the floor with the rest of the congregation while the Adi Granth was placed on a high platform or [[Takhat]].<br />
<br />
===Freedom and Equality strikes fear=== <br />
<br />
When one wishes to attack or destroy an enemy, the easyest way was for the leader of one one side to challenge the leader of the other side, usually the fiercest warrior of each side, to personal combat. Such was the story of David and Goliath, recorded in the Bible. The army of the losing side was honor bound to leave the battle field. Such tactics were often used by the Sikh Gurus to win a battle with those who had decided to punish or destroy Sikhi. One of the first attacks on the Harmandar Sahib was thwarted in this way.<br />
<br />
Being men of peace who many times later rode to the defense or aid of those who had earlier attacked them, the Sikhs way of life attracted increasing number of converts to the young religion in its early years. Of course these new Sikhs came from the long established religions of Punjab, mainly the Hindu and Muslim religions which themselves had long been engaged in a war for the minds of the people of Panjab and India. Feeling threatened the priests and rulers of each of these religions took actions to stem the tide of their 'apostates'.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Inside_golden_temple_by_gurpreet_singh.jpg|thumb|250px|left|The main Hall at the Golden Temple]]<br />
<br />
The Sikhs Gurus and their devotees (Sikhs) spoke of, espoused and lived in freedom and equality, not just for their men, but even for their women. In an area of the world where men and especially men of religion had (still often do, i.e. the Taliban) enjoy immense priviledges: education, better food, political control and power-even slaves, the attraction of Sikhi threatened their continued easy lives. The Sikhs were definitely 'rocking the boat'.<br />
<br />
===Like the Fabled Phoenix===<br />
<br />
So after they were unable to defeat the Sikhs and their Gurus in battle, they turned their attentions to the 'Religious Head of the Sikhs', the Akal Takhat (which housed the Sikh's 11th Guru the SGGS) and Sikhisms' most holy Temple - the Harmandar Sahib.<br />
<br />
As Aurangzeb had once thought that he could destroy Hinduism in India by converting all of the respected Kashmiri Pandits, the Jihadists, whether the later Mughals or the Persians and Afganis who folloowed them thought that if they could only destroy or defile the Harmandar Sahib, they could break the back of the Sikhs.<br />
<br />
Over the years the Temple has suffered many attacks, been pulled down and even had its Sarovar filled in or defiled with the carcasses of slaughtered animals, but like the fabled temples of China and Japan which are torn down and rebuilt to insure their continuance (they remain as new in appearance as the day they were first built). The attackers found that the backs of the Sikhs as well as the back of the religion proved impossible to break, for the Temple was always rebuilt, each time growing stronger and more beautiful than before. Many of the attackers found that the Sikhs were capable of seeing that the perpatrators of such deeds received earthly punishment, despite their seeming safety among their guards - i.e [[Massa Rangarh]]. The names of Bhai Mani Singh, Bhai Deep Singh, Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale, Bhai Sukha Singh and Bhai Mehtab Singh will always be remembered for their actions in defense of the Temple.<br />
<br />
[[Image:gtbss001.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The Golden Temple]]<br />
<br />
In one of the last centuries most trajic events; an attack, said to be aimed mainly at the Akal Takhat, (the seat of the Governing body of the Sikhs which housed many weapons of the Gurus; swords, flagstaffs, priceless and unreplaceable hand scribed documents; as well as serving as the home of the SGGS at night) by the Indian army (June of 1984) caused severe damage to the [[Akal Takhat]] and the whole complex. A bullets or a piece of sharpnel hit and killed one Sewadar inside the temple itself). Even the SGGS being read by a Granthi was pierced by a bullet. The beautifull marble slabs that cover the Parikarma (the promenade that surrounds the Sarovar) were cut deeply, some even broken as the Indian army called in heavy tanks whose tracks cut deeply into the marble. Besides being damaged by the tanks, the blood of the attackers, the occupiers and unknown numbers of innocent pilgrims (men, women and children) flowed from the bodies that covered the walkway, staining the marble and filling the motar between each slab. Repacing the marble was a monumental task.<br />
----<br />
----<br />
<br />
=='''Plan of the Complex'''==<br />
<br />
{{main|Structure of Harmandar Sahib}}<br />
<br />
The Temple appears to rise from the beautiful blue waters of its surrounding [[Sarovar]]. Its upper walls and Lotus Dome stretch toward the sky reflecting the rays of the Golden Sun above. The Sarovar is surrounded by a [[Parikarma]] or Causeway, which is used by the devotees to walk in a clockwise circle around the Sarovar stopping at the many spots associated with Sikh history and the Gurdwaras defenders, before crossing the causeway into the the Harmandar Sahib itself, the throne of the holy [[Guru Granth Sahib|Sri Guru Granth Sahib]] during the day; the central hub of all Sikh religious activity. <br />
<br />
[[Image:Harmandar-Sahib-map-RAP.jpg|600px|thumb|right|A Plan of the Harmandar Sahib Complex, click to enlarge]] <br />
<br />
During the daylight hours continuous [[Kirtan]] and [[Gurbani]] recital takes place. The Temple has 4 doors which face the four cardinal directions East, West, North and South. As Guru Arjan was aware that the other religions of the world use a specific direction for the layout of their houses of worship he had a door placed so that anyone could enter the Temple from the direction his religion dictated. A leading Sufi Sant of the Moslem religion Hazrat Mian Mir, was asked to lay the cornerstone of the Gurdwara's foundation. As it was on the first day the Gurwara was opened, all visitors to the Temple, no matter their religion, caste, nationality, or social status are welcomed to this temple.<br />
<br />
==The Guru Granth and Harmandir Sahib==<br />
[[Image:SGGS.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Guru Granth Sahib on the first floor of Harimandir Sahib]]<br />
<br />
The [[Guru Granth Sahib]], the 11th Guru of the Sikhs, lies literally at the heart of worship in the Harmandir Sahib complex, serving as the focus of attention and devotion in the Harmandir Sahib's sanctum. Other copies of the Guru Granth Sahib are continuously recited on the first floor of the building and in the Shish Mahal Pavilion on the Gurdwara's roof. The SGGS is also recited continuously at the other shrines in the complex: [[Baba Deep Singh Shrine|Baba Deep Singh]], [[Lachi Ber]], [[Thara Sahib]], [[Shahidganj]] and the [[Akal Takhat]]. In addition, the compositions of the Gurus and [[Bhagats]] contained in the SGGS comprise most of the [[Kirtan]] sung in the Harimandir Sahib.<br />
<br />
The SGGS is also central to Sikh worship in the Harimandir Sahib in another sense. The pattern of worship in the Harimandir Sahib reflects both the historical memory of the presence of the fourth, fifth and sixth Gurus in the city of Amritsar and the doctrine of the SGGS as the embodiment of the human Gurus. According to the Sikh tradition, the Gurus resided at the modern site of the Gurdawara Guru Ka Mahal in the heart of the old city and came daily to the Harmandir Sahib, often passing their time in the Shish Mahal (the mirrored room atop the Temple). After the addition of the Akal Takhat, costructed by Guru Hargobind, the Guru also spent time there on a daily basis. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Harimandir Sahib Kapany collection.jpg|thumb|200px|right|'''Harimandir Sahib''' c.1840 Kapany Collection]]<br />
<br />
===Daily Timetable===<br />
<br />
The timetable followed inside the Harmandir Sahib recreates the traditional understanding of the period of Sikh history when the Gurus resided in [[Amritsar]]. The morning [[Kirtan]] begins in the sanctum of the Harimandir Sahib in the early morning with the singing of the lengthy composition [[Asa di Var]], which is interrupted by the arrival of a procession from the [[Akal Takhat]] of the [[Sri Guru Granth Sahib]] being carried on a palanquin on the shoulders of [[Sevadar]]s (volunteers). <br />
<br />
The [[Sangat]] (congregation), those who have begun their day early enough to be among those to be first to fill the Temple, rises as the holy Granth is placed on the [[Singhasan]] (throne) in the centre of the sanctum and attendants then read verses from the Granth in praise of the [[Sikh Gurus]], written by the Gurus' court poets, the [[Bhatts]]. The holy Granth is then ceremoniously opened and a [[Hukam]] (command) is taken by opening the text at random and reading the first composition on the open page. <br />
<br />
This process is intended to recreate the daily routine followed during the time of the Gurus: the arrival of the Guru Granth at the Harmandar Sahib from the Akal Takhat, the praises sung in honour of the Gurus by court poets and others, and his first discourse of the day in the shrine. The Guru Granth Sahib then remains on its throne in the sanctum until the early evening, when it is again taken in procession on a palanquin to the [[Akal Takhat]] for its traditional night-time rest. <br />
<br />
The contours of the day as enacted in the sanctum of the Harimandir Sahib therefore reflect and recreate, on a daily basis, the nexus between the Gurus and Amritsar, embodying in praxis the historical memory of the presence of three of the human Gurus in Amritsar. For modern Sikhs, the daily routine of the Harimandir Sahib also literally reflects the Sikh doctrine of the SGGS as the physical embodiment of the ten Human Gurus.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
===The Sikh Gurus===<br />
[[Image:Pre-guru arrival landscape.jpg|thumb|left|Landscape before the arrival of Guru Amardas]]<br />
<br />
The foundation stone of the historic building was laid by a non-Sikh. The Guru gave the task of initiating the building to a Muslim, [[Saint Hazrat Mian Mir]] Ji, of Lahore, in December 1588. Can you imagine Julius II the Pope, who asked Michaelangelo to redesign the Vatican, asking him to find a Jewish Rabi to lay its cornerstone? The Guru had been asked by the previous Guru to find the Holiest man in India to lay the stone for the Gurdwara. Guru Arjan Dev Ji, in choosing his friend, Hazrat Mian Mir Ji, to lay the stone, showed the world the true message of religion, promoting [[Interfaith]], dialogue, and interaction.<br />
<br />
During the 1400 hundreds, the site had a small lake, which was surrounded by a wooded area. Travellers and holy people used the site for meditation and rest. These visitors recognised it for its special sense of tranquillity and its pure and sweet water. Historical records show that Gautama Buddha stayed for some time at this ancient lake even recommending it as a place for Sadhus and Rishis to meditate.<br />
<br />
Alhough there is no 'paper trail' to prove the claim, it is thought that the land was gifted to Guru Ram Das's daughter as a present for her wedding to Guru Arjan.<br />
<br />
The lake was enlarged and a small community was established during the leadership of the fourth Sikh Guru ([[Guru Ram Das]], 1574-1581). It was during the leadership of the fifth Guru ([[Guru Arjan]], 1581-1606), that the Golden Temple was built. It was completed in 1601.<br />
<br />
[[Image:HS changes made 1573-1606.jpg|thumb|left|Changes made between 1573-1606]] <br />
<br />
The development of the Harmandar Sahib and [[Amritsar]] have gone hand in hand; the city was formerly known as Ramdaspur, and on construction of Harimandir Sahib became known as Amritsar. [[Guru Ram Das]] ji encouraged traders and businessmen to settle in the city with the development of the Guru Ka Bazaar and the market at Chowk Passian. During the times of the fifth and sixth Gurus, plans were made and implemented to expand the city; wells and baolis were constructed to supply water to the ever growing groups of pilgrims. The garden, Guru Ka Bagh was laid out to the south-east of the Harmandir. The area surrounding the temple was developed into markets, gardens, homes and residential palaces. Guru Arjan Dev ji also lived in one of these newly constructed houses.<br />
<br />
[[Guru Arjan Dev]] ji's martyrdom in 1606 gave a new direction to the faith and to the development of the city. [[Guru Hargobind]] added the political-temporal aspect to the spiritual aspect of Sikhism. This led to the construction of the [[Akal Takhat]] within the precinct space, a fortress named [[Lohgarh]] (lit. fort of steel) outside it, and a wall around the city to protect it from those who began to fear, envy and even attack the Sikhs.<br />
<br />
Guru Hargobind also constructed the [[Chaurasi Atari]] adjoining the [[Guru Ka Bazaar]] and a new garden [[Akalian da Bagh]] adjacent to the Guru Ka Bagh in 1609.<br />
<br />
===The Struggle Period===<br />
[[Image:Darbarsa.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Darbar Sahib as seen from Dukh Bhanjan]]<br />
<br />
The seventh, eighth, ninth and tenth Gurus did not make any additions to the Harimandir or the city. During this period the [[masands]] looked after the Harimandir and are known to have mismanaged the temple. At this time the Sikhs were engaged in several battles against corrupt practices and Mughal rulers. All efforts were directed towards protecting the Harimandir from desecration.<br />
<br />
After the passing of Guru Gobind Singh ji in 1708, the Sikhs passed through a very critical phase where they were 'legally hunted and killed, with prices having been fixed on their heads. It was during this period that the Harimandir Sahib was damaged and/or demolished five times. Each time the Sikhs took the earliest opportunity to rebuild it. It was in 1762 that Ahmad Shah blew up the building with gunpowder, but the Sikhs rallied to return to Amritsar and celebrated the festival of Diwali a few months later. <br />
<br />
In January 1764, [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]] took over Sirhind and then he and other Sikh chiefs gave a call for the reconstruction of the shrine. Money raised was deposited with Des Raj of Sursingh village and he was also entrusted with the supervision of the work. The edifice then raised on an earlier original design has since remained the same with minor alterations and embellishments.<br />
<br />
===The Misl Period (1707-1801)===<br />
<br />
[[Image:Misl-RS development.jpg|thumb|right|Development during the Misl and Maharaja Ranjit Singh Periods]]<br />
<br />
During the Misl period, when the Mughal Empire declined and the power of Sikh chiefs rose, many Bungas were built, not only to defend the Harimandir but to fortify the city. These were military establishments, but they also served as educational institutions and rest houses for pilgrims. New roads, forts and Bazaars were also constructed during this period.<br />
<br />
===[[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] (1801-39)===<br />
<br />
[[Image:Mul-Mantra-GTEntrance.jpg|thumb|right|The inscription above the outer walls entrance to the Harimandir Sahib reads, after the Mool Mantar: "The Great Guru in His wisdom looked upon Maharaja Ranjit Singh as his chief servitor and Sikh, and in his benevolence, bestowed on him the privilege of serving the Temple."]]<br />
<br />
The Parikarma around the Sarovar was made in 1784, Later after 1801, when Maharaja Ranjit Singh had defeated the Misl chiefs and established his headquarters in Lahore, the shrine was embellished and ornamented with gold. This process commenced in 1802 and the work included the application of inlaid marble panels onto the outer face of the building, richly embossed gilded metal sheets and a range of fresco techniques. Maharaja Ranjit Singh also constructed the Gobindgarh fort in 1805-09 along with his own summer palace and a series of gardens and canals.<br />
<br />
===The British Period (1849-1947)===<br />
<br />
The British took over the management of the Harimandir on the annexation of the Punjab (1849-1947). During their time they built several administrative buildings, railways, churches and roads within Amritsar. The clock tower was built in 1862 and with this the direction of the main entrance to the precinct of Harimandir Sahib was changed from the west to the north.<br />
<br />
===1984===<br />
{{main|Bluestar}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:1984.gif|thumb|right|"1984" by Amrit and Rabindra Kaur Singh, recalling the bloody attack on the Gurdwara]]<br />
<br />
==General==<br />
<br />
Many other Sikh centres exist in India, even other Takhats, but this Gurdwara and its Complex has become World famous, popular not only among Sikhs as a place of pilgrimage, but for its admirers of many religions. <br />
<br />
The establishment of Sri Harimandir Sahib during the late 1500 hundreds was a most significant achievement as the Sikh Gurus saw to its establisment as a centre of excellence, inspiration and action for the faiths many followers spread around the world. The popularity and importance of this Crown Jewel of Sikh Gurdwaras has made the whole of this region a prosperous an important economic hub, as well as the preimminent centre of Sikh activity. <br />
<br />
Many administrative and economic institutes now have bases in the city of Amritsar. By the creation of this city the Gurus created an important city which today boosts an International Airport, University, which also serves as a Regional Capital.<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
<br />
* [[Kitchen that feeds 100,000 daily]] In Pictures<br />
* [[Golden Temple]] - As per the order passed by SGPC in March 2005 referring Sri Harmandir Sahib as Golden Temple has been prohibited.<br />
* [[Harimandir Sahib Gurdwara Complex]]<br />
* [[Structure of Harmandar Sahib]]<br />
* [[A day at the Golden Temple]]<br />
* [[Harimandir Sahib Gallery]]<br />
* [[Electrification Of The Golden Temple]]<br />
* [[Toshakhana]]<br />
* [[Operation Bluestar]]<br />
* [[Operation Woodrose]]<br />
* [[Map of Harmandar Sahib]]<br />
* [[Art and Architecture of the Golden Temple]]<br />
* [[Comments about the Golden Temple]]<br />
<br />
==Resources==<br />
<br />
[[Media:Plan of Harimandir Sahib.pdf|Component plan of Harimandir Sahib and Surrounding Area]]<br />
* [http://www.wikimapia.org/#y=31620062&x=74876249&z=18&l=0&m=a Aerial view from Wikimapia]<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
[[Image:Inside_golden_temple.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The Golden Temple]]<br />
<br />
* [http://wikimapia.org/#y=31619538&x=74876354&z=17&l=0&m=h&v=2 Aerial View & map]<br />
* [http://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/featured/harimandir.htm Uniqueness of The Golden Temple]<br />
* [http://www.sikhnet.com/goldentemple Golden Temple Tribute]<br />
* [http://www.sikhnet.com/s/SevenWonders Sikhnet.com]<br />
* [http://www.sgpc.net Sgpc.net]<br />
* [http://travelamritsar.com/html_files/visitgoldentemple.htm Visit Golden Temple]<br />
* [http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2010/08/29/world/asia/INDIA.html ''The New York Times'' - Nourishing Souls] also [http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/30/world/asia/30india.html?_r=1 Where All May Eat, and Pitch In]<br />
* [http://www.darbarsaheb.com Website giving in-depth information on Golden Temple]<br />
<br />
==Photos==<br />
To see an amazing photo of the Golden Temple (in which one can navigate around and zoom to close details, click here [http://www.gigapan.org/gigapans/fullscreen/84/]. This and other amazing views of the world's architecture can be viewed at http://www.gigapan.org/<br />
<br />
* [http://www.santsipahi.org/dsold/ Old Pictures of Darbar Sahib]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
* [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2012/09/the-article-hari-mandir-golden-temple.html Hari Mandir - Golden Temple - Gyani Brahma Singh Brahma]<br />
<br />
* [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2012/09/hari-mandir-wahegurus-abode-sikh-bait.html Hari-Mandir - Waheguru’s Abode Sikh Bait-Ul-Haraam - Gyani Brahma Singh Brahma]<br />
<br />
* [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/10/the-golden-temple-its-theo-political.html The Golden Temple - Its Theo-Political Status - Sirdar Kapur Singh]<br />
<br />
* ''Nomination of Sri Harimandir Sahib for inclusion on the UNESCO World Heritage List Vol.1 Nomination Dossier'', India 2003<br />
* {{Book reference | Author=editor and publisher: Swati Mitra | Title=Walking with the Gurus: Historical Gurdwaras of Punjab| Publisher=Good Earth Publications| Year=2004 | ID=ISBN 8187780231}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Landing-aerial-view-HS.jpg|800px|centre|Aerial view of Harmandar Sahib]]<br />
<br />
{{goldentemple}}<br />
<small><br />
==Acknowledgements==<br />
* The image - [[:File:Harmandar-Sahib-map-RAP.jpg]] - showing the plan of the Gurdwara complex is with thanks and the kind efforts of [[user:Allenwalla]]. His help and dedication are graciously acknowledged by [[Sikhiwiki]].<br />
</small><br />
[[category:Glossary of Sikh Terms]]<br />
[[Category:Gurdwaras In Amritsar District]]<br />
[[Category:Interfaith]]</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Bhai_Kapur_Singh_Sirdar&diff=118508Bhai Kapur Singh Sirdar2020-10-27T16:33:35Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Kapurssirdarji.jpg|thumb|right|300px| Bhai Kapur Singh Sirdar]]<br />
<br />
'''Bhai Kapur Singh Sirdar''' ([[2 March]] [[1909]] - [[13 August]] [[1986]]), the son of Didar Singh, was a civilian, parliamentarian and intellectual, who was a master of manysided learning. Besides Sikh theology, he was vastly learned in philosophy, history and literature. He was born into a farming family, at the village Chakk in Ludhiana district on 2 March 1909. <br />
<br />
Sirdar Kapur Singh received his Master's degree, first class first, at the prestigious Government College, Lahore, after which he went to Cambridge to take his Tripos in Moral Sciences.<br />
{{tocleft}} <br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
A distinguished linguist he had mastered several of the languages of the east and the west. Besides English, which he could spin around his fingers with extraordinary subtlety and finesse, he had facility in Persian and Arabic as well as in Sanskrit.<br />
<br />
In addition to these, he claimed easy acquaintance with such discrete fields as astrology, architecture and space science. In spite of his knowledge covering many disparate areas, Sirdar Kapur Singh's principal focus was Sikh literature and theology. A stickler for accuracy of fact and presentation he stood up foursquare to any misrepresentation or falsification of any shade of Sikh thought and belief. He was most vigilant and unbending in this respect.<br />
<br />
==Stood against discrimination against Sikhs==<br />
Selected into the Indian Civil Service he served in various administrative posts in the cadre. In 1947, he was appointed deputy commissioner of Kangra. He was particularly irked by the growing narrow politics of the government biased against the Sikhs, but what incensed him the most was a circular letter, dated 10 October 1947, that was issued by the state governor, Chandu Lal Trivedi, warning district authorities in the Punjab against what was described as the criminal tendencies of the Sikh people. Kapur Singh filed a strong protest against Trivedi's utterly wild accusation. This seemingly invited the governor's wrath, as charges were brought against him, which led to his dismissal from the service.<br />
<br />
==Joins politics==<br />
Sirdar Kapur Singh became an ardent supporter of the Akali demand for a Punjabi speaking state. After a brief stint as Professor of Sikhism under the authority of the [[Akal Takht]], he joined active politics. <br />
<br />
In 1962, he was elected to the lower house of the Indian Parliament and in 1969 he became a member of the Punjab Vidhan Sabha (State Legislative Assembly). He was forthright in speech and an unrelenting critic of the government's policies which discriminated against the Sikhs. <br />
<br />
==Major influence behind Anandpur Resolution==<br />
<br />
As a Sikh ideologue he was the moving spirit behind the [[Anandpur Sahib Resolution]] that was adopted by the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] in 1973, which like several other of his pronouncements became a crucial enunciation of modern Sikh political formula and policy.<br />
<br />
A very stirring Sikh document of the modern period was the Presidential address given at the [[Hari Singh Nalwa]] conference convened at Ludhiana on 14 July, 1965, Although it was nowhere specified, that document as well as, all important Sikh political or intrinsically scholarly documents of that period bore the imprint of Kapur Singh's thinking, if not the ink of his pen. <br />
<br />
==Conference Resolution==<br />
In sonorous phrase, the conference resolution said:<br />
<br />
*1. This Conference in commemoration of General Hari Singh Nalwa of historical fame reminds all concerned that the Sikh people are makers of history and are conscious of their political destiny in a free India.<br />
<br />
*2. This Conference recalls that the Sikh people agreed to merge in a common Indian nationality on the explicit understanding of being accorded a constitutional status of cosharers in the community, which solemn understanding now stands cynically repudiated by the present rulers of India. Further, the Sikh people have been systematically reduced to a subpolitical status in their homeland, the Punjab, and to an insignificant position in their motherland, India. The Sikhs are in a position to establish before an impartial international tribunal, uninfluenced by the present Indian rulers, that the law, the judicial process, and the executive action of the state of India is consistently and heavily weighted against the Sikhs and is administered with unbandaged eyes against its Sikh citizens.<br />
<br />
*3. This Conference, therefore, resolves, after careful thought, that there is left no alternative for the Sikhs in the interest of self-preservation, but to frame their political demand for securing a self determined political status within the Republic of Union of India.<br />
<br />
The author's name is not mentioned here, but it is clearly the handiwork of Sirdar Kapur Singh. The Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee's publication at the time of the Nirarikari attack on the Sikhs is described thus:<br />
<br />
[http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/03/they-massacre-sikhs-report-by-sikh.html '''THEY MASSACRE SIKHS : A While Paper by the Sikh Religious Parliament (Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee)''']<br />
<br />
Sirdar Kapur Singh, besides being an extraordinarily learned man, was a prolific writer.<br />
<br />
==Prolific writer==<br />
<br />
In addition to his Parasharprashna, in English, which ranks as a classic on Sikh philosophy, his other works include Hashish (Punjabi poems), Saptasring (Punjabi biographies), Baku Visthaar (Punjabi essays), Pundreek (Punjabi essays on culture and religion), [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/03/mansur-al-hallaj-sirdar-kapur-singh.html '''Mansur alHallaj'''] (monograph on a Sufi saint), [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2013/12/sachi-sakhi-1972-edition-sirdar-kapur.html '''Sachi Sakhi'''] (memoirs), Sacred Writings of the Sikhs (a UNESCO publication) '''Read Online''' [http://www.scribd.com/doc/25296894/Selections-From-the-Sacred-Writings-of-the-Sikhs-Unesco-Collection-of-Representative-Works-Indian-Series Selections From the Sacred Writings of the Sikhs Unesco Collection of Representative Works], Me Judice (English miscellany), Sikhism for Modern Man, [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/06/contributions-of-guru-nanak-by-s-kapur.html '''Contributions of Guru Nanak'''], The Hour of Sword, and Guru Arjun and His Sukhmani.<br />
<br />
==Transition==<br />
Sirdar Kapur Singh died after a protracted illness at his village home in Jagraori in Ludhiana district on 13 August 1986.<br />
<br />
==Address to the Indian Parliament, 6 September, I966==<br />
See [[Betrayal of the Sikhs]], the minutes of the Indian Parliament, 6 September, I966, featuring Sardar Kapur Singh's address to the Indian Parliament. <br />
== List of Writings ==<br />
'''I) BOOKS<br />
<br />
'''A) PUNJABI BOOKS'''<br />
<br />
'''1) Title:'''''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/12/sachi-sakhi-1972-edition-sirdar-kapur.html Sachi Sakhi (1972 Edition)]<br />
<br />
Publisher: Raj Roop Prakashan, Jalandhar.<br />
Pages: 176.<br />
<br />
* '''[http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2015/04/sachi-sakhi-book-review-by-dr-attar.html Sachi Sakhi book review by Dr. Attar Singh] <br />
'''<br />
<br />
'''2)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/09/sachi-sakhi-1979-edition-sirdar-kapur.html ਸਾਚੀ ਸਾਖੀ [ ਵਿਸਤ੍ਰਤ <nowiki>]</nowiki> - ਭਾਈ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਸਿਰਦਾਰ ਕਪੂਰ ਸਿੰਘ; [੧੯੭੯<nowiki>]</nowiki>] <br />
<br />
'''3) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/08/ik-sikh-da-budh-nu-parnam-sirdar-kapur.html Ik Sikh Da Budh Nu Parnam - Sirdar Kapur Singh]<br />
<br />
Publisher: Indian Buddhist Society Canada and Punjabi Adbi Sangat Literary Society of Canada.<br />
Pages: 131.<br />
<br />
'''4) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/01/sirdar-jaiteg-singh-anant-ed.html Sirdar - Jaiteg Singh Anant (Ed.)]<br />
<br />
Publisher: Haridarshan International Memorial Trust, Chandigarh.<br />
Pages: 205.<br />
<br />
'''5) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/05/panchnad-sirdar-kapur-singh.html PanchNad - Jaiteg Singh Anant (Ed.)]<br />
<br />
Publisher: Haridarshan International Memorial Trust, Chandigarh.<br />
Pages: 172.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''B) ENGLISH BOOKS'''<br />
<br />
'''1) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/03/sikhism-oecumenical-religion-sirdar.html Sikhism - An Oecumenical Religion]<br />
<br />
Publisher: Institute of Sikh Studies, Chandigarh.<br />
Pages: 85.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''II) ARTICLES'''<br />
<br />
'''A) PUNJABI ARTICLES'''<br />
<br />
'''1)''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/10/dashmesh-ji-da-jalaali-roop-sirdar.html Dashmesh ji da jalaali roop]<br />
<br />
'''[http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/10/dashmesh-ji-da-jalaali-roop-hindi.html Hindi version of the article is available at:-]'''<br />
<br />
'''2)''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2016/05/dasam-patshah-di-vaisakhi-sirdar-kapur.html Dasam Patshah di Vaisakhi]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''B) ENGLISH ARTICLES'''<br />
<br />
'''1) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/07/spiritual-goal-and-sikh-identity-sirdar.html Spiritual Goal and Sikh Identity.]<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review, <br />
<br />
'''2) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/01/these-havan-kunds-sirdar-kapur-singh.html These Havan Kunds]<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review, October 1968.<br />
<br />
'''3) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/10/the-sikh-martys-of-western-punjab.html The Sikh Martys of Western Punjab]<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review, May 1962.<br />
Pages: 2<br />
<br />
'''4) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/05/guru-arjan-martyred-by-shamanistic-law_28.html Guru Arjan Martyred by Shamanistic Law]<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review, June 1955.<br />
Pages:14<br />
<br />
'''* This article was reprinted in The Sikh Review June 1979, pp 13-23.'''<br />
<br />
'''5) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/03/the-dawn-of-new-faith-sirdar-kapur-singh.html The Dawn of a New Faith]<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review, April 1955.<br />
Pages:15<br />
<br />
'''6) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2016/08/a-review-of-our-present-situation.html A Review of Our Present Situation]<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review, October 1956.<br />
Pages: 2.<br />
<br />
'''7) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/01/ardas-or-sikh-congregational-prayer.html Ardas or The Sikh Congregational Prayer]<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review December 1957.<br />
Pages: 6.<br />
<br />
'''8) Title: [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/11/who-killed-guru-tegh-bahadur-sirdar.html Who Killed Guru Tegh Bahadur?]'''<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review January 1976.<br />
Pages: 12.<br />
<br />
'''9) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-central-message-of-guru-nanak.html The Central Message of Guru Nanak - Sirdar Kapur Singh]''' <br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review Vol. 09 No. 099 November 1961.<br />
Pages: 2.<br />
<br />
'''10) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/guru-nanak-and-civil-servant-sirdar.html Guru Nanak and the civil servant - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review Vol. 20 No. 219 February 1972.<br />
Pages: 7.<br />
<br />
'''11) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-region-of-grace-sirdar-kapur-singh.html The Region of Grace - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review Vol. 22 No. 245 May 1974.<br />
Pages: 10.<br />
<br />
'''12) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/guru-nanak-founder-of-world-religion.html Guru Nanak the founder of a world religion - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review Vol. 29 No. 328 April 1981.<br />
Pages: 6.<br />
<br />
'''13) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-japu-of-guru-nanak-sirdar-kapur.html The Japu of Guru Nanak - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review Vol. 07 No. 072 August 1959.<br />
Pages: 3.<br />
<br />
'''14) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/guru-nanaks-concept-of-nature-sirdar.html Guru Nanak's Concept of Nature - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
Title: Perspectives On Guru Nanak<br />
Pages: 12.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''C) ENGLISH FOREWORDS'''<br />
<br />
'''1) [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2016/01/the-essentials-of-sikhism-sirdar-kapur.html Sri Guru Granth Sahib (English translation) Vol 2. - Dr. Gopal Singh]'''<br />
<br />
'''2) [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/07/gandhi-and-sikhs-adv-gurmit-singh.html gandhi and the Sikhs - Adv. Gurmit Singh]'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''III) TRACTS'''<br />
<br />
'''A) PUNJABI TRACTS'''<br />
<br />
'''1) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/06/guru-nanak-dev-di-pad-padvi-sirdar.html Guru Nanak Dev di Pad Padvi]<br />
<br />
Publisher: Guru Nanak Dev Mission Patiala, Tract No. 407. <br />
Lecture delivered on November 11, 1969.<br />
Pages: 27.<br />
<br />
'''2) [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/10/sirdar-kapur-singh-dey-chonvey-lekh.html Sirdar Kapur Singh dey Chonvey Lekh]'''<br />
<br />
'''3) Title: [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/11/navam-tey-dasam-patshah-dey-malwey-dey.html Navam tey Dasam Patshah dey Malwey dey Safran di Sakhi Pothi utey Ik Panchi Drishti - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
Publisher: SGPC, Amritsar.<br />
<br />
Pages: 41.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''B) ENGLISH TRACTS'''<br />
<br />
'''1) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/03/they-massacre-sikhs-report-by-sikh.html They Massacre Sikhs - A report by Sikh Parliament SGPC]<br />
<br />
Publisher: SGPC, Amritsar, 1978.<br />
Pages: 40.<br />
<br />
'''2) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/03/mansur-al-hallaj-sirdar-kapur-singh.html Mansur Al-Hallaj]<br />
<br />
Publisher: Punjabi University, Patiala, 1970.<br />
Pages: 25.<br />
<br />
'''3) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/06/contributions-of-guru-nanak-by-s-kapur.html Contributions Of Guru Nanak]<br />
<br />
Publisher: Punjab University, Chandigarh, 1975-76.<br />
Pages: 25.<br />
<br />
'''4) [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/11/guru-nanak-his-status-and-salience.html Guru Nanak His Status and Salience - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
The paper "Guru Nanak His Status and Salience" was read by Sirdar Kapur Singh on 30th November, 1977, at the Khalsa College, Amritsar. <br />
<br />
'''5) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/10/the-golden-temple-its-theo-political.html The Golden Temple - Its Theo-Political Status - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
Publisher: Academy of Sikh Religion & Culture, Patiala.<br />
Pages: 29. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''On Sirdar Kapur Singh'''<br />
<br />
'''1)''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/10/kapur-singh-philosopher-and-scholar.html Kapur Singh Philosopher And Scholar - Beacon Light Of Sikh Doctrines And Polity]<br />
<br />
'''2)''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2016/03/sirdar-kapur-singh-di-chintan-drishti.html Sirdar Kapur Singh Di Chintan Drishti - Dr. Manjinder Singh]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sikh Scholars]]<br />
[[category:bhai]]</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Bhai_Kapur_Singh_Sirdar&diff=118507Bhai Kapur Singh Sirdar2020-10-27T16:32:59Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Kapurssirdarji.jpg|thumb|right|300px| Bhai Kapur Singh Sirdar]]<br />
<br />
'''Bhai Kapur Singh Sirdar''' ([[2 March]] [[1909]] - [[13 August]] [[1986]]), the son of Didar Singh, was a civilian, parliamentarian and intellectual, who was a master of manysided learning. Besides Sikh theology, he was vastly learned in philosophy, history and literature. He was born into a farming family, at the village Chakk in Ludhiana district on 2 March 1909. <br />
<br />
Sirdar Kapur Singh received his Master's degree, first class first, at the prestigious Government College, Lahore, after which he went to Cambridge to take his Tripos in Moral Sciences.<br />
{{tocleft}} <br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
A distinguished linguist he had mastered several of the languages of the east and the west. Besides English, which he could spin around his fingers with extraordinary subtlety and finesse, he had facility in Persian and Arabic as well as in Sanskrit.<br />
<br />
In addition to these, he claimed easy acquaintance with such discrete fields as astrology, architecture and space science. In spite of his knowledge covering many disparate areas, Sirdar Kapur Singh's principal focus was Sikh literature and theology. A stickler for accuracy of fact and presentation he stood up foursquare to any misrepresentation or falsification of any shade of Sikh thought and belief. He was most vigilant and unbending in this respect.<br />
<br />
==Stood against discrimination against Sikhs==<br />
Selected into the Indian Civil Service he served in various administrative posts in the cadre. In 1947, he was appointed deputy commissioner of Kangra. He was particularly irked by the growing narrow politics of the government biased against the Sikhs, but what incensed him the most was a circular letter, dated 10 October 1947, that was issued by the state governor, Chandu Lal Trivedi, warning district authorities in the Punjab against what was described as the criminal tendencies of the Sikh people. Kapur Singh filed a strong protest against Trivedi's utterly wild accusation. This seemingly invited the governor's wrath, as charges were brought against him, which led to his dismissal from the service.<br />
<br />
==Joins politics==<br />
Sirdar Kapur Singh became an ardent supporter of the Akali demand for a Punjabi speaking state. After a brief stint as Professor of Sikhism under the authority of the [[Akal Takht]], he joined active politics. <br />
<br />
In 1962, he was elected to the lower house of the Indian Parliament and in 1969 he became a member of the Punjab Vidhan Sabha (State Legislative Assembly). He was forthright in speech and an unrelenting critic of the government's policies which discriminated against the Sikhs. <br />
<br />
==Major influence behind Anandpur Resolution==<br />
<br />
As a Sikh ideologue he was the moving spirit behind the [[Anandpur Sahib Resolution]] that was adopted by the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] in 1973, which like several other of his pronouncements became a crucial enunciation of modern Sikh political formula and policy.<br />
<br />
A very stirring Sikh document of the modern period was the Presidential address given at the [[Hari Singh Nalwa]] conference convened at Ludhiana on 14 July, 1965, Although it was nowhere specified, that document as well as, all important Sikh political or intrinsically scholarly documents of that period bore the imprint of Kapur Singh's thinking, if not the ink of his pen. <br />
<br />
==Conference Resolution==<br />
In sonorous phrase, the conference resolution said:<br />
<br />
*1. This Conference in commemoration of General Hari Singh Nalwa of historical fame reminds all concerned that the Sikh people are makers of history and are conscious of their political destiny in a free India.<br />
<br />
*2. This Conference recalls that the Sikh people agreed to merge in a common Indian nationality on the explicit understanding of being accorded a constitutional status of cosharers in the community, which solemn understanding now stands cynically repudiated by the present rulers of India. Further, the Sikh people have been systematically reduced to a subpolitical status in their homeland, the Punjab, and to an insignificant position in their motherland, India. The Sikhs are in a position to establish before an impartial international tribunal, uninfluenced by the present Indian rulers, that the law, the judicial process, and the executive action of the state of India is consistently and heavily weighted against the Sikhs and is administered with unbandaged eyes against its Sikh citizens.<br />
<br />
*3. This Conference, therefore, resolves, after careful thought, that there is left no alternative for the Sikhs in the interest of self-preservation, but to frame their political demand for securing a self determined political status within the Republic of Union of India.<br />
<br />
The author's name is not mentioned here, but it is clearly the handiwork of Sirdar Kapur Singh. The Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee's publication at the time of the Nirarikari attack on the Sikhs is described thus:<br />
<br />
[http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/03/they-massacre-sikhs-report-by-sikh.html '''THEY MASSACRE SIKHS : A While Paper by the Sikh Religious Parliament (Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee)''']<br />
<br />
Sirdar Kapur Singh, besides being an extraordinarily learned man, was a prolific writer.<br />
<br />
==Prolific writer==<br />
<br />
In addition to his Parasharprashna, in English, which ranks as a classic on Sikh philosophy, his other works include Hashish (Punjabi poems), Saptasring (Punjabi biographies), Baku Visthaar (Punjabi essays), Pundreek (Punjabi essays on culture and religion), [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/03/mansur-al-hallaj-sirdar-kapur-singh.html '''Mansur alHallaj'''] (monograph on a Sufi saint), [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2013/12/sachi-sakhi-1972-edition-sirdar-kapur.html '''Sachi Sakhi'''] (memoirs), Sacred Writings of the Sikhs (a UNESCO publication) '''Read Online''' [http://www.scribd.com/doc/25296894/Selections-From-the-Sacred-Writings-of-the-Sikhs-Unesco-Collection-of-Representative-Works-Indian-Series Selections From the Sacred Writings of the Sikhs Unesco Collection of Representative Works], Me Judice (English miscellany), Sikhism for Modern Man, [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/06/contributions-of-guru-nanak-by-s-kapur.html '''Contributions of Guru Nanak'''], The Hour of Sword, and Guru Arjun and His Sukhmani.<br />
<br />
==Transition==<br />
Sirdar Kapur Singh died after a protracted illness at his village home in Jagraori in Ludhiana district on 13 August 1986.<br />
<br />
==Address to the Indian Parliament, 6 September, I966==<br />
See [[Betrayal of the Sikhs]], the minutes of the Indian Parliament, 6 September, I966, featuring Sardar Kapur Singh's address to the Indian Parliament. <br />
== List of Writings ==<br />
'''I) BOOKS<br />
<br />
'''A) PUNJABI BOOKS'''<br />
<br />
'''1) Title:'''''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/12/sachi-sakhi-1972-edition-sirdar-kapur.html Sachi Sakhi (1972 Edition)]<br />
<br />
Publisher: Raj Roop Prakashan, Jalandhar.<br />
Pages: 176.<br />
<br />
* '''[http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2015/04/sachi-sakhi-book-review-by-dr-attar.html Sachi Sakhi book review by Dr. Attar Singh] <br />
'''<br />
<br />
'''2)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/09/sachi-sakhi-1979-edition-sirdar-kapur.html ਸਾਚੀ ਸਾਖੀ [ ਵਿਸਤ੍ਰਤ <nowiki>]</nowiki> - ਭਾਈ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਸਿਰਦਾਰ ਕਪੂਰ ਸਿੰਘ; [੧੯੭੯<nowiki>]</nowiki>] <br />
<br />
'''3) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/08/ik-sikh-da-budh-nu-parnam-sirdar-kapur.html Ik Sikh Da Budh Nu Parnam - Sirdar Kapur Singh]<br />
<br />
Publisher: Indian Buddhist Society Canada and Punjabi Adbi Sangat Literary Society of Canada.<br />
Pages: 131.<br />
<br />
'''4) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/01/sirdar-jaiteg-singh-anant-ed.html Sirdar - Jaiteg Singh Anant (Ed.)]<br />
<br />
Publisher: Haridarshan International Memorial Trust, Chandigarh.<br />
Pages: 205.<br />
<br />
'''5) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/05/panchnad-sirdar-kapur-singh.html PanchNad - Jaiteg Singh Anant (Ed.)]<br />
<br />
Publisher: Haridarshan International Memorial Trust, Chandigarh.<br />
Pages: 172.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''B) ENGLISH BOOKS'''<br />
<br />
'''1) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/03/sikhism-oecumenical-religion-sirdar.html Sikhism - An Oecumenical Religion]<br />
<br />
Publisher: Institute of Sikh Studies, Chandigarh.<br />
Pages: 85.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''II) ARTICLES'''<br />
<br />
'''A) PUNJABI ARTICLES'''<br />
<br />
'''1)''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/10/dashmesh-ji-da-jalaali-roop-sirdar.html Dashmesh ji da jalaali roop]<br />
<br />
'''[http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/10/dashmesh-ji-da-jalaali-roop-hindi.html Hindi version of the article is available at:-]'''<br />
<br />
'''2)''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2016/05/dasam-patshah-di-vaisakhi-sirdar-kapur.html Dasam Patshah di Vaisakhi]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''B) ENGLISH ARTICLES'''<br />
<br />
'''1) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/07/spiritual-goal-and-sikh-identity-sirdar.html Spiritual Goal and Sikh Identity.]<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review, <br />
<br />
'''2) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/01/these-havan-kunds-sirdar-kapur-singh.html These Havan Kunds]<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review, October 1968.<br />
<br />
'''3) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/10/the-sikh-martys-of-western-punjab.html The Sikh Martys of Western Punjab]<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review, May 1962.<br />
Pages: 2<br />
<br />
'''4) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/05/guru-arjan-martyred-by-shamanistic-law_28.html Guru Arjan Martyred by Shamanistic Law]<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review, June 1955.<br />
Pages:14<br />
<br />
'''* This article was reprinted in The Sikh Review June 1979, pp 13-23.'''<br />
<br />
'''5) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/03/the-dawn-of-new-faith-sirdar-kapur-singh.html The Dawn of a New Faith]<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review, April 1955.<br />
Pages:15<br />
<br />
'''6) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2016/08/a-review-of-our-present-situation.html A Review of Our Present Situation]<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review, October 1956.<br />
Pages: 2.<br />
<br />
'''7) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/01/ardas-or-sikh-congregational-prayer.html Ardas or The Sikh Congregational Prayer]<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review December 1957.<br />
Pages: 6.<br />
<br />
'''8) Title: [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/11/who-killed-guru-tegh-bahadur-sirdar.html Who Killed Guru Tegh Bahadur?]'''<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review January 1976.<br />
Pages: 12.<br />
<br />
'''9) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-central-message-of-guru-nanak.html The Central Message of Guru Nanak - Sirdar Kapur Singh]''' <br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review Vol. 09 No. 099 November 1961.<br />
Pages: 2.<br />
<br />
'''10) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/guru-nanak-and-civil-servant-sirdar.html Guru Nanak and the civil servant - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review Vol. 20 No. 219 February 1972.<br />
Pages: 7.<br />
<br />
'''11) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-region-of-grace-sirdar-kapur-singh.html The Region of Grace - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review Vol. 22 No. 245 May 1974.<br />
Pages: 10.<br />
<br />
'''12) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/guru-nanak-founder-of-world-religion.html Guru Nanak the founder of a world religion - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review Vol. 29 No. 328 April 1981.<br />
Pages: 6.<br />
<br />
'''13) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-japu-of-guru-nanak-sirdar-kapur.html The Japu of Guru Nanak - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review Vol. 07 No. 072 August 1959.<br />
Pages: 3.<br />
<br />
'''14) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/guru-nanaks-concept-of-nature-sirdar.html Guru Nanak's Concept of Nature - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
Title: Perspectives On Guru Nanak<br />
Pages: 12.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''C) ENGLISH FOREWORDS'''<br />
<br />
'''1) [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2016/01/the-essentials-of-sikhism-sirdar-kapur.html Sri Guru Granth Sahib (English translation) Vol 2. - Dr. Gopal Singh]'''<br />
<br />
'''2) [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/07/gandhi-and-sikhs-adv-gurmit-singh.html gandhi and the Sikhs - Adv. Gurmit Singh]'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''III) TRACTS'''<br />
<br />
'''A) PUNJABI TRACTS'''<br />
<br />
'''1) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/06/guru-nanak-dev-di-pad-padvi-sirdar.html Guru Nanak Dev di Pad Padvi]<br />
<br />
Publisher: Guru Nanak Dev Mission Patiala, Tract No. 407. <br />
Lecture delivered on November 11, 1969.<br />
Pages: 27.<br />
<br />
'''2) [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/10/sirdar-kapur-singh-dey-chonvey-lekh.html Sirdar Kapur Singh dey Chonvey Lekh]'''<br />
<br />
'''3) Title: [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/11/navam-tey-dasam-patshah-dey-malwey-dey.html Navam tey Dasam Patshah dey Malwey dey Safran di Sakhi Pothi utey Ik Panchi Drishti - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
Publisher: SGPC, Amritsar.<br />
<br />
Pages: 41.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''B) ENGLISH TRACTS'''<br />
<br />
'''1) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/03/they-massacre-sikhs-report-by-sikh.html They Massacre Sikhs - A report by Sikh Parliament SGPC]<br />
<br />
Publisher: SGPC, Amritsar, 1978.<br />
Pages: 40.<br />
<br />
'''2) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/03/mansur-al-hallaj-sirdar-kapur-singh.html Mansur Al-Hallaj]<br />
<br />
Publisher: Punjabi University, Patiala, 1970.<br />
Pages: 25.<br />
<br />
'''3) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/06/contributions-of-guru-nanak-by-s-kapur.html Contributions Of Guru Nanak]<br />
<br />
Publisher: Punjab University, Chandigarh, 1975-76.<br />
Pages: 25.<br />
<br />
'''4) [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/11/guru-nanak-his-status-and-salience.html Guru Nanak His Status and Salience - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
The paper "Guru Nanak His Status and Salience" was read by Sirdar Kapur Singh on 30th November, 1977, at the Khalsa College, Amritsar. <br />
<br />
'''5) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/10/the-golden-temple-its-theo-political.html The Golden Temple - Its Theo-Political Status - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
Publisher: Academy of Sikh Religion & Culture, Patiala.<br />
Pages: 29. <br />
<br />
'''On Sirdar Kapur Singh'''<br />
<br />
'''1)''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/10/kapur-singh-philosopher-and-scholar.html Kapur Singh Philosopher And Scholar - Beacon Light Of Sikh Doctrines And Polity]<br />
<br />
'''2)''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2016/03/sirdar-kapur-singh-di-chintan-drishti.html Sirdar Kapur Singh Di Chintan Drishti - Dr. Manjinder Singh]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sikh Scholars]]<br />
[[category:bhai]]</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Vaisakhi&diff=118161Vaisakhi2020-10-05T14:02:10Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* Suggested Reading */</p>
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<div>{{fa|37}}<br />
'''Vaisakhi Day: [[14 April]], [[1699]]'''<br />
[[Image:DefinitionDunSikh 1 Amrit.jpg|thumb|300px|right|'''[[Guru Gobind Singh]] initiating the [[first five members]] of the [[Khalsa]]''' ]]<br />
<br />
'''Vaisakhi''' ({{lang-pa|ਵੈਸਾਖੀ or ਵਸਾਖੀ}}, ''vaisĝkhī'', is, as well, known as ''Baisakhi''), it is a very important day for Sikhs and one of the most colourful events in the Sikh calendar. It occurs during mid-April every year and traditionally concurs in [[Punjab]] with the first harvesting of the crops for the year. So, historically, it has been a very joyous occasion and a time for celebration. However, since 1699, it has marked the very significant religious event of the creation of the [[Khalsa]] Panth.<br />
<br />
Vaisakhi falls in the [[Nanakshahi calendar]] on the first day of the Vaisakh month and marks the sun's entering of Mesha Rasi (this fact is called Mesha Sankranti, i.e. the solar transits into Aries). Vaisakhi is therefore determined by the {{Wiki|solar calendar}}. Baisakhi usually falls on [[April 14]], and on April 15 once every thirty-six years, however, it has now been agreed for Vaisakhi to always fall on the 14th of April. It is not, as commonly believed, a New Year for the Sikhs. This Sikh New Year is celebrated on the 1st day of [[Chet]] which usually falls on March 13, a month earlier.<br />
<br />
<br />
==History of Vaisakhi==<br />
<br />
===Religious persecution under Aurangzeb ===<br />
A younger son of Shah Jahan, [[Aurangzeb]], seized the Gaddi (Throne) of the Mughal Empire from his brother Dara Shikoh, arrested his father and took the Imperial name of Alamgir I (seizer of the Universe, besting his father who had styled himself Grabber of the World) in 1657. His coming to the throne had been costly for his family members, now it would become a disaster for the people of India and those who dared to challenge his policy of religious persecution as he set in motion the process of the Islamization of India. <br />
<br />
The [[Brahmins]] were his primary target but he reinstated the unethical religious tax, that Akbar had ended, on the [[Hindus]]. Their temples and places of learning were shut, torn down and often replaced with Masjids, often built from the stones of the Hindu Temples. He had been convinced by the powerful ulama, whom his predacessors had largely ignored, that once the highly respected Brahmins of Kashmir accepted [[Islam]], the Hindus of all castes would then follow suit.<br />
<br />
=== [[1675]]: The fight against subversion ===<br />
<br />
The Brahmins of [[Kashmir]] were given an ultimatum— convert or die. Thoughts of death, rape and torture for themselves and loved ones weighed heavily on their minds. When the time allotted for their answer was almost up, they looked for a dynamic leader to help in their fight against subversion.<br />
<br />
The Kashmiri Brahmins, led by [[Pandit Kirpa Ram]] sought the intervention of [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]], the ninth Nanak or preceptor of the Sikh religion — the Dasvin Patishah or [[Guru]], in his new city, near the ruins of ancient Makhowal, — today's [[Anandpur]] Sahib. They asked him for guidance on combating the atrocities being committed by the Mughal Emperor. <br />
<br />
At the time of their meeting, Guru Tegh Bahadur's nine year old son, [[Gobind Rai]], was sitting beside him. As Guru Tegh Bahadur was deep in contemplation, thinking of the problem, his young son asked the reason of his concern. Guru Tegh Bahadur said that the matter was of vital importance; the world is aggrieved by oppression; and no brave man had yet come forward who was willing to sacrifice his life to free the earth from the burden of Aurangzeb's persecution. Young Gobind Rai replied, "For that purpose who is more worthy than you my father." So after entrusting the Guruship to Gobind Rai, Guru Tegh Bahadur and several of his Sikhs proceeded to [[Delhi]], the seat of the Mughal Empire. But, before reaching Delhi, the Guru and his loyal attendants were arrested and put in chains by the agents of the Mughal Ruler Aurangzeb.<br />
<br />
=== The martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur ===<br />
<br />
While in prison, Guru Tegh Bahadur foresaw the beginning of his ecclesiastic journey. To test his son's courage and capability to carry on the Guru's mission, he wrote him saying, "My strength is exhausted, I am in chains and I can make not any efforts. Says Nanak, God alone is now my refuge. He will help me as He did his Saints." In reply young Guru Gobind Rai wrote: "I have regained my Power, my bonds are broken and all options are open unto me. Nanak, everything is in Thine hands. It is only Thou who can assist Thyself." <br />
<br />
Guru Teg Bahadur offered his life for the freedom of all, not just his own group of Sikhs, but for those of another religion to be able to freely choose when, where and how they would hold their worship. His spirit of sacrifice and courage kindled a similar spirit in the heart of young Gobind Rai.<br />
<br />
It was November 11, hundreds of people had gathered around Chandini Chowk where Guru Tegh Bahadur was martyred in Delhi. The executioner left the Guru's severed head and body to lie where they had fallen. In fear of a sudden sand storm he had run for shelter. No one stood up to claim the body of the fallen Guru or his companions who had died tortured deaths before his eyes. Who would perform the religious rites of these brave men. Even the most ardent disciples withdrew, unrecognized. <br />
<br />
But, taking advantage of the stormy weather one man, a member of the [[Mazhabi]]s, managed to take the severed head of Tegh Bahadur to his family back in Anandpur where the appropriate rites were given the noble Guru. Another man, assisted by his sons, secreted the Guru's body away before it would surely be quartered or hung on display by Aurangzeb's minions. They used their humble home as the Guru's secret funeral pyre, as any proper cremation would have brought down the wrath of the frustrated Aurangzeb on their heads. Aurangzeb had lost in this challenge to his plans--for Guru Tegh Bahadur had endured all of the tortures and lures that the mighty Aurangzeb could muster, niether he or any of his companions had taken the easier road and abandoned their religion and principles. Gobind Rai would now seek to endow each of his Sikhs with the iron will and fortitude of his father. For the moment the Pandits were safe, but Guru Gobind Rai now worked to prepare his Sikhs for the coming storm.<br />
<br />
=== [[1675]]&ndash;&nbsp;: Guru Gobind Rai leads the moral struggle ===<br />
<br />
With the criteria of courage and strength to sacrifice, Gobind Rai became the tenth [[Sikh Guru]]. He wanted to instill these principles in his downtrodden followers. He wanted to uplift their morale to combat the evil forces of injustice, tyranny, and oppression.<br />
<br />
Every year at the time of Baisakhi (springtime), thousands of devotees would come to [[Anandpur]] to pay their obeisance and seek the Guru's blessings.<br />
<br />
=== [[1699]]: Guru Gobind Rai (Singh) establishes the [[Khalsa]] ===<br />
<br />
[[Image:Vaisakhi1.jpg|thumb|300px|left|'''A depiction of [[Guru Gobind Singh]] initiating the first five members of the Khalsa''' Woodcut, [[Amritsar]] or [[Lahore]], about 1874-5]]<br />
<br />
Guru Gobind Rai was 33 years old when he had Divine inspiration to actuate his designs. In early 1699, months before Baisakhi Day, Guru Gobind Rai sent special edicts to congregations far and wide telling all the Sangats that that year's Baisakhi was going to be a unique affair. He asked them not to cut any of their hair &mdash; to come with unshorn hair under their turbans and chunis, and for the men to come with full beards. <br />
<br />
On Baisakhi Day, March 30, [[1699]], hundreds of thousands of people gathered around his divine temporal seat at [[Anandpur Sahib]]. The Guru addressed the congregants with a most stirring oration on his divine mission of restoring their faith and preserving the Sikh religion. After his inspirational discourse, he flashed his unsheathed sword and said that every great deed was preceded by an equally great sacrifice: Then calling out to the assembled crowd, 'My sword is hungry for a head', He demanded one head for oblation. After some trepidation one person offered himself for the Guru's 'great sacrifice'. The Guru took him inside a tent. A little later the Guru came out of the tent, his sword dripping with fresh blood only to ask for another head. One by one four more earnest devotees offered their heads. Every time the Guru took a person inside the tent, he came out with his sword dripping fresh blood. <br />
<br />
Thinking their Guru had gone mad and afraid He would ask for more heads some of the congregation started to disperse when suddenly the Guru emerged with all five men dressed piously in white and in a new ceromony that changed the way that one became a Sikh the Guru now initiated the five into a new and unique order of Sikhs. The ceremony was called [[pahul]], what Sikhs today know as the baptism ceremony or [[Amrit Shakna]]. Then the Guru asked the first five Khalsa Sikhs to baptise him, in the same manner. He then proclaimed that the [[Panj Pyare]] -- the Five Beloved Ones -- would be the embodiment of the Guru himself: <br />
::::::''' "Where there are Panj Pyare, there am I. When the Five meet, they are the holiest of the holy." '''<br />
And so, as it was carried out on that historic day, the ceremony of Pahul continues to this day. <br />
<br />
The important thing to remember about that day is that the five volunteers and the whole sangat '''thought''' or were "under the impression" that the five Sikhs were really walking to their deaths--being killed, one by one. The Sikhs who volunteered, had demonstrated their willingness to give their heads--in the same way that Guru Tegh Bahadur had done that day in Delhi. The Guru's bit of showmanship, his seemingly--all to real test, was performed to prove the devotion and dedication of his Sikhs. Those who were ready to give themselves up to their Guru were the bravest and most devoted. These brave men had unkowningly chosen to be part of a new paanth - the [[Khalsa Panth]]. Guru ji joined the Khalsa Panth after his devoted Sikhs - the initiator becoming the initiated. Today, as then, they lead the Khalsa alongside the Guru:<br />
:''' "Where there are Panj Pyare, there am I…" '''<br />
<br />
[[Image:Khalsa.JPG|thumb|350px|right|'''1699 Amrit Sanchaar]]<br />
He said whenever and wherever five baptised (Amritdhari) Sikhs come together, the Guru would be present. All those who receive Amrit from five baptized Sikhs will be infused with the spirit of courage and strength to sacrifice. Thus with these principles he established [[Panth Khalsa]], the Order of the Pure Ones. <br />
<br />
At the same time the Guru gave his new Khalsa a unique, indisputable, and distinct identity. The Guru gave the gift of [[bana]], the distinctive Sikh clothing and headwear. He also offered five emblems of purity and courage. These symbols, worn by all baptised Sikhs of both sexes, are popularly known today as [[Five Ks]]: [[Kesh]], unshorn hair; [[Kangha]], the wooden comb; [[Karra]], the iron (or steel) bracelet; [[Kirpan]], the sword; and [[Kachera]], the underwear. By being identifiable, no Sikh could never hide behind cowardice again. <br />
<br />
Political tyranny was not the only circumstance that was lowering peoples' morale. Discriminatory class distinctions (--the Indian "[[caste]]" system--) promoted by [[Brahmin]]s and [[Mullah]]s was also responsible for the peoples' sense of degradation. The Guru wanted to eliminate the anomalies caused by the caste system. The constitution of the Panj Pyare was the living example of his dream: both the high and low castes were amalgamated into one. Among the original Panj Pyare, there was one [[Khatri]], shopkeeper; one [[Jat]], farmer; one [[Chhimba]], calico printer/tailor; one [[Ghumar]], water-carrier; and one [[Nai]], a barber. The Guru gave the surname of [[Singh]] (Lion) to every Sikh and also took the name for himself. From Guru Gobind Rai he became [[Guru Gobind Singh]]. He also pronounced that all [[Sikh women]] embody royalty, and gave them the surname [[Kaur]] (Princess). With the distinct Khalsa identity and consciousness of purity Guru Gobind Singh gave all Sikhs the opportunity to live lives of courage, sacrifice, and equality.<br />
<br />
== Celebration ==<br />
<br />
The birth of the Khalsa is celebrated by Sikhs every Vaisakhi Day on April 13. Vaisakhi [[1999]] marks the 300th anniversary of Guru Gobind Singh's gift of Panth Khalsa to all Sikhs everywhere. <br />
:'''''WAHEGURU JI KA KHALSA, WAHEGURU JI KI FATEH!'''''<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
<br />
* [[Significance of Vaisakhi]]<br />
* [[Vaisakhi 1699 Quotes]]<br />
* [[Europe remembers]]<br />
* [[Sikh festivals]]<br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/holydays/vaisakhi.shtml BBC on Vaisakhi] <br />
* [http://www.baisakhi1999.org/ Vaisakhi Resource and eCards]<br />
* [http://www.anandpursahib.org/ 300th Baisakhi Celebrations]<br />
<br />
== Suggested Reading ==<br />
<br />
'''1) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2016/05/dasam-patshah-di-vaisakhi-sirdar-kapur.html Dasam Patshah di Vaisakhi - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
'''2) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/10/songs-of-vaisakhi-ever-now-sad-vasakhi.html Songs of Vaisakhi Ever Now (Sad Vasakhi Dian Sittha) - Sher Singh MSc Kashmir]'''<br />
<br />
'''3) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/10/dashmesh-ji-da-jalaali-roop-sirdar.html Dashmesh ji da jalaali roop - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
'''4) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/10/dashmesh-ji-da-jalaali-roop-hindi.html Dashmesh ji da jalaali roop (hindi) - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
'''5) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/creation-of-khalsa-epoch-making-event.html Creation Of Khalsa - An Epoch Making Event In World History - Dr. Harnam Singh Shan Tract No. 509-510]'''<br />
<br />
'''6) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/khalsa-akal-purakh-ki-fauj-dr-inderjeet.html Khalsa Akal Purakh ki Fauj - Dr. Inderjeet Singh Vasu Tract No. 496]'''<br />
<br />
'''7) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/10/khalsa-or-elect-sher-singh-msc-kashmir.html The Khalsa or the Elect - Sher Singh MSc Kashmir]'''<br />
<br />
'''8) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/12/khalsa-ik-parvaar-tract-no-353.html Khalsa Ik Parvaar Tract No. 353]'''<br />
<br />
'''9) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/01/khalsa-nirupan-tract-no-78.html Khalsa Nirupan Tract No. 78]'''<br />
<br />
'''10) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/01/khalsa-soi-karey-nit-jang-tract-no-109.html Khalsa Soi Karey Nit Jang Tract No. 109]'''<br />
<br />
'''11) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/01/khalsey-da-vikas-tract-no-7.html Khalsey da Vikas Tract No. 7]'''<br />
<br />
'''12) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/01/vaisakh-bhala-tract-no-134.html Vaisakh Bhala Tract No. 134]'''<br />
<br />
'''13) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/01/vaisakhi-tract-no-86.html Vaisakhi Tract No. 86]'''<br />
<br />
'''14) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2012/09/guru-gobind-singhs-amrit-eternalising.html Guru Gobind Singh's Amrit - The Eternalising Libation - Gyani Brahma Singh Brahma]'''<br />
<br />
'''15) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2012/09/sri-guru-gobind-singh-ji-baptist-beyond.html Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji - The Baptist Beyond Peer - Gyani Brahma Singh Brahma]'''<br />
<br />
'''16) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/10/city-of-joy-siri-anandpur-sahib-harbans.html City of Joy - Siri Anandpur Sahib - Harbans Singh]'''<br />
<br />
{{Template:Sikh History}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:In the times of the Gurus (1469 - 1708)]]<br />
[[Category:History]]<br />
{{celebration}}<br />
{{event}}</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Khalsa&diff=118160Khalsa2020-10-05T14:01:10Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* Suggested Reading */</p>
<hr />
<div>''For the film see [[Khalsa (Film)]]''<br />
<br />
[[Image:AmritSanskar-AW.jpg|thumb|300px|left||{{cs|The [[Amrit Sanskar]] ceremony before one becomes a Khalsa}}]]<br />
{{Sikhi}}<br />
<br />
'''Khalsa''' which means 'pure' is the name given by [[Guru Gobind Singh]] to all [[Sikhs]] who have been baptised or initiated by taking [[Amrit]] in a ceremony called [[Amrit Sanchar]]. The first time that this ceremony took place was on [[Baisakhi]], which fell on [[30 March]] [[1699]] at [[Anandpur Sahib]] in [[Punjab]], [[India]]. The Sikhs celebrated the 300th anniversary of the day in 1999 with thousands of religious gatherings all over the world.<br />
<br />
The word "Khalsa" is derived from Arabic khalis (literally meaning "pure" or "unsullied") and Perso-Arabic khalisah (literally pure; office of revenue department; lands directly under government management), is used collectively for the community of baptised Sikhs. The term khalisah was used during the [[Muslim]] rule in [[India]] for crown-lands administered directly by the king without the mediation of jagirdars or mansabdars.<br />
<br />
<br />
The word "Khalsa" appears in the [[Guru Granth Sahib]]. It is mentioned in the [[bani]] of [[Bhagat Kabir]] thus:<br />
<br />
{{tuk|655|28435|ਕਹ ਕਬੀਰ ਜਨ ਭਝ ਖਾਲਸੇ ਪਰੇਮ ਭਗਤਿ ਜਿਹ ਜਾਨੀ ॥੪॥੩॥<br />
|Kaho Kabīr jan bẖaė kẖĝlsė parėm bẖagaṯ jih jĝnī. ॥4॥3॥<br />
|Says Kabeer, those humble people become pure - they become Khalsa<br> - who know the Lord's loving devotional worship.॥4॥3॥}}<br />
<br />
In the Sikh tradition, the term appears again in one of the [[hukamnama]]s (literally written order or epistle) of [[Guru Hargobind]] (1595-1644) where a [[sangat]] of the eastern region has been described as "Guru ka Khalsa" (Guru's own or Guru's special charge). It has also been employed in the same sense in one of the letters of [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] (1621-75) addressed to the sangat of Patna. The word occurs in [[Sikh Scripture]], the Guru Granth Sahib, once, but there it carries the sense of the term khalis, i.e. pure.(see below)<br />
<br />
The term "Khalsa", however, acquired a specific connotation after Guru Gobind Singh (1666-1708) introduced, on 30 March 1699, the new form of initiatory rites— khande di pahul (rites by khanda or double-edged sword). Sikhs so initiated on that Baisakhi day were collectively designated as the Khalsa — Khalsa who belonged to Vahiguru, the Supreme Lord. The phrase Vahiguru ji ka Khalsa became part of the Sikh salutation: Vahiguru ji ka Khalsa, Vahiguru ji ki Fateh (Hail the Khalsa who belongs to the Lord God! Hail the Lord God to whom belongs the victory!!) <br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
{{Tocright}}<br />
<br />
It is significant that shortly before the inauguration of the Khalsa, [[Guru Gobind Singh]] had abolished the institution of [[masand]]s, the Guru's agents or intermediaries assigned to the [[sangat]], of different regions, and his [[hukamnama]]s of the period confirm the de-recognition of masands, establishing a direct relation between the [[sangat]]s and the Guru. Sainapati, a poet enjoying the patronage of [[Guru Gobind Singh]], in his "Sri Gur Sobha" relates how some Sikhs, when questioned how they had become Khalsa because khalsa was a term related to the king of Delhi, replied that their Guru by removing his former naibs or deputies called masands had made all Sikhs his Khalsa. <br />
<br />
Guru Gobind Singh, at the time of his departure from this mortal world, conferred guruship itself upon the Khalsa along with the holy [[Guru Granth Sahib]]. During the eighteenth century the volunteer force organized by the Sikhs was known as Dal Khalsa (literally the Khalsa army). Even the government of [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] (1780-1839) was called Sarkar-i-Khalsa. In Guru Gobind Singh's [[Dasam Granth]], and in many later religious and historical Sikh texts, such as Sarbloh Granth, Prem Sumarg Granth, Gur Bilases, Gur Pratap Suraj Granth and Prachin Panth Prakash, the Khalsa is repeatedly extolled as composed of men of excellent moral qualities, spiritual fervour and heroism.<br />
<br />
The words "Khalsa ji" are also used loosely for addressing an individual Singh or a group of them. However, it is more appropriate to use the term for the entire community or a representative gathering of it such as "Khalsa Panth" or "Sarbatt Khalsa." The Khalsa in this context implies the collective, spiritually-directed will of the community guided by the Guru Granth Sahib.<br />
<br />
After 1699, the Khalsa was established as a Saint-soldier and was ordained to carry the five symbols, ''Panj Kakka'', or the [[Five Ks]]:<br />
# [[Kesh]] &ndash; uncut hair to represent the natural appearance of sainthood. It is argued by some that the requirement is [[Keski]] instead, a small turban to be worn underneath a bigger turban. However the latter idea is not contradictory to the former, since the purpose of the Keski is to preserve the kesh.<br />
# [[Kanga]] &ndash; a small comb.<br />
# [[Kaccha]] &ndash; warrior short trousers, also denotes chastity.<br />
# [[Kara]] &ndash; steel bangle as a sign of restraint and bondage, and a symbol of dedication to the Guru. Guru Gobind Singh proclaimed that by wearing Kara all fears will be removed.<br />
# [[Kirpan]] &ndash; a sword for defence. The Kirpan is a symbol of dignity, power and courage. Kirpan is from ''Kirpa'' (act of kindness, [[Sanskrit]]) + ''Aan'' (self respect, {{wiki|Persian language}}).<br />
<br />
He is to lead his life according to the Guru's teaching and is to respect but not practise or participate in non-Sikh religious rites or ceremonies. This includes abandoning the caste system. All Sikhs were taught to treat all in the community as equals; no distinction was to be made between the different professions or station in life.<br />
<br />
==Analysis==<br />
<br />
[[Guru Gobind Singh]] in his composition called the "33 Swayya" in the [[Dasam Granth]] writes the following about the Khalsa:<br />
<br />
<blockquote><br />
<big>ਜਾਗਤਿ ਜੋਤ ਜਪੈ ਨਿਸ ਬਾਸਰ ਝਕ ਬਿਨਾ ਮਨ ਨੈਕ ਨ ਆਨੈ ॥ ਪੂਰਨ ਪਰੇਮ ਪਰਤੀਤ ਸਜੈ ਬਰਤ ਗੋਰ ਮੜੀ ਮਟ ਭੂਲ ਨ ਮਾਨੈ ॥</big><br><br />
"He who keeps alight the unquenchable torch of truth, and never swerves from the thought of One God; he who has full love and confidence in God and does not put his faith, even by mistake, in fasting or the graves of Muslim saints, Hindu crematoriums, or Jogis places of sepulchre; <br><br><br />
<br />
<big>ਤੀਰਥ ਦਾਨ ਦਇਆ ਤਪ ਸੰਜਮ ਝਕ ਬਿਨਾ ਨਹ ਝਕ ਪਛਾਨੈ ॥ ਪੂਰਨ ਜੋਤ ਜਗੈ ਘਟ ਮੈ ਤਬ '''ਖਾਲਸ''' ਤਾਹਿ ਨਖਾਲਸ ਜਾਨੈ ॥੧॥</big><br><br />
He does not recognize anyone else except One Lord, not even the bestowal of charities, performance of merciful acts, austerities and restraint on pilgrim-stations; the perfect light of the Lord illuminates his heart, then consider him as the immaculate Khalsa.1.<br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
Also another composition called [[Khalsa Mahima]] which begins with the line "Khalsa mero roop hai khas, Khalsa mehi ha karo nivaas"<br />
<br />
==The Beginning of the Khalsa==<br />
Although the word "Khalsa" existed before 1699, it is accepted that the [[Khalsa]] [[panth]] or Khalsa movement was started by the tenth Sikh Master. In the Sikh Holy book, called the [[Guru Granth Sahib]], [[Bhagat Kabir]] uses the word "Khalsa" for the first time in Sikh sacred literature. The [[tuk]] (line) that contains this word is:<br />
<br />
{{Tuk|654|28434|ਪਰਿਓ ਕਾਲ ਸਭੈ ਜਗ ਊਪਰ ਮਾਹਿ ਲਿਖੇ ਭਰਮ ਗਿਆਨੀ ॥ ਕਹ ਕਬੀਰ ਜਨ ਭਝ '''ਖਾਲਸੇ''' ਪਰੇਮ ਭਗਤਿ ਜਿਹ ਜਾਨੀ ॥੪॥੩॥<br />
|Pario kĝl sabẖai jag ūpar mĝhi likẖė bẖaram giĝnī. Kaho Kabīr jan bẖaė '''kẖĝlsė''' parėm bẖagaṯ jih jĝnī. ॥4॥5॥<br />
|Death has fallen on the whole world; the doubting religious scholars are also listed on the Register of Death. Says Kabeer, those humble people become pure - they become '''Khalsa''' - who know the Lord's loving devotional worship.॥4॥5॥}}<br />
<br />
However, the most radical change in the Sikh faith was instigated when [[Guru Gobind Singh]] in 1699, holding a [[kirpan]] (sword), asked a crowd of [[Sikh]]s whom among them would give his head for his sword which he said was thirsty for blood and die for their faith. He asked for a volunteer to step forward and follow him into his tent. After a few moments of astonished hesitation one lone brave man followed his Guru into the tent. A few seconds later only the Guru emerged holding his sword, dripping with fresh blood. Asking for another volunteer another man stepped forth, one by one the brave men strode into the tent, each of a different caste, each ready to be slaughtered for his faith in his Guru. After five men had offered their heads, Guru Ji emerged back out of the tent with all five men dressed in the Khalsa attire, having become the first people to be initiated into the Khalsa brotherhood. These five are revered in Sikhism as the "Panj Piyare", or the "Five Pure/Beloved Ones". <br />
<br />
After having baptized them, Guru Gobind Singh then knelt down on his knees, and asked for the five to in turn baptize the Guru himself ! For such humility, Sikhs revere the Guru as "Waho Waho Gobind Singh, Aape Guru Chela" (How wonderful is Gobind Singh. Himself the Master, and himself the disciple !) Since that historic day, the tradition has continued, as a group of Five baptized Sikhs (Panj Piyare) initiates others who wish to take up the "[[Five Ks]]" and the other requirements, and join the order of the Khalsa.<br />
<br />
==The Khalsa as a military force==<br />
<br />
One of the duties of a member of the Khalsa was to become expert at the use of arms and horsemanship to be ever-ready to defend the weak and oppressed. This had become necessary only after all the avenues of peaceful redress had been exhausted during the ever present religious persecution of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rulers. <br />
<br />
Years before, the fifth Guru —[[Guru Arjan Dev]], a great man of peace who had earned the trust and admiration of the tolerant Mughal Emperor Akbar-e-Azam, had been arrested and tortured on the orders of his less tolerant, pleasure loving son [[Jahangir]] who seized control of the Mughal Empire against his father's wishes. In a hurry to escape the heat of Lahore in summer Jahangir hurried off to the coolness and pleasures of Srinagar and left the Guru's fate to Lahore's Govenor. But it would be the machinations of a revenge filled Hindu Banker that ended in the Guru being tortured mercelessly for five days. <br />
<br />
Nothing the Muslim torturers could do weakened the will of Guru Arjan. First made to sit on a plate of red hot iron over burning coals, then having scalding hot sand poured over his body before being made to sit in a cauldron of boiling water. The jailers, in their frustration, finally aggreed to the badly blistered Guru's request to take a bath in the waters of the local river, barely able to keep his balance on his blistered feet he waded into the river and fell into the water's cooling embrace never to be seen again. In that same year, 1606, the banker would again attempt to end the life of the next Guru of the Sikhs—Guru Arjan's son Guru Hargobind.<br />
<br />
Again it appeared to his faithful Sikhs (devotees) that their new master was lost as well. This time time, even though the banker had attempted to have the Guru poisoned, the tables were turned and the banker ended up at the hands of the devotees of the Guru he had ordered tortured to death. In a sublime twist of fate his death came at the hands of the very man whom he had hired to pour the scalding hot sand over Guru Arjan. It was Guru Hargobind who was treated to a royal welcome in the Jahangir's Darbar. <br />
<br />
The persecution, however, often continued throughout the century until finally with the ascension to the throne of the zealous Aurangzeb, under the influence of the radical ulema who, untrue to their own Rasul's teachings, had decided that no other religion than their own would be professed in India and the Punjab. <br />
<br />
Jahangir's grandson [[Aurangzeb]], whose own father never intended for him to rule India, surprised everyone and seized the throne. He had all his brothers killed and his father imprisoned for the remainder of his life. With such a murderous man, with no respect for even his own father, ruling India the orders were soon issued that all the worshipers of murtis (idols) be converted to Islam whether by rape, circumcism or other religious defilement, i.e. forcing Hindus to eat meat, even the meat of the venerated cow. All Hindu temples were to be destroyed the Sikh Gurwaras without murtis were spared for awhile. Finally the threat of death, though used here and there, was used against all of the Venerated Pandits of Kashmir.<br />
<br />
The Pandits of Kashmir sought the help of Guru Tejh Bahadur a man who as a thirteen year old Sikh risadari earned his warrior's name by his brave display of swordsmanship in the heat of battle. Later he had turned away from the sword becoming a man of peace and reflection throughout his life, a man who had come to see the futility of war, the man who dared the last great Mugal, the most powerful man in India, to attempt to convert him with the promise that if he could the Pandits of Kashmir would gladly become Musalmen. So in Chandini Chowk, shortly before a terrible sandstorm struck Delhi the executioner's sharp blade ended the earthly sojourn of the ninth Sikh Guru. Rather than convert to [[Islam]] the Guru had forstalled the conversion of the Kashmiri Pandits giving his own live to secure the rights of those of another religion. <br />
<br />
In this context and under the leadership of the young Gobind Rai who had now become the last human Guru of the Sikhs, Guru Gobind Singh ji, the Khalsa went forth as a group of saint-warriors charged by their dying Guru and his appointed jathedar with resisting and ending [[Mughal]] rule in India. After the fall of the Mughal empire and the later establishment of a Sikh state in [[Punjab]], the Khalsa became an instrument of the Punjab Maharajas, although often an unruly one, the Khalsa was a democratic body, and could oppose the Maharaja and some of the Nihangs in particular where known to freely voice their opinions.<br />
<br />
By the death of [[Ranjit Singh]] in 1839 the regular army of Punjab was assessed by Sir Lepel Griffin at 29000 men, with 192 artillery guns. The irregular levies were estimated at a similar number. <ref name=Pearse1>''Ranjit Singh and his white officers''. Major Hugh Pearse</ref><br />
<br />
==Other Quotes==<br />
<br />
[[Bhai Nand Lal]], poet laureate of [[Guru Gobind Singh]]'s royal court, writes the following about the true qualities of the Khalsa in his composition called the "[[Tankah Nama]]":<br />
<br />
Khalsa so-i jo nindaa ti-aagay<br />
Khalsa so-i laray jo agay<br />
<br />
Khalsa so-i jo panchaa ka maaray<br />
Khalsa so-i karna ko saraay<br />
<br />
Khalsa is the one who does not slander others<br />
Khalsa is the one who fights in the front line<br />
<br />
Khalsa is the one who conquors the 5 evils (lust, greed, anger, excessive attachment, excessive pride)<br />
Khalsa is the one who fulfills all duties<br />
----<br />
<br />
Khalsa so-i maan jo ti-aagay<br />
Khalsa so-i jo par istaree-aa ti-aagay<br />
Khalsa so-i par drisht ko ti-aagay<br />
<br />
Khalsa so-i naam rat laagay<br />
<br />
Khalsa is the one who renounces self-pride<br />
Khalsa is the one who remains faithful within marriage<br />
<br />
Khalsa is the one who abandons sexual desire for others than the spouse<br />
Khalsa is the one who is blessed with God's Name<br />
----<br />
<br />
Khalsa so-i guru hit laavay<br />
Khalsa so-i saar mukh khaavay<br />
<br />
Khalsa so-i nirdhaan ko paalay<br />
Khalsa so-i dusht kao gaalai<br />
<br />
Khalsa is the one who loves Waheguru<br />
Khalsa is the one who fights bravely in battle<br />
<br />
Khalsa is the one who helps the needy<br />
Khalsa is the one who overpowers the enemy<br />
----<br />
<br />
Khalsa so-i naam jap kaaray<br />
Khalsa so-i malaych paar charay<br />
<br />
Khalsa so-i naam si-o joray<br />
Khalsa so-i bandan ko toray<br />
<br />
Khalsa is the one who chants God's Name<br />
Khalsa is the one who rises above the evil ones<br />
<br />
Khalsa is the one who is in tune with God's Name<br />
Khalsa is the one who breaks false rituals<br />
----<br />
<br />
Khalsa so-i jo charai tarang<br />
Khalsa so-i jo karay nit jang<br />
<br />
Khalsa so-i shaastar ko dhaaray<br />
Khalsa so-i dushat kao maaray.<br />
<br />
Khalsa is the one who becomes a crusader<br />
Khalsa is the one who fights the war daily against internal and external enemies<br />
<br />
Khalsa is the one who is always ready with weapons<br />
Khalsa is the one who destroys all evil.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Other thoughts==<br />
<br />
The word Khalsa comes from an Arabic root signifying purity and emancipation.Purity because it overcomes all narrowness and because all words and actions of its votaries come out from the depth of truth. Emancipation- because it indicates freedom from superstitions and conventions and because their minds are without fear & their heads are held high. He is saint-soldier and a statesman. The Guru said, “The Khalsa is the living image of my spirit. I will eternally abide in the spirit of the Khalsa.” <br />
<br />
The Khalsa is a sage in regal splendour. The Khalsa is a spiritual holy order which does not renounce the family.”(Ranbir Singh, The Sikh Way of Life, “The Khalsa ideal of Sikhism”, p. 126)<br />
<br />
The birth of the Khalsa was a natural consequence and culmination of all that had happened before in the development of Sikhism. Guru Nanak taught:<br />
<br />
*1. Brotherly love for all the human beings <br />
*2. Man and universe were indivisibly one <br />
*3. One can be free from the cycle of birth and death, he can realize himself and have experience of absolute truth without renunciation or practising asceticism <br />
*4. An individual could continue to act a part in the great divine play even while remaining in the stream of life, this was the ideal state to be in. Guru Gobind Singh initiated the ceremony of amrit and, laid down certain rules for the guidance of Sikhs.<br />
<br />
* This section by Dr Gurwinder Kaur<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[Guru Gobind Singh]]<br />
* [[Amrit Sanchar]]<br />
* [[Birth of the Khalsa]]<br />
* [[Panj Pyare]]<br />
* [[Amrit]]<br />
* [[Khalsa shabads]]<br />
* [[Khalsa Mahima]]<br />
* [[Khalsa Kaal Purakh Ki Fauj]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.baisakhi1999.org/main.htm Baisakhi1999.org]<br />
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/index.shtml bbc.co.uk]<br />
*[http://www.anandpursahib.org/ Anandpursahib.org]<br />
*[http://www.info-sikh.com/ Wealth of Khalsa information]<br />
*[http://www.scys-online.org/site/khalsa.html Learn more about the Birth of the Khalsa (Vaisakhi)]<br />
*[http://www.khalsacamp.com/ Khalsa Camp]<br />
*[http://www.sikhlionz.com/ SikhLionz.com]<br />
*[http://allaboutsikhs.com/way/baisakhi.htm AllaboutSikhs.com] <br />
*[http://sikh.noonhost.com/ Raj Karega Khalsa -> Sikhism Forums] - Discuss on wide variety of topics related to Sikhism or others<br />
*[http://www.RajKaregaKhalsa.net/ Raj Karega Khalsa Network]<br />
*[http://www.tapoban.org/phorum/list.php?f=1 Tapoban Message Board]<br />
*[http://www.khalsatalks.com/ Khalsa Talks]<br />
*[http://www.gurmat.info/sms/smspublications/vaisakhi/ Vaisakhi] - eBook<br />
*[http://g5sikhmedia.co.uk/sikhi.html G5 Sikh Media - Sikh Social Enterprise] G5 Sikh Media is an Award winning Sikh Social Enterprise teaching Sikhs and Non-Sikhs about the Sikh faith through a visually exciting way. G5 Sikh Media promote & recognise young Sikhs aross the U.K and sell Sikh merchandise.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*1. Kuir Singh, Gurbilas Patshahi 10. Ed. Shamsher Singh Ashok. Patiala, 1968<br />
*2. Sukha Singh, Gurbilas Dasvin Patshahi. Lahore, 1912<br />
*3. Chhibbar, Kesar Singh, Bansavalinama Dasan Patshahian Ka. Ed. Rattan Singh Jaggi. Chandigarh, 1972<br />
*4. Kapur Singh, Prasarprasna. Jalandhar, 1959<br />
*5. Harbans Singh, The Heritage of the Sikhs. Delhi, 1994 <br />
*6. Major Pearse, Hugh; ''Ranjit Singh and his white officers''. {{book| first=Alexander| last=Gardner | title=The Fall of Sikh Empire | publisher=National Book Shop | location=Dehli, India | origyear=1898| year=1999 | id=ISBN 81-7116-231-2}}<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Suggested Reading ==<br />
* [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/12/khalsa-ik-parvaar-tract-no-353.html Khalsa Ik Parvaar Tract No. 353]<br />
* [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/03/dashmesh-darpan-tey-sri-dasam-granth-di.html Dashmesh Darpan tey Sri Dasam Granth di Kunji - Sher Singh MSc Kashmir (in Punjabi)]<br />
* [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/06/devi-pujan-partal-bhai-by-veer-singh.html Devi Pujan Partal Bhai - Veer Singh (in Punjabi)]<br />
* [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2012/09/guru-gobind-singh-great-spiritual-leader.html Guru Gobind Singh - A Great Spiritual Leader (in English)]<br />
* [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2012/09/guru-gobind-singhs-amrit-eternalising.html Guru Gobind Singh's Amrit - The Eternalising Libation (in English)]<br />
* [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2013/10/1-khalsa-or-elect-our-master-guru.html The Khalsa or the Elect (Our Master: Guru Gobind Singh) (in English)]<br />
* [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2012/09/sri-guru-gobind-singh-ji-baptist-beyond.html Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji - The Baptist Beyond Peer (in English)]<br />
* [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/07/dashmesh-ji-da-maha-daan-khalsa-panth.html Dashmesh Ji Da Maha Daan - Khalsa Panth tey Sri Guru Granth Ji - Sher Singh MSc Kashmir (in Punjabi)]<br />
* [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/10/dashmesh-ji-da-jalaali-roop-sirdar.html Dashmesh ji da jalaali roop - Sirdar Kapur Singh (in Punjabi)]<br />
* [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2016/05/dasam-patshah-di-vaisakhi-sirdar-kapur.html Dasam Patshah di Vaisakhi - Sirdar Kapur Singh (in Punjabi)]<br />
* [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/03/durga-prabodh.html Durga Prabodh - Giani Ditt Singh (in Punjabi)]<br />
* [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2016/03/kee-guru-gobind-singh-devi-di-pooja.html Kee Guru Gobind Singh devi di Pooja Karde Sun - Surjeet Singh Tract No. 329 (in Punjabi)]<br />
* [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2016/04/1699-di-visakhi-sukhdev-singh-shant.html 1699 di Visakhi - Sukhdev Singh Shant Tract No 479 (in Punjabi)]<br />
* [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/ajokey-yug-vich-khalsey-di-prasangikta.html Ajokey Yug Vich Khalsey Di Prasangikta - Dr. Inderjeet Singh Vasu Tract No. 507-508 (in Punjabi)]<br />
* [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/11/bina-shashtar-keshang-naran-bhed-jano.html Bina Shashtar Keshang Naran Bhed Jano Tract No. 19 (in Punjabi)]<br />
* [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/12/bhagti-atey-shakti-tract-no-375.html Bhagti Atey Shakti Tract No. 375 (in Punjabi)]<br />
* [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/12/dharman-andar-chinnah-da-mahatav-tey.html Dharman andar Chinnah da Mahatav tey Khalsa Saroop Tract No. 225 (in Punjabi)]<br />
<br />
* [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/10/city-of-joy-siri-anandpur-sahib-harbans.html City of Joy - Siri Anandpur Sahib - Harbans Singh]<br />
<br />
{{term}}<br />
[[Category:Khalsa]]</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Anandpur&diff=118159Anandpur2020-10-05T14:00:12Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* External links */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{p|File:Anandpur.jpg|The city of Anandpur Sahib}}<br />
<br />
'''Anandpur [[Bhai Sahib Singh|Sahib]]''' {{coord|31.235169|n|76.499128|e}} (the holy '''City of Bliss''') is one of the holiest places of the [[Sikh]]s, second only to [[Amritsar]]. Located about 95kms north-west of [[Chandigarh]]. Anandpur is framed between the Shivalik hills to the east and the Sutlej River farther away in the west, with vast green expanses and profound tranquillity all around. <br />
<br />
<br />
It is closely linked with [[Sikh]] religious traditions and history. The ninth Guru, [[Guru Teg Bahadur]], purchased the site from the ruler of Bilaspur in the year 1665 and founded '''Anandpur Sahib''' near the ruins of ancient Makhowa. He called it [[Chak Nanki]] after the name of his mother. The town became prosperous and reached its zenith in the times of [[Guru Gobind Singh]], who spent 25 years of his life here.<br />
<br />
==Foundation laid by the Guru in 1689 ==<br />
<br />
On March 30,1689 Guru Sahib laid the foundation of a new town and named it Anandpur Sahib. To Defend Anandpur from external threats, [[Guru Gobind Singh]] constructed five forts around the town and joined them with earthworks and underground tunnels. The construction began in 1689 and took over ten years to complete. It was here that [[Guru Gobind Singh]] baptised the first five [[Sikh]]s called the [[Panj Piare]]s, the '''five beloved ones''' in [[1699]]. The [[Panj Piare]] had offered him their heads to uphold [[Dharma]], thus creating the nucleus of the [[Khalsa]]. Chak Nanki and Anandpur Sahib as well as some adjoining villages form the present city of [[Anandpur Sahib]].<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Anandpur Sahib]] is accessed by Rail and Road. Nearest airport is at [[Chandigarh]], about 75km away. The nearest railhead is at [[Nangal]]. Free accommodation is available at the [[gurdwara]]. Presently no regular hotel accommodations are available at [[Anandpur Sahib]]. One can stay in standard hotels at [[Nangal]] or [[Ropar]].<br />
<br />
==The City of Spiritual Bliss==<br />
<br />
The city now known an Anandpur Sahib includes Chakk Nanaki, Anandpur Sahib and some adjacent villages. <br />
<br />
It is generally believed that Anandpur was founded by Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib on June 19,1665, but, in fact it was Chakk Nanaki which was first founded in 1665. The foundation stone of Anandpur Sahib was laid on March 30,1689. The area of Chakk Nanaki (in 1665) extended between the village of Agamgarh and the square between Kesgarh Sahib and the town's bus stand. <br />
<br />
In the past, new towns were usually founded, established and developed by monarchs, leaders or wealthy men. It is a unique phenomenon in the history of the Sikh religion that its Prophets founded a number of towns and turned several villages into major towns. Hence, social, political, economic and spiritual role became one in Guru Sahib. <br />
<br />
The first town associated with the Sikh history is Nanakana Sahib, the birth place of Guru Nanak Sahib. But, the first town founded by Guru Nanak Sahib was Kartarpur, now in (Pakistan). Even Sultanpur Lodhi had been visited by Guru Nanak Sahib. Guru Angad Sahib turned the small village of Khadur into Khadur Sahib. Guru Amar Das Sahib founded the town of Goindwal. He also asked Guru Ram Das Sahib to establish a new Sikh State in the middle of Majha zone. Guru Ram Das Sahib laid the foundation of Guru Da Chakk which, later, came to be known as Ram Das Pur and now it is famous as Amritsar. Guru Arjan Sahib developed Guru Da Chakk into a major city and also founded the towns of Tarn Taran, Chheharta, Hargobindpur and Kartarpur (Jullundur). Guru Hargobind Sahib restablished the Akal Takht Sahib. He purchased the territory of the present town of Keeratpur Sahib {Keeratpur Sahib was founded and established by Baba Gurditta, son of Guru Hargobind Sahib}. Guru Har Rai Sahib played a major role in the development of Keeratpur Sahib and turned it into another major center of the Sikhs. By the time of Guru Harkrishan Sahib, Keeratpur Sahib had became a full-fledged town. His visit to a small village Panjokhara put the village on the world map and his visit to and death at Raja Jai Singh's residence lead to its being turned into "Bangla Sahib". <br />
<br />
Chakk Nanaki had been founded by Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib. Earlier he used to live at Bakala and had spent more than seven years (1656-64) in Assam, Bengal and Bihar. He had spent some time at Talwandi Sabo and Dhamtan too. In the middle of April 1665, he made a visit to Keeratpur Sahib. When he was still at Keeratpur, on April 27,1665, Raja Deep Chand, the ruler of Bilaspur, died. The Bilaspur ruler was a very devoted Sikh. On May 10,1665, Guru Sahib went to Bilaspur to make last prayers for Raja Deep Chand. Guru Sahib stayed there till May 13. By this time Rani Champa had come to know that Guru Sahib had decided to move his headquarters to Dhamtan. This made Rani Champa despondent. She approached Mata Nanaki (Guru Sahib's mother) and begged her to ask Guru Sahib not to move far away from Bilaspur State. Mata Nanaki could not resist helping a sentimental Rani Champa. Mataji requested Guru Sahib to fulfil Rani's desire. When Guru Sahib agreed, Rani Champa offered to donate some land to Guru Sahib so that he might established a new town. Guru Sahib decided to set up new town but refused to accept a donation of the land. He selected a piece of land in between the villages of Lodipur, Mianpur and Sahota and paid regular price for the same. Rani Champa hesitatingly accepted the price of the land but her joy new no bounds at the thought that Guruji had chosen to establish his headquarters near Bilaspur State. <br />
<br />
The site chosen by Guru Sahib, around the ruins of the ancient village of Makhowal, was very remarkable from a strategic point of view as it was surrounded by the river Satlej on one side as well as having hills and forest surrounding it as well. It proved to be a peaceful zone for meditation as well as for arts and intellectual activities. At the time it seemed safe from military interference and disturbances. The Sikhs had experienced Mughal invasions at Amritsar and Kartarpur in 1634 and 1635. Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib had participated in these battles. Though Keeratpur Sahib had remained safe from Mughal attacks, the possibility always existed because Aurangzeb was sitting on the Delhi throne and he was known for his fanaticism. <br />
<br />
Thus, the sight selected for new town had a special importance. In 1665, the river Satlej used to flow through the present city of Anandpur Sahib (now it flows near Keeratpur Sahib). Keeratpur Sahib too was a strategic place. It was surrounded by Satlej on one side, river Sarsa on the other side and a chain of hills on the third side. Similarly, the site of Chakk Nanaki too was still better choice. It had the protection of Charn Ganga stream on two sides and river Satlej on the third. Towards the hills-side there were thick bushes and trees. Long long ago, it was covered in dense forest filled with herds of wild elephants and other animals. Then, this area was known as Hathaut (literally: abode of elephants).<br />
<br />
The area or Chakk Nanaki was a peaceful zone. Besides, it was fertile land which could easily yield two crops annually. Hence, the new city was capable of becoming a self-sufficient City-State. Guru Sahib's selection of the land was highly appreciated by Rani Champa and the Sikhs. The Bilaspur elite was exceptionally happy because the presence of a Sikh City-State on the borders of Bilaspur State and the Mughal territory meant increased safety for Bilaspur and its associate States.<br />
<br />
==Chakk Nanaki's Foundation Laid==<br />
The foundation stone of the new town was laid down by Bhai Gurditta (great-grandson of Baba Buddha), on June 19,1665 at the present site of Guru De Mahal. The first prayers were made by Diwan Dargah Mall. Guru Sahib named the new town Chakk Nanaki after his mother Mata Nanaki. Guru Sahib spent the next three months at Chakk Nanaki. During this period a couple of house had been built for the visitors to the Sikh City. <br />
<br />
Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib was unable to visit Chakk Nanaki for the next six and a half years, as he was away on a missionary journey to Assam, Bengal and Bihar (January 1666 to March 1670. After this, he spent about one and a half year at Bakala (now Baba Bakala). In March 1672 Guru Sahib and his family moved to Chakk Nanaki and finally established it as his headquarters. It was from this village that the great Guru of peace set out on his mission on behalf of the Pandits of Kashmir, which ended with his martyrdom on November 11,1675. <br />
<br />
With his father's death the young Gobind Rai became the tenth Guru of the Sikhs. Guru Gobind Singh stayed in his father's city, However intrigue and the jealousy of the surrounding Hill chiefs were on the increase at the very same time that the Guru received an invitation from [[Raja Medini Prakash]] to visit his kingdom. So In April 1685 Guru Gobind Singh Sahib and many of his family members, his court and his Sikhs traveled to Nathan where they were warmly received. It turns out that the Raja was interested in strengthening his alliances by befriending the Guru and his Sikhs and the alliance formed worked well for both parties. The Raja's troops aided the Sikhs in building a new fort in record time. Paonta Sahib as the Guru named the fort became his home for the next three years. The Guru would often reflect on his days spent in the mountains, whether in refelction, hunting, training his Sikhs in warfare and of course his many hours spent in writing as some of the most productive and happy years of his life. In October of 1688 he left the area returning to Chakk Nanaki in November 1688. On March 30,1689 Guru Sahib laid the foundation of a new town naming it Aanandpur Sahib. <br />
<br />
Today Chakk Nanaki and Anandpur Sahib both as well as some adjoining villages (Sahota, Lodipur, Agampur, Mataur etc) form the present city of Anandpur Sahib. <br />
Top<br />
Map of Anandpur Sahib : <br />
<br />
Chakk Nanaki was founded by Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib and Anandpur Sahib was established by Guru Gobind Singh Sahib. The boundaries of Chakk Nanaki, Anandpur Sahib, Sahota, Lodipur, Mataur, Agampur etc. are not known to a common man. Only revenue officers (Patwari and Lambardar) know about the actual boundary-lines. In government papers Chakk Nanaki is known as "Chakk" only. <br />
<br />
The square between the present bus stand and Gurdwara Kesgarh Sahib is the meeting point of Chakk Nanaki, Anandpur Sahib and Lodipur. Gurdwara Guru De Mahal (Bhora Sahib, Damdama Takht Sahib and Manji Sahib) are in the territory of Chakk Nanaki. It was the residence of Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib and Guru Gobind Singh Sahib. Gurdwara Sis Ganj is on the border of Chakk Nanaki and Anandpur Sahib. The Bus Stand, Hospital and the Girls School are in Chakk Nanaki. A part of the saw-mill near Gurdwara Holgarh Sahib is in the territory of Chakk Nanaki and its boundary wall is within the boundary of Sahota village. The Milk Bar (near the squares) and the Sarover (tank) are in Lodipur village. The garden adjacent to the police post is a part of Chakk Nanaki. Khalsa High School is in the territory of villages Sahota. Quilla Anandgarh Sahib Gurdwara Shahidi Bagh (under the management of one group of Nihangs) are situated in the village of Lodipur. The area around Kesgarh Sahib is a part of Anandpur Sahib. Khalsa College has been built in the territory of village Mataur. The bridge over Charan Ganga is a part of Chakk Nanaki. Now all these areas form the present city of Anandpur Sahib. <br />
<br />
The Anandpur zone has undergone several major changes in the past 334 years (1665 to 1999). The river Satluj, which used to flow near Anandgarh fort, has changed its course and now it flows about seven km away (near Keeratpur Sahib). "Himaiti" stream, which used to protect Anandpur Sahib from Mughal invasions, has disappeared. Several other rainy streams too have disappeared. A bridge has been built on Charan Ganga rivulet. The hill on which a tent was put up (Tambu Wali Pahari) on the day of revelation of Khalsa does not exist any more. Even the hill on which Kesgarh Sahib shrine has been built is, now, at least ten feet (more than three meters) lesser in height than it was in 1698. A road has been built to link Kesgarh Sahib and Anandgarh Sahib. A very large number of new buildings too have been constructed in and around Anandpur Sahib. Today's Anandpur is a lot different from Anandpur Sahib of the eighteenth century. However, almost all the shrines of the zone have been built at actual sites. <br />
<br />
Today, Anandpur Sahib is a tehsil. Its 240 villages include Chakk Nanaki, Agampur, Sahota, Lodipur, Mianpur, Mataur (Anandpur Sahib zone), Keeratpur Sahib, Jauwal, Kalyanpur Bhaguwal (Keeratpur zone), Jindbari, Khera-Kalmot, Nangal (Nangal zone), Kahanpur Khuhi, Nurpur Bedi (Nurpur Bedi zone) Bajrur, Basali, Chanauli (Takhtgarh zone) etc. "Guru Ka Lahore" and Gurdwara Taragarh are a part of Bilaspur district (Himanchal Pradesh). Though most of the places associated with the history of Anandpur Sahib are in the territories of Anandpur Sahib and Keeratpur Sahib zones but Kalmot, Basali, Bajrpur, Bibhaur, Bassi Kalan, Bhattha Sahib, Chamkaur Sahib, Machhiwara (as well as Machhiwara to Talwandi Sabo) are situated in other zones. Similarly, Gurdwaras at Gurpalah, Bilaspur, Nahan, Paonta Sahib, Bhangani, Nadaun, Rivalsar etc are in Himanchal Pradesh. No Gurdwara has, so far, been built at Ajner, Malakpur and some other places associated with Guru Gobind Singh Sahib's stay at Anandpur Sahib and his journey from Machhiwara to Dina Kangar. <br />
<br />
Anandpur Sahib had a population of a few hundreds at the time of Guru Gobind Singh Sahib but hundreds of Sikhs used to visit Anandpur Sahib to make obeisance to Guru Sahib. In the month of March more than twenty thousand Sikhs used to attend the annual Sikh gathering at Anandpur Sahib. On the night of December 5 and 6,1675 when Guru Gobind Singh Sahib finally left Anandpur Sahib, only one person, Bhai Gurbakhsh Das, was left in the town. After a few years the families of Gulab Singh and Sham Singh (great-grandsons of Guru Hargobind Sahib) moved to Anandpur and began living there. <br />
<br />
With the passage of time Anandpur Sahib again became a prominent Sikh center. At the time of Akali Phula Singh, in the first decade of the nineteenth century, the family of Bhai Surjan Singh Sodhi (a descendant of Guru Hargobind Singh) used to live there. At that time the population of Anandpur Sahib was less than three thousand. In 1868, when the first regular census was held, the population of Anandpur Sahib was 6869. In the first half of the twentieth century its population remained less than seven thousand. During this period an epidemic spread through the town and the adjoining villages, resulting into exodus of most of the population. After 1947, a few Sikh families, which had been uprooted from the west Punjab (Pakistan), moved to Anandpur Sahib. After a couple of years the Bhakhra-Nangal-Ganguwal projects added population of several hundred persons to the town. Today, in 1999, the population of the municipal area of Anandpur Sahib is around 13000 and there is no possibility of any extra-ordinary increase in spite of launching of several new projects in connection with celebrations of the tercentenary of Khalsa. <br />
<br />
The new projects launched at Anandpur Sahib in 1998-99 are likely to give a new look to the town, but, the city, which used to be Anandpur Sahib of the period of Guru Sahib will not remain the same. <br />
<br />
Thousand years ago, the Anandpur zone, from Keeratpur Sahib to Nangal, which was known as "Hathaut" (literally: abode of elephants), was a dense forest with thick growth of trees and bushes. This jungle-valley was surrounded by several hill belts, river Satluj, Charan Ganga and other rivulets. It was a home for elephants, lions, bears, wolves and other beasts. This area, about 50 km in length and 10-12 km in width, did not have any human population. By fifteenth century most of the beasts had either been killed or had moved to the upper hills, but, still, people were afraid of visiting this area. It was only in June 1665 when Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib founded the town of Chakk Nanaki that people began visiting this area. Guru Sahib turned this haunting forest into a fine place. The area where people did not dare to enter even during daytime became a great centre of spiritualism, learning and arts. Before 1665 the zone of Anandpur Sahib had no mention in history. According to a local myth a giant named Makho used to live here. At that time this place was known as Makhowal. According to another tradition two brothers named Makho and Mato were the chiefs of this area. They founded the villages of Makhowal and Mataur. Both were cruel chiefs. As a result, residents of these areas began moving to far-off places and finally both the village were deserted. But, there is no historical evidence to prove these 'stories'. In 1665, Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib laid the foundation of Chakk Nanaki at the top of the mound known as ruins of Makhowal. <br />
<br />
Today, three villages of Hathaut i.e. Chakk Nanaki, Anandpur Sahib and Keeratpur Sahib, have special mention in the history of the world. It is because Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib and Guru Gobind Singh Sahib had stayed there. From Anandpur Sahib to a Bhattha Sahib (near Ropar), the scene of furling Khalsa flags, throughout the zone, tell the story of the State of Guru Sahib. Several hundred Sikhs laid their lives in this area. The whole of the zone has been immortalized by Guru Sahib, their families and the Sikh martyrs. It is known as Guruji's Land. And, the Bilaspur State, which compelled Guru Sahib to abandon Anandpur Sahib, exists no more. Its capital Bilaspur, too, lies fifty feet (more than fifteen metres) deep under the waters of the lake named after Guru Gobind Singh Sahib. The family which wanted to expel the Sikhs from the zone does not exist any more. The family, the State, the capital have ceased to be even a political entity. <br />
<br />
Anandpur Sahib "City of Bliss'; is one of the most holy places of the Sikhs. it is closely linked with their religious traditions and history. Situated 45km from Ropar on the left bank of the river Sutlej, Anandpur Sahib has a number of historical Gurdwaras. The town gained further importance with the construction of Nangal and Bhakra projects nearby, 20 km to the north. These projects have brought Anandpur Sahib on the rail and road map of India. It is located at a distance of 80 km from Chandigarh - the city of dreams. <br />
<br />
oday, Anandpur is one of the five most important religious places of the Sikhs. This is the birth place of the Sikh faith. Here Guru Gobind Singh founded the Khalsa Panth on Baisakhi day in 1699. The Takht Keshgarh Sahib stands at the place where the tenth Master baptized the 'Panj Pyaras', the five beloved ones, and administered Amrit to them.<br />
<br />
Besides, there are a number of other Gurdwaras associated with Sikh history. Gurudwara Guru Ka Mahal was built by Guru Tegh Bahadur for his residence and it was here that sons of Guru G6bjnd Singh were born. Gurudwara Sisgani commemorates the spot ~where the head of ninth Guru Tegh Bahadur was cremated when it was brought to Anandpur Sahib by Bhai Jaita from Delhi, after his martyrdom in Chandni Chowk in 1675. <br />
<br />
Besides, Gurdwaras Keshgarh, Anandgarh, Lohgarh and Fatehgarh mark the spots where once stood four fortresses built by Guru Gobind Singh who fought many pitched battles against Mughal and Rajput forces. <br />
<br />
Every year on the day following Holi, Hola Mohalla festival is celebrated at Anandpur Sahib. On this day Anandpur Sahib relives the martial splendor of the Khalsa under their great Guru. About two lakh pilgrims from all over India and abroad participate in the festival with abundance gay. For visitors, accommodation is no problem at Anandpur Sahib. Five well furnished tourist huts, each with a double bedroom have been set up by Tourist Department of Punjab Government. Nearby at Nangal the Punjab Tourist Department has a 70 bed tourist bungalow where accommodation is available at a nominal rate. The field hostels of Bhakra Nangal Management Board also offer accommodation. Pilgrims mostly come by rail and roa4 to this historic place, but sophisticated pilgrims and tourists come by air from all over India and abroad. For them nearest airport is Chandigarh from where they can travel by buses.<br />
For pilgrims and tourists, a visit to Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Museum is a must. It was set up in the memory of Guru Tegh Bahadur who made the supreme sacrifice for sake of liberation of the oppressed and for the freedom of conscience and belief. The great saga of Sikh history of this period is full of struggle and sacrifices which are depicted here through the medium of paintings prepared by eminent artists. These paintings are primarily in realistic style covering the most turbulent significant and epoch-making period of the Sikh history.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[Chamkaur Sahib]]<br />
* [[Gurdwara Katalgarh Sahib]]<br />
* [[Gurdwara Garhi Sahib]]<br />
* [[Machhiwara]]<br />
* [[Gurudwara Uch Da Pir]]<br />
* [[Gurudwara Charan Kanwal]]<br />
* [[Ghani Khan]]<br />
* [[Nabi Khan]]<br />
* [[Ludhiana]]<br />
* [[Anandpur sahib]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.sikh-history.co.uk/anandpur_sahib.htm www.sikh-history.co.uk]<br />
<br />
* [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/10/city-of-joy-siri-anandpur-sahib-harbans.html City of Joy - Siri Anandpur Sahib - Harbans Singh]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[category:Glossary of Sikh Terms]]<br />
[[Category: Gurdwaras in Ropar District]]<br />
[[Category:Places]]<br />
[[category:towns]]</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Guru_Gobind_Singh&diff=118158Guru Gobind Singh2020-10-05T13:57:35Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* Suggested Reading */</p>
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{{infobox Guru<br />
|Image name = Guru Gobind Singh Sahib Ji (1667-1708).jpg<br />
|Subject Name = Guru Gobind Singh<br><br>(1667 to 1708)<br />
|Name = Gobind Rai<br />
|Birth = [[Friday]], [[January 5]], [[1667]] in [[Patna]], Bihar, India<br />
|Parents = [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] & [[Mata Gujri]]<br />
|brosis = -N.A-<br />
|Spouse = [[Mata Jeeto]], [[Mata Sundri]], and [[Mata Sahib Kaur]].<br />
|Children = [[Sahibzada Zorawar Singh |Zorawar Singh]], [[Sahibzada Ajit Singh|Ajit Singh]], [[Sahibzada Jujhar Singh|Jujha Singh]], [[Sahibzada Fateh Singh|Fateh Singh]]<br />
|Guruship = 1675 to 1708<br />
|Bani in GGS = Recomposed the Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji at Damdama Sahib in 1706<br />
|Died = [[Thursday]], [[21 October]], [[1708]] at [[Nanded]]<br />
|Other Info = Wrote [[Dasam Granth]] and [[Sarabloh Granth]]<br> Creation of [[Khalsa Panth]]<br>Fought wars of defense for righteousness<br />
}}<br />
'''Guru Gobind Singh Ji''' ([[Gurmukhi]]: [[Guru|ਗੁਰੂ]] [[Gobind Singh|ਗੋਬਿੰਦ ਸਿੰਘ]]) ([[January 5]], [[1667]]<sup>[[Nanakshahi#Nanakshahi_Calendar|1]]</sup> - [[21 October]], [[1708]]), born "Gobind Rai" at [[Patna, India|Patna Sahib]], [[Bihar (India)|Bihar]], [[India]], was the tenth and last of the [[ten Gurus|human form Gurus]] of Sikhism. He became Guru on [[November 24]], [[1675]] at the age of nine, following the [[Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur|martyrdom]] of his father, the ninth Guru, [[Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji]]. <br />
<br />
A divine messenger, a warrior, a poet, and a philosopher, Guru Gobind Singh Ji molded the [[Sikh]] religion into its present shape, with the institution of the [[Khalsa]] fraternity, and the completion of the sacred scripture, the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] Ji, in the final form that we find today. Before leaving his mortal body in 1708, Guru Gobind Singh decreed the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] Ji as the next and [[perpetual Guru of the Sikhs]]. <br />
<br />
It may not be out of context to consider that throughout the chronicles of human history, there has been no individual who lived a life more inspirational than Guru Gobind Singh Ji. He is variously revered as ''Sarbans Dani'' (the merciful donor, who sacrificed his all), ''Mard Agamra'' (man without any parallels), ''Shah-e-Shahenshah'' (emperor of emperors), ''Bar do Alam Shah'' (ruler of both worlds), amongst others. <br />
<br />
<blockquote><br />
'''''"If we consider the work which (Guru) Gobind (Singh) accomplished, both in reforming his religion and instituting a new code of law for his followers, his personal bravery under all circumstances; his persevering endurance amidst difficulties, which would have disheartened others and overwhelmed them in inextricable distress, and lastly his final victory over his powerful enemies by the very men who had previously forsaken him, we need not be surprised that the Sikhs venerate his memory. He was undoubtedly a great man."''''' <small> (W, L. McGregor)</small><br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
It is said that after the martyrdom of his father, [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]], the tenth Master declared that he would create such a Panth (community/society), which would challenge the tyrant rulers in every walk of life to restore justice, equality and peace for all of mankind. Via institution of the [[Khalsa]] in 1699, Guru Gobind Singh Ji infused the dual spirit of a saint and a soldier in the minds and hearts of his followers to fight oppression in order to restore righteousness (Dharma) and to uplift the down-trodden people in this world. <br />
<br />
As a prophet, the Guru is unique. His teachings are very scientific and most suitable for all times. Unlike many other prophets he never called himself God or 'the only son of God.' Instead he called all people the sons of God sharing His Kingdom equally. For himself he used the word 'slave' or servant of God. <br />
<br />
<blockquote><br />
'''"Those who call me God, will fall into the deep pit of hell. <br />
Regard me as one of his slaves and have no doubt whatever about it. <br />
I am a servant of the Supreme Being; <br />
and have come to behold the wonderful drama of life."'''<br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
'''Extracts from Guru Gobind Singh's writings''';<br />
<br />
<blockquote><br />
<b><i><br />
"God has no marks, no colour, no caste, and no ancestors, <br />
No form, no complexion, no outline, no costume and is indescribable. <br><br />
He is fearless, luminous and measureless in might.<br />
He is the king of kings, the Lord of the prophets. <br><br />
He is the sovereign of the universe, gods, men and demons.<br />
The woods and dales sing the indescribable. <br><br />
O Lord, none can tell Thy names. The wise count your blessings to coin your names." <small>([[Jaap Sahib]])</small><br />
</i></b><br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
== Birth of a Star ==<br />
{{Tocr}}<br />
[[Image:Early life of guru gobind singh.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Birth of Guru Gobind Singh]]<br />
<br />
A splendid Divine Light shone in the darkness of the night. [[Pir Bhikan Shah]] a Muslim mystic performed his prayers in that Easterly direction (instead of towards the West, contrary to his daily practice), and guided by this Divine Light, he travelled with a group of his followers until he reached [[Patna Sahib]] in [[Bihar]]. <br />
<br />
It was here that '''Gobind Rai''' was born to [[Mata Gujri]] in 1666. It is said that [[Pir Bhikan Shah]] approached the child and offered two bowls of milk and water, signifying both the great religions of [[Hindu]]ism and [[Islam]]. The child smiled and placed his hands on both bowls. The Pir bowed in utter humility and reverence to the new Prophet of all humanity. <br />
<br />
Gobind Rai was born with a holy mission of which he tells us in his autobiography '''“Bachitar Natak”''' (Wonderous Drama). In it Guru Ji tells us how and for what purpose he was sent into this world by God. He states that before he came into this world , as a free spirit he was engaged in meditation in the seven peaked Hemkunt mountain. Having merged with God and having become One with the Unmanifest and the Infinite, God commanded him: <br />
<br />
<blockquote><br />
<b>“I have cherished thee as my Son, and created thee to establish a religion and restrain the world from senseless acts. I stood up, folded my hands, bowed my head and replied,‘Thy religion will prevail in all the world, when it has Thy support’.” </b><br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
Guru Ji describes the purpose of his coming to this world and why he emerged from the Supreme Reality in human form to carry out his Creator’s command : <br />
<br />
<blockquote><br />
<b>“For this purpose was I born, let all virtuous people understand. I was born to advance righteousness, to emancipate the good, and to destroy all evil-doers root and branch.” </b><br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
==Early Life==<br />
<br />
Gobind Rai's father, [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]], the Ninth Guru, was then travelling across Bengal and Assam. Returning to Patna in 1670, he directed his family to return to the [[Punjab]]. On the site of the house at [[Patna]] in which Gobind Rai was born and where he spent his early childhood now stands a sacred shrine, Sri [[Patna Sahib Gurdwara]], Bihar. <br />
<br />
Gobind Rai was escorted to [[Anandpur]] (then known as Chakk Nanaki) on the foothills of the Sivaliks where he reached in March 1672 and where his early education included reading and writing of Punjabi, Braj, Sanskrit and Persian. He was barely nine years of age when a sudden turn came in his life as well as in the life of the community he was destined to lead.<br />
<br />
==Kashmiri Brahmins come to Anandpur==<br />
<br />
Early in 1675, a group of Kashmiri brahmins under the leadership of Pandit Kirpa Ram, mad in desperation by the religious fanaticism of the Mughals General, Iftikar Khan, (he had threatened them with forced conversion to Islam) visited Anandpur to seek Guru Tegh Bahadur's advice. Aurangzeb had ordered the forced conversion of all Hindus and thought that if the respected Kashmiri brahmans accepted Islam, others in the country would be easily converted. They had been given six months to decide or suffer the consequences. Time was running out! <br />
<br />
As the Guru sat reflecting what to do, young Gobind Rai, arriving there in company with his playmates, asked why he looked so preoccupied. The father, as records Kuir Singh in his Gurbilas Patshahi 10, replied, ''"Grave are the burdens the earth bears. She will be redeemed only if a truly worthy person comes forward to lay down his head. Distress will then be expunged and happiness ushered in."''<br />
<br />
''"None could be worthier than you to make such a sacrifice,"'' remarked Gobind Rai in his innocent manner. <br />
<br />
[[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] advised the brahmins to return to their village and tell the authorities that they would accept [[Islam]] if [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] could first be persuaded to do so. <br />
<br />
==Father Guru's martyrdom==<br />
[[Image:GGS-web-gradient R.jpg|thumb|300px|left|{{cs|'''Guru Gobind Singh}}]]<br />
{{main|Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur}}<br />
<br />
Soon afterwards the Guru with a few followers proceeded to the imperial capital, [[Delhi]]. After watching the tortured deaths of three of his followers he, as well, refused to convert and was beheaded on November 11, 1675. The 13 year old Gobind Rai, ordained as the next Guru before his father departed [[Anandpur]], was formally installed as [[Guru Gobind Singh]] on the Baisakhi day of March 1676. In the midst of his engagement with the concerns of the community, he gave attention to the mastery of physical skills and literary accomplishment. He had grown into a comely youth spare, lithe of limb and energetic.<br />
<br />
He had a natural genius for poetic composition and his early years were assiduously given to this pursuit. The Var Sri Bhagauti Ji Ki, popularly called Chandi di Var. written in 1684, was his first composition and his only major work in the Punjabi language. The poem depicted the legendary contest between the gods and the demons as described in the Markandeya Purana. The choice of a warlike theme for this and a number of his later compositions such as the two Chandi Charitras, mostly in Braj, was made to infuse martial spirit among his followers to prepare them to stand up against injustice and tyranny.<br />
<br />
For the first 20 years or so of his life, Guru Gobind Singh lived peacefully at [[Anandpur]] practicing arms and exercises to complete his training as a soldier. He also studied Persian and Sanskrit and engaged 52 poets to translate the Hindu epics. Stories of ancient heroes were translated into Punjabi in order to create the martial spirit among the Sikhs. The Guru also wrote several compositions including [[Jaap Sahib]], [[Akal Ustat]] and Sawayas during this period. He also established a Gurdwara at [[Paonta Sahib]] on the banks of the river Jamna.<br />
<br />
==Stay at Paonta Sahib==<br />
<br />
Much of Guru Gobind Singh's creative literary work was done at Paonta he had founded on the banks of the River Yamuna and to which site he had temporarily shifted in April 1685. Poetry as such was, however, not his aim. For him it was a means of revealing the divine principle and concretizing a personal vision of the Supreme Being that had been vouchsafed to him. His Jap Sahib, Swayas and the composition known as Akal Ustat are in this tenor. <br />
<br />
Through his poetry he preached love and equality and a strictly ethical and moral code of conduct. He preached the worship of the One Supreme Being, deprecating idolatry and superstitious beliefs and observances. The glorification of the sword itself which he eulogized as Bhagauti was to secure fulfilment of God's justice. The sword was never meant as a symbol of aggression, and it was never to be used for self-aggrandizement. It was the emblem of manliness and self-respect and was to be used only in self-defence, as a last resort. For Guru Gobind Singh said in a Persian couplet in his [[Zafarnamah]]:<br />
<br />
:"When all other means have failed, It is but lawful to take to the sword." (verse 22)<br />
<br />
[[File:Guru gobind singh ji|thumb]]<br />
==Martial training==<br />
<br />
During his stay at [[Paonta]], Guru Gobind Singh availed himself of his spare time to practice different forms of manly exercises, such as riding, swimming and archery. His increasing influence among the people and the martial exercises of his men excited the jealousy of the neighbouring Rajput hill rulers who led by Raja Fateh Chand of Garhwal collected a host to attack him. <br />
<br />
But they were worsted in an action at Bhangam, about 10 km north-east of Paonta, in September 1688. Soon thereafter Guru Gobind Singh left Paonta Sahib and returned to Anandpur. The Guru and his Sikhs were involved in a battle with a Mughal commander, Alif Khan, at Nadaur on the left bank of the Beas, about 30 km south-east of Kangra, in March 1691.<br />
<br />
Describing the battle in stirring verse in Bachitra Natak, he said that Alif Khan fled in utter disarray "without being able to give any attention to his camp." Among several other battles that<br />
occurred was the Husain battle (20 February 1696) fought against Husain Khan, an imperial general, which resulted in a decisive victory for the Sikhs. <br />
<br />
Following the appointment in 1694 of the liberal Prince Muazzam (later Emperor Bahadur Shah) as viceroy of north-western region including Punjab, there was however a brief respite from pressure from the ruling authority. In Sambat 1756 (1699 A.D), Guru Gobind Singh issued directions to Sikh sangats or communities in different parts not to acknowledge [[masand]]s, the local ministers, against whom he had heard complaints. He asked the Sikhs to send their offerings directly to Anandpur.<br />
<br />
==Battle of Bhangani==<br />
<br />
{{Main|Battle of Bhangani}}<br />
<br />
The Guru admonished hill Rajas including Raja Bhim Chand for giving their daughters to the Moghuls as tribute for holding their positions. His efforts at winning their support against Aurangzeb bore no fruit. On the contrary, the hill Rajas conspired with the Moghul armies to put down the power of Guru Gobind singh. They however faced defeat several times at the hands of the comparatively small Sikh Army.<br />
See [http://www.info-sikh.com/PageG3.html www.info-sikh.com] for more details<br />
<br />
==Battle of Nadaun (Hussaini Yudh)==<br />
<br />
==The Masands==<br />
<br />
The Guru received various complaints against the priests, masands who robbed the poor Sikhs and misappropriated the collections. Guru Sahib abolished this order and severly punished the miscreants. Hereafter, the faithful were to bring their offerings directly to the Guru at the time of the annual Vaisakhi fair.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
The Guru wanted to create a strong self-respecting community. He inspired the Sikhs with courage and heroism and a life of simplicity and hard work. He started an arms factory at Anandpur in order to manufacture swords and lances needed for his soldiers. Once when the Brahmins insisted that he should offer worship to goddess Durga in order to seal victory, he agreed and kept up the farce till nothing came out of it. At the crucial moment, the Guru unsheathed his sword exclaiming, “The sword is the Durga which will give us victory over our enemies.<br />
<br />
<br />
Sikhs, he instructed, should come to Anandpur straight without any intermediaries. The [[Guru]] thus established direct relationship with his Sikhs. The institution of the [[Khalsa]] was given concrete form on 30 March 1699 when Sikhs had gathered at [[Anandpur]] in large numbers for the annual festival of Baisakhi.<br />
<br />
== Creation of the Khalsa ==<br />
[[Image:AmritSanskar-AW.jpg|thumb|350px|right|The Amrit Sanskar Ceremony]]<br />
<br />
An open air diwan was held in [[Kesgarh Sahib]] at [[Anandpur]]. The Guru drew his sword and in a thundering voice said, "I want one head, is there any one who can offer me?"<br />
<br />
This most unusual call caused some terror in the gathering and the people were stunned. There was dead silence. The Guru made a second call. Nobody came forward. There was still more silence. On the third call there raised '''Daya Ram''', a khatri of [[Lahore]] who said, ''"O true king, my head is at your service."'' <br />
<br />
The Guru took Daya Ram by the arm and led him inside a tent. A blow and thud were heard. Then the Guru, with his sword dripping with blood, came out and said, ''"I want another head, is there anyone who can offer?"'' Again on third call '''Dharam Das''', a Jat from [[Delhi]] came forward and said, ''"O true king! My head is at thy disposal."'' <br />
<br />
The Guru took Dharam Das inside the tent, again a blow and thud were heard, and he came out with his sword dripping with blood and repeated, ''"I want another head, is there any beloved Sikh who can offer it?"''<br />
<br />
Upon this some people in the assembly remarked that the Guru had lost all reason and went to his mother to complain. <br />
<br />
'''Mohkam Chand''', a calico priner/tailor of Dwarka (west coast of India) offered himself as a sacrifice. The Guru took him inside the tent and went through the same process. When he came out, he made a call for the fourth head. The Sikhs began to think that he was going to kill all of them. <br />
<br />
Some of them ran away and the others hung their heads down in disbelief. '''Himmat Chand''', a cook of Jagan Nath Puri, offered himself as a fourth sacrifice. Then the Guru made a fifth and the last call for a fifth head. '''Sahib Chand''', a barber of Bidar (in central India), came forward and the Guru took him inside the tent. A blow and thud were heard.<br />
<br />
The last time he stayed longer in the tent. People began to breathe with relief. They thought may be the Guru has realised "his mistake" and has now stopped. <br />
<br />
==The panj pyare==<br />
<br />
{{Main|Panj Piare}}<br />
<br />
The Guru now clad his five volunteers in splendid garments. They had offered their heads to the Guru, and the Guru had now given them himself and his glory. When they were brought outside, they were in the most radiant form. There were exclamations of wonder and the sighs of regret on all sides. Now people were sorry for not offering their heads.<br />
<br />
Since the time of [[Guru Nanak]], Charan Pauhal had been the customary form of initiation. People were to drink the holy water which had been touched or washed by the Guru's toe or feet. The Guru proceeded to initiate them to his new order (Khande di Pauhal) by asking the five faithful Sikhs to stand up. <br />
<br />
He put pure water into an iron vessel or Bowl (Batta of Sarbloh) and stirred it with a [[Khanda]] (two edged small sword). While stirring the water with Khanda, he recited [[Gurbani]] (Five Banis- [[Japji]], [[Jaap Sahib]], [[Anand Sahib]], [[Swayas]], and [[Chaupai]]). Sugar crystals called 'Patasas' which incidently the Guru's wife, [[Mata Sahib Kaur]], had brought at that moment, were mixed in the water.<br />
<br />
==Amrit Sanchar==<br />
<br />
{{Main|Amrit Sanchar}}<br />
<br />
The Guru then stood up with the sacred [[Amrit]] (nectar) prepared in the iron bowl. Each of the five faithful, by turn, each kneeling upon his left knee, looked up to the Master to receive the divine amrit. He gave five palmfuls of Amrit to each of them to drink and sprinkled it five times in the eyes, asking them to repeat aloud with each sprinkle, ''"Waheguru Ji ka Khalsa, Waheguru Ji Ki Fateh."'' (This means: Khalsa belongs to God and all triumph be to His Name) Then he anointed with five sprinkles in the hair. <br />
<br />
In this way Amrit was administered to the five faithful from the same bowl. After that he asked them to sip Amrit from the same bowl to signify their initiation into the casteless fraternity of the [[Khalsa]]. All the five faithful were baptized in this way by the Guru who then called them the 'PANJ PYARE' or Five Beloved Ones. <br />
<br />
He gave them the appellation of SINGHS (Lions) and they were named from Daya Ram to Daya Singh, Dharam Das to Dharam Singh, Mohkam Chand to Mohkam Singh, Himmat Chand to Himmat Singh, and Sahib Chand to Sahib Singh. The Guru then addressed them as the supreme, the liberated ones, pure ones and he called them THE KHALSA.<br />
<br />
<br />
He then ordained them to do the following:<br />
<br />
'''I.''' First they must wear the following articles whose names begin with 'K':<br />
<br />
==The 5Ks==<br />
<br />
{{Main|5Ks}}<br />
<br />
*1. '''[[Kesh]]''' - unshorn hair. This represents the natural appearance of sainthood. This is the first token of Sikh faith.<br />
<br />
*2. '''[[Kanga]]'''- A comb to clean the hair.<br />
<br />
*3. '''[[Kachha]]''' - An underwear to indicate virtuous character.<br />
<br />
*4. '''[[Kara]]''' - A Iron bracelet on the wrist, a symbol of dedication to the Divine Bridegroom.<br />
<br />
*5. '''[[Kirpan]]''' - A sword symbolising dignity, power and unconquerable spirit.<br />
<br />
'''II.''' They must observe the following guidelines:<br />
<br />
*1. Not to remove hair from the body.<br />
<br />
*2. Not to use Tobacco or other intoxicants (alcohol).<br />
<br />
*3. Not to eat or touch Kuttha (Halal or Kosher) meat of an animal (see Hukamnama by Sri Guru Gobind Singh ji to the Sikhs of Kabul).<br />
<br />
*4. Not to commit adultery- 'Par nari ki sej, bhul supne hun na jayo' (never enjoy, even in dream, the bed of a woman other than your own wife) (A supplementary ordinance was issued that any one who did not observe any of the four directives, must be re- baptized, pay a fine, and promise not to offend any more; or he must be excommunicated from the Khalsa).<br />
<br />
'''III.''' They must rise at dawn, bathe, meditate on Gurmantar-'Waheguru', Moolmantar- the preamble of Japji, and recite five banis- Japji, Jap Sahib and Swayas in the morning; Rehras in the evening; and Kirtan Sohela at bed time at night.<br />
<br />
'''IV.''' They must not worship idols, cemeteries, or cremation grounds, and must believe only in One Immortal God. The Guru further spelled out that they should practice arms, and never show their backs to the foe in the battle field. They should always be ready to help the poor and protect those who sought their protection. They were to consider their previous castes erased, and deem themselves all brothers of one family. Sikhs were to intermarry among themselves. <br />
<br />
[[File:Waho waho guru gobind singh ji|thumb]]<br />
==Guru asks for Amrit==<br />
<br />
After the Guru had administered Amrit to his Five Beloved Ones, he stood up in supplication and with folded hands, begged them to baptize him in the same way as he had baptized them. He himself became their disciple (Wonderful is [[Guru Gobind Singh]], himself the Master and himself the disciple). <br />
<br />
The Five Beloved Ones were astonished at such a proposal, and represented their own unworthiness, and the greatness of the Guru, whom they deemed God's Vicar upon earth. They asked him why he made such a request and why he stood in a supplicant posture before them. He replied," I am the son of the Immortal God. It is by His order I have been born and have established this form of baptism. They who accept it shall henceforth be known as the '''KHALSA'''. <br />
<br />
The [[Khalsa]] is the Guru and the Guru is the Khalsa. There is no difference between you and me. As Guru Nanak seated Guru Angad on the throne, so have I made you also a Guru. Wherefore administer the baptismal nectar to me without any hesitation." Accordingly the Five Beloved Ones baptized the Guru with the same ceremonies and injunctions he himself had employed.<br />
<br />
==The rise of the Khalsa==<br />
<br />
The Guru was then named Gobind Singh instead of Gobind Rai. Guru Gobind Singh was the first one to take Amrit from the Khalsa, the Five Beloved Ones. About 80,000 men and women were baptized within a few days at Anandpur. '''"The creation of the Khalsa was the greatest work of the Guru. He created a type of superman, a universal man of God, casteless and country less. The Guru regarded himself as the servant of the Khalsa. He said, "To serve them pleases me the most; no other service is so dear to my soul." The Khalsa was the spearhead of resistance against tyranny."''' (Miss Pearl, S. Buck)<br />
<br />
The creation of the Khalsa created a sense of unity among the Sikhs and their supporters. This unity and the resulting perceived strength in the Sikhs did not go well with the local rulers. The continuous gatherings at [[Anandpur sahib]] and the presence of many thousands of the congregation, some armed with fierce weapons caused anguish with the surrounding hill Rajas. These developments most alarmed the caste ridden Rajput chiefs of the Sivalik hills. They perceived the Sikhs as lower caste beings who had posed no danger to their authority. However, the creation of the Khalsa changed that. Firstly, it disturbed their system of discrimination and division; secondly, they could see that the forces of the Guru were becoming dangerous in number and in armaments.<br />
<br />
==Siege of Anandpur==<br />
<br />
They hence rallied under the leadership of the Raja of Bilaspur, in whose territory lay [[Anandpur]], to forcibly evict [[Guru Gobind Singh]] from his hilly citadel. Their repeated expeditions during 1700-04 however proved abortive. The Khalsa forces were too strong to be dealt with by the hill Rajas. They at last petitioned Emperor Aurangzeb for help. In concert with contingents sent under imperial orders by the governor of Lahore and those of the faujdar of Sirhind, they marched upon Anandpur and laid a siege to the fort in May 1705. <br />
<br />
Over the months, the Guru and his Sikhs firmly withstood their successive assaults despite insufficient amounts of food resulting from the prolonged blockade. While the besieged (Sikhs) were reduced to desperate straits, the besiegers (governor of Lahore) too were exhausted at the courage of the Sikhs. At this stage the besiegers offered, on Oath (promise) of the Qur'an, safe exit to the Sikhs if they quit [[Anandpur]]. At last, the town was evacuated during a night of December 1705. But as the Guru and his Sikhs came out, the hill monarchs and their Mughal allies set upon them in full fury. <br />
<br />
==Sikhs "tricked" by the Mughals==<br />
<br />
In the ensuing confusion many Sikhs were killed and all of the Guru's baggage, including most of the precious manuscripts, was lost. The Guru himself was able to make his way to [[Chamkaur]], 40 km southwest of Anandpur, with barely 40 Sikhs and his two elder sons. There the imperial army, following closely on his heels, caught up with him. His two sons, Ajit Singh (born. 1687) and Jujhar Singh (born. 1691) and all but five of the Sikhs fell in the action that took place on 7 December 1705. The five surviving Sikhs commanded the Guru to save himself in order to reconsolidate the Khalsa.<br />
<br />
[[Guru Gobind Singh]] with three of his Sikhs escaped into the wilderness of the Malva, two of his Muslim devotees, Gani Khan and Nabi Khan, helping him at great personal risk. Guru Gobind Singh's two younger sons, Zorawar Singh (born. 1696), Fateh Singh (born.1699), and his mother, Mata Gujari Ji, also evacuated Anandpur but were betrayed by their old servant and escort, Gangu, to the faujdar of Sirhind, who had the young children executed on 13 December 1705. Their grandmother died the same day.<br />
<br />
==Guru escapes== <br />
<br />
Befriended by another Muslim admirer, Rai Kalha of Raikot,here Guru Gobind Singh gave his sword to Rai Kalha in gratitude for his kindness.(the sword is ingraved on both sides,on the right side is AKAL PURKH KI RACHCHIA HAM NE,SARAB LOH KI RACHCHIA HAM NE, EK ONKAR SATGUR PARSAD AUTAR KHAS PATSHAH 10. On the left side is,SARAB KAL KI RACHCHIA HAM NE, SARAB JIA KI RACHCHIA HAM NE.<br />
<br />
(The sword was taken from the Toshekhana of Maharaja Ranjit Singh on 1st may 1849, along with other arms ie:SHUMASHER WA SIPAR(sword and shield),DAE-I-AHINEE(an iron weapon),NEZA(a lance),CHUKKUR-I-AHINEE(a circular missile weapon of iron),SHUMSHER TEGHAH(a seimitar),KULGHEE-E-KUCH(a crest of glass in silver case),BURCHEE(a small spear),BURCHHA(a large spear), by the east india company. These relics were sent to England under the orders of Lord Dalhousie.)<br />
<br />
Guru Gobind Singh reached Dina in the heart of the Malva. There he enlisted a few hundred warriors of the Brar clan, and also composed his famous letter, Zafarnamah (the Epistle of Victory), in Persian verse, addressed to Emperor Aurangzeb. The letter was a severe indictment of the Emperor and his commanders who had broken their oath. They attacked Guru Gobind Singh once he was outside the safety of his fortification at Anandpur. Two of the Sikhs, Daya Singh and Dharam Singh, were despatched with the Zafarnamah to Ahmadnagar in the South to deliver it to Aurangzeb, then in camp in that town. From Dina, Guru Gobind Singh continued his westward march until, finding the host close upon his heels; he took position beside the water pool of Khidrana to make a last-ditch stand. <br />
<br />
==Brave Sikh women join fight==<br />
<br />
The fighting on 29 December 1705 was hard and desperate. In spite of their overwhelming numbers, the Mughal troops failed to capture the Guru and had to retire in defeat. The major part in this battle was played by a group of 40 Sikhs who had deserted the Guru at Anandpur during the long siege, but who, scolded by their wives at home, had come back under the leadership of a brave and devoted woman, Mai Bhago, to redeem themselves. They had fallen fighting desperately to check the enemy's advance towards the Guru's position. The Guru blessed the 40 dead as 40 mukte, i.e. the 40 Saved Ones. The site is now marked by a sacred shrine and tank and the town which has grown around them is called Muktsar, the Pool of Liberations.<br />
<br />
After spending some time in the Lakkhi Jungle country, Guru Gobind Singh arrived at Talvandi Sabo, now called Damdama Sahib, on 20 January 1706. During his stay there of over nine months, a number of Sikhs rejoined him. He prepared a fresh text of Sikh Scripture, the Guru Granth Sahib, with the celebrated scholar, Bhai Mani Singh, who wrote the Guru's bani. From the number of scholars who had rallied round Guru Gobind Singh and from the literary activity initiated, the place came to be known as the Guru's Kashi or seat of learning like Varanasi (A city of northeast-central India).<br />
<br />
==Zafarnamah bears result==<br />
<br />
The [[Zafarnamah]] sent by Guru Gobind Singh from Dina seems to have touched the heart of [[Emperor Aurungzeb]]. He forthwith invited him for a meeting. According to history, the Emperor had a letter written to the deputy governor of Lahore, Munim Khan, to conciliate the Guru and make the required arrangements for his journey to the Deccan. <br />
<br />
Guru Gobind Singh had, however, already left for the South on 30 October 1706. He was in the neighbourhood of Baghor, in [[Rajasthan]], when the news arrived of the death of the Emperor at Ahmadnagar on 20 February 1707. The Guru there upon decided to return to the [[Punjab]], via Shahjahanabad (Delhi). That was the time when the sons of the deceased Emperor were preparing to contest succession.<br />
<br />
==Guru helps Bahadur Shah==<br />
<br />
Guru Gobind Singh despatched for the help of the eldest claimant, the liberal Prince Muazzam, a token contingent of Sikhs which took part in the battle of Jajau (8 June 1707), decisively won by the Prince who ascended the throne with the title of Bahadur Shah. The new Emperor invited Guru Gobind Singh for a meeting which took place at Agra on 23 July 1707.<br />
<br />
Emperor Bahadur Shah had at this time to move against the Kachhvaha Rajputs of Amber (Jaipur) and then to the Deccan where his youngest brother, Kam Baksh, had raised the standard of revolt. The Guru accompanied him and, as history says, he addressed assemblies of people on the way preaching the word of Guru Nanak. The two camps crossed the River Tapti in June 1708 and the Ban-Ganga in August, arriving at Nanded, on the Godavari, towards the end of August. <br />
<br />
While Bahadur Shah proceeded further South, Guru Gobind Singh decided to stay awhile at Nanded. Here he met a Bairagi (a person who withdraws from the world), Madho Das, whom he blessed into a Sikh with the vows of the Khalsa, renaming him Gurbakhsh Singh (popular name Banda Singh). Guru Gobind Singh gave Banda Singh five arrows from his own quiver and an escort, including five of his chosen Sikhs, and directed him to go to the Punjab and carry on the campaign against the tyranny of the provincial overlords.<br />
<br />
==Plan to assassinate the Guru==<br />
<br />
Nawab Wazir Khan of Sirhind had felt concerned at the Emperor's conciliatory treatment of Guru Gobind Singh. Their marching together to the South made him jealous, and he ordered two of his trusted men with murdering the Guru before his increasing friendship with the Emperor resulted in any harm to him. <br />
<br />
These two pathans Jamshed Khan and Wasil Beg are the names given in the Guru Kian Sakhian pursued the Guru secretly and overtook him at Nanded, where, according to Sri Gur Sobha by Senapati, a contemporary writer, one of them stabbed the Guru in the left side below the heart as he lay one evening in his chamber resting after the Rahras prayer. Before he could deal another blow, Guru Gobind Singh struck him down with his sabre, while his fleeing companion fell under the swords of Sikhs who had rushed in on hearing the noise. As the news reached Bahadar Shah's camp, he sent expert surgeons, to attend to the Guru. <br />
<br />
==Guru recovers but mission is at an end==<br />
<br />
The Guru's wound was immediately stitched by the Emperor's European surgeon and within a few days it appeared to have been healed. The injury had been contained and the Guru had made a good recovery. However, several days later, when the Guru tugged at a hard strong bow, the imperfectly healed wound burst open and caused profuse bleeding. It was again treated but it was now clear to the Guru that the call of the Father from Heaven had come. He prepared the sangat for his departure; instruction were given to the immediate main [[Sewadar]]s and finally he gave his last and enduring message of his mission to the assembly of the Khalsa. <br />
<br />
He then opened the Granth Sahib, placed five paise and solemnly bowed to it as his successor, GURU GRANTH SAHIB. Saying 'Waheguru ji ka Khalsa, Waheguru ji ki Fateh', he walked around the Guru Granth Sahib and proclaimed, ''"O beloved Khalsa, let him who desireth to behold me, behold the Guru Granth. Obey the Granth Sahib. It is the visible body of the Gurus. And let him who desires to meet me, search me in the hymns."'' <br />
<br />
He then sang his self-composed hymn:<br />
<b>''"Agya bhai Akal ki tabhi chalayo Panth Sabh Sikhan ko hukam hai Guru manyo Granth<br />
Guru Granth Ji manyo pargat Guran ki deh Jo Prabhu ko milbo chahe khoj shabad mein le<br />
Raj karega Khalsa aqi rahei na koe Khwar hoe sabh milange bache sharan jo hoe."''</b><br />
<br />
Translation of the above:<br />
<br />
"Under orders of the Immortal Being, the Panth was created. All the Sikhs are enjoined to accept the Granth as their Guru. Consider the Guru Granth as embodiment of the Gurus. Those who want to meet God, can find Him in its hymns. The Khalsa shall rule, and its opponents will be no more, Those separated will unite and all the devotees shall be saved."<br />
<br />
==Guru Granth Sahib becomes Guru==<br />
<br />
He, in grateful acknowledgement of the spiritual benefactions of the founder of his religion, uttered a Persian distich, the translation of which is:<br />
<br />
'''"Gobind Singh obtained from Guru Nanak Hospitality, the sword, victory, and prompt assistance."'''<br />
<br />
(These lines were impressed on a seal made by the Sikhs after the Guru left for his heavenly abode, and were adopted by Ranjit Singh for his coinage after he had assumed the title of Maharaja in the Punjab)<br />
<br />
The Guru then left for his heavenly abode. The Sikhs made preparations for his final rites as he had instructed them, the Sohila was chanted and Parsahd (sacred food) was distributed. While all were mourning the loss, a Sikh arrived and said," You suppose that the Guru is dead. I met him this very morning riding his bay horse. After bowing to him, I asked where he was going. He smiled and replied that he was going to the forest." The Sikhs who heard this statement arrived at the conclusion that it was all the Guru's play, that he dwelt in uninterrupted bliss, that he showed himself wherever he was remembered. He who treasures even a grain of the Lord's love in his heart, is the blessed one and the Guru reveals himself to such a devotee in mysterious ways.<br />
<br />
Wherefore for such a Guru who had departed bodily to Heaven, there ought to be no mourning. The Word as contained in the Guru Granth Sahib was henceforth, and for all time to come to be the Guru for the Sikhs. <br />
<br />
<br />
Above article adapted from: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/saadh_sangat/<br />
<br />
== Guru's Bani ==<br />
<br />
{{Main|Bani of Guru Gobind Singh}}<br />
<br />
<b> <i><br />
<br />
"Without the support of the One Name, Consider all religious ceremonies superstitions." <br><br />
<br><br />
"Karta (The Creator) and Karim (The beneficient) are the names of the same God. <br><br />
Razak (The provider) and Rahim (The merciful) are also the names given to Him. <br><br />
Let no man in his error wrangle over differences in names. <br><br />
Worship the One God who is the Lord of all. Know that his form is one and He is the One light diffused in all." <br><br />
<br />
<br />
"The Khalsa is my own image. I shall always manifest myself in the Khalsa. <br><br />
The Khalsa is my body and soul; The Khalsa is the life of my life. <br><br />
The Khalsa is my perfect leader. The Khalsa is my brave friend. <br><br />
I say nothing untrue and to this; Guru Nanak, united with God, is my witness." <br><br />
<br><br />
"Why impress false religion on the world? It will be of no service to it. <br><br />
Why run about for the sake of wealth? You cannot escape from death. <br><br />
Son, Wife, friends, disciples, companions none of those will bear witness for thee. <br><br />
Think, O think, you thoughtless fool, you shall have in the end to depart alone." (Swayya 32)<br />
<br />
</i> </b><br />
<br />
== Quotes ==<br />
<br />
[[Guru Gobind Singh]] was the Tenth Sikh Master, son of [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]], grandson of [[Guru Hargobind]], great-grandson of [[Guru Arjan]], the fifth Sikh Guru.<br />
'''''The one who sacrificed four sons(Chaar Sahibzaade) for protection of many thousands(KHALSA).'''''<br />
<br />
== Chronology of the Main Events==<br />
<br />
* see the full list [[Chronology of Guru Gobind Singh's life|'''here''']]<br />
<br />
{| cellpadding=5 cellspacing=2<br />
|- bgcolor=#cccccc<br />
! # !! Date !! Event<br />
|- bgcolor=#FFE8E8<br />
|align=center | 1 || December 22nd, 1666 || Birth at [[Patna]] Sahib <br />
|- bgcolor=#E6E6EE<br />
|align=center | 2 || May, 1673 || Arrival at [[Anandpur]] Sahib <br />
|- bgcolor=#DDEEFF<br />
|align=center | 3 || July, 1677 || Marriage with [[Mata Jeeto]] Ji <br />
|- bgcolor=#E6E6AA<br />
|align=center | 4 || 1682 || Repulsing the attack of [[Raja Bhim Chand]] on Anandpur <br />
|- bgcolor=#E6E6CC<br />
|align=center|'''[[Chronology of Guru Gobind Singh's life|Continue here]]|| ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[Guru Gobind Singh Gallery]]<br />
* [[Bani of Guru Gobind Singh]]<br />
* [[Chronology of Guru Gobind Singh's life]]<br />
* [[Dasam Granth]]<br />
* [[Vaisakhi]]<br />
* [[52 court poets of Guru Gobind Singh]]<br />
* [[Khalsa]]<br />
* [[Sahibzada]]<br />
* [[Guru Gobind Singh marg]]<br />
* [[Bhai Dhalla Sikh of Guru Gobind Singh]]<br />
* [[Guru Gobind Singh Ji and the power of Sangat]]<br />
* [[Daulat Rai's preface to his book on Guru Gobind Singh]] - also see link [http://megasinghsabha.com/book1.php "Sahibe Kamaal Guru Gobind Singh" - Online]<br />
<br />
== Suggested Reading ==<br />
'''1.''' '''[http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2016/04/a-short-sketch-of-life-and-work-of-guru.html A Short Sketch of The Life and Work of Guru Gobind Singh - Bhagat Lakshman Singh]'''<br />
<br />
'''2.''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2016/03/kee-guru-gobind-singh-devi-di-pooja.html '''Kee Guru Gobind Singh devi di Pooja Karde Sun - Surjeet Singh Tract No. 329''']<br />
<br />
'''3.''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2015/11/victories-of-guru-gobind-singh-ardaman.html '''Victories of Guru Gobind Singh - Ardaman Singh Bhayee - Guru Nanak Dev Mission Tract No. 47''']<br />
<br />
'''4.''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2015/07/guru-gobind-singhs-death-at-nanded.html '''Guru Gobind Singh's death at Nanded - An Examination Of Succession Theories - Dr. Ganda Singh''']<br />
<br />
'''5.''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2013/07/guru-gobind-singh-his-life-sketch.html '''Guru Gobind Singh - His Life Sketch - Sher Singh MSc Kashmir''']<br />
<br />
'''6.''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2013/10/khalsa-or-elect-sher-singh-msc-kashmir.html '''The Khalsa or the Elect - Sher Singh MSc Kashmir''']<br />
<br />
'''7.''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2013/07/sri-guru-gobind-singh-ji-being-some.html '''Sri Guru Gobind Singh ji - Being Some Unwritten Leaves In The Life Of The Guru''']<br />
<br />
'''8.''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2013/03/dashmesh-darpan-tey-sri-dasam-granth-di.html '''Dashmesh Darpan tey Sri Dasam Granth di Kunji - Sher Singh MSc Kashmir''']<br />
<br />
'''9.''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2012/09/sri-guru-gobind-singh-ji-baptist-beyond.html '''Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji - The Baptist Beyond Peer - Gyani Brahma Singh Brahma''']<br />
<br />
'''10.''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2012/09/guru-gobind-singhs-amrit-eternalising.html '''Guru Gobind Singh's Amrit - The Eternalising Libation - Gyani Brahma Singh Brahma''']<br />
<br />
'''11.''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2012/09/guru-gobind-singh-great-spiritual-leader.html '''Guru Gobind Singh - A Great Spiritual Leader - Gyani Brahma Singh Brahma''']<br />
<br />
'''12. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2017/06/sarabloh-da-kavi-ranjit-singh-kharag.html Sarabloh Da Kavi - Ranjit Singh Kharag]'''<br />
<br />
'''13. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/05/guru-gobind-singhs-religious-outlook-lt.html Guru Gobind Singh's Religious Outlook - Lt. Col. Gulcharan Singh Sujlana Tract No. 255]'''<br />
<br />
'''14. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/06/devi-pujan-partal-bhai-by-veer-singh.html Devi Pujan Partal Bhai - Veer Singh]'''<br />
<br />
'''15. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/07/dashmesh-ji-da-maha-daan-khalsa-panth.html Dashmesh Ji Da Maha Daan - Khalsa Panth tey Sri Guru Granth Ji - Sher Singh MSc Kashmir]'''<br />
<br />
'''16. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/10/dashmesh-ji-da-jalaali-roop-hindi.html Dashmesh ji da jalaali roop (hindi) - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
'''17. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/10/dashmesh-ji-da-jalaali-roop-sirdar.html Dashmesh ji da jalaali roop - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
'''18. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/12/dasam-gur-gira-prakashak-granth-gyani.html Dasam Gur Gira Prakashak Granth - Gyani Sahib Singh]'''<br />
<br />
'''19. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/09/sri-dasam-granth-sahib-da-chintan.html Sri Dasam Granth Sahib da Chintan - Kartar Singh Neeldhari]'''<br />
<br />
'''20. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/06/dasam-granth-da-mahatav-dr-gurcharan.html Dasam Granth da mahatav - Dr. Gurcharan Singh Mehta Tract No. 493-494]'''<br />
<br />
'''21. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2013/05/vismad-naad-november-2007-special-sri.html Vismad Naad November 2007 (Special Sri Dasam Granth issue)]'''<br />
<br />
'''22. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2016/05/dasam-patshah-di-vaisakhi-sirdar-kapur.html Dasam Patshah di Vaisakhi - Sirdar Kapur Singh]''' <br />
<br />
'''23. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/03/durga-prabodh.html Durga Prabodh - Giani Ditt Singh]'''<br />
<br />
'''24. Broken Link not active: [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/06/charitropakhyan-dey-vichaar-adarsh-dr.html Charitropakhyan dey vichaar adarsh - Dr. Gurcharan Singh Mehta]'''<br />
<br />
'''25. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/12/sikh-itihas-dey-partakh-darshan-arthat.html Sikh Itihas dey Partakh Darshan arthat Itihasik Somey - Part 1 - Randhir Singh Research Scholar]''' <br />
<br />
'''26. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2015/02/fatehnama-and-zafarnama-devinder-singh.html Fatehnama and Zafarnama - Devinder Singh Duggal]''' <br />
<br />
'''27. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2016/01/bhatt-tey-pandey-vahian-guru-kaal-dey.html Bhatt tey Pandey Vahian - Guru Kaal dey Itihasik Sarot Vajon Yogdan (Gyani Garja Singh dey Note) - Jatinderpal Singh Tract No. 542]'''<br />
<br />
'''28. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2016/03/kee-guru-gobind-singh-devi-di-pooja.html Kee Guru Gobind Singh devi di Pooja Karde Sun - Surjeet Singh Tract No. 329]'''<br />
<br />
'''29. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2016/04/1699-di-visakhi-sukhdev-singh-shant.html 1699 di Visakhi - Sukhdev Singh Shant Tract No 479]''' <br />
<br />
'''30. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2016/09/last-days-of-guru-gobind-singh-dr-ganda.html Last Days of Guru Gobind Singh - Dr. Ganda Singh]''' <br />
<br />
'''31. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/01/sri-mukhwak-patshahi-dasvin-20-sawaiyey.html Sri Mukhwak Patshahi Dasvin 20 Sawaiyey tey 10 Dohrey Sateek - Kartar Singh Dakha]'''<br />
<br />
'''32. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/ajokey-yug-vich-khalsey-di-prasangikta.html Ajokey Yug Vich Khalsey Di Prasangikta - Dr. Inderjeet Singh Vasu Tract No. 507-508]''' <br />
<br />
'''33. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/03/guru-gobind-singh-ji-di-bani-vich-karam.html Guru Gobind Singh ji di Bani Vich Karam-Yog - Dr. Ganda Singh]'''<br />
<br />
'''34. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/11/navam-tey-dasam-patshah-dey-malwey-dey.html Navam tey Dasam Patshah dey Malwey dey Safran di Sakhi Pothi utey Ik Panchi Drishti - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
'''35. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/11/amarnama-pharsi-mool-panjabi-utara-tey.html Amarnama (Pharsi Mool, Panjabi Utara tey Arth) - Dr. Ganda Singh (Ed.)]'''<br />
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'''36. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/11/bina-shashtar-keshang-naran-bhed-jano.html Bina Shashtar Keshang Naran Bhed Jano Tract No. 19]'''<br />
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'''37. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/12/bhagti-atey-shakti-tract-no-375.html Bhagti Atey Shakti Tract No. 375]'''<br />
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'''38. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/12/dharam-het-gurdev-pathaye-tract-no-21.html Dharam Het Gurdev Pathaye Tract No. 21]'''<br />
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'''39. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/12/dharman-andar-chinnah-da-mahatav-tey.html Dharman andar Chinnah da Mahatav tey Khalsa Saroop Tract No. 225]'''<br />
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'''40. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/12/khalsa-ik-parvaar-tract-no-353.html Khalsa Ik Parvaar Tract No. 353]'''<br />
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'''41. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/01/guru-gobind-singh-sahib-da-dharam.html Guru Gobind Singh Sahib da Dharam Nirupan Tract No. 324]'''<br />
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'''42. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/01/khalsa-nirupan-tract-no-78.html Khalsa Nirupan Tract No. 78]'''<br />
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'''43. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/01/khalsa-soi-karey-nit-jang-tract-no-109.html Khalsa Soi Karey Nit Jang Tract No. 109]'''<br />
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'''44. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/01/khalsey-da-vikas-tract-no-7.html Khalsey da Vikas Tract No. 7]'''<br />
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'''45. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/01/nirbhaita-da-avtar-guru-gobind-singh.html Nirbhaita Da Avtar Guru Gobind Singh Tract No. 370]'''<br />
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'''46. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/01/dharam-het-gurdev-pathaye-tract-no-39.html Dharam Het Gurdev Pathaye Tract No. 39 (Hindi version)]'''<br />
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'''47. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/01/guru-gobind-singh-ji-ney-har-sikh-nu.html Guru Gobind Singh ji ney har Sikh nu Singh kar ditta Tract No. 98]'''<br />
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'''48. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/05/guru-gobind-singhs-religious-outlook-lt.html Guru Gobind Singh's Religious Outlook - Lt. Col. Gulcharan Singh Sujlana Tract No. 255]'''<br />
<br />
'''49. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/02/sri-dasam-granth-sahib-ik-adhyan-kartar.html Sri Dasam Granth Sahib - Ik Adhyan - Kartar Singh Neeldhari]'''<br />
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'''50. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/01/deeney-ton-sabo-ki-talwandi-tract-no-63.html Deeney Ton Sabo ki Talwandi Tract No. 63]'''<br />
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'''51. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/01/guru-gobind-singh-ji-tract-no-28.html Guru Gobind Singh ji Tract No. 28]'''<br />
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'''52. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/01/vaisakh-bhala-tract-no-134.html Vaisakh Bhala Tract No. 134]'''<br />
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'''53. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/01/vaisakhi-tract-no-86.html Vaisakhi Tract No. 86]'''<br />
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'''54. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/08/guru-gobind-singhs-visit-to-rawal-sar.html Guru Gobind Singh's visit to Rawal Sar (Mandi State) - Nahar Singh M.A.]'''<br />
<br />
'''55. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/08/guru-gobind-singh-literary-survey-man.html Guru Gobind Singh - A Literary Survey - Man Singh Deora]'''<br />
<br />
'''56. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/10/city-of-joy-siri-anandpur-sahib-harbans.html City of Joy - Siri Anandpur Sahib - Harbans Singh]'''<br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
*[http://www.discoversikhism.com/sikh_gurus/sri_guru_gobind_singh_ji.html DiscoverSikhism - Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji] Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji is tenth of the Ten Sikh Gurus. Read about his life and stories here.<br />
* [http://www.sikhvideos.org/gur-ta-gaddi.html Video on Guru Gobind Singh Ji]<br />
* [http://www.sikhvideos.org/rooh-dar-har-jisam-guru-gobind-singh.htm Humility and Sacrifices of Guru Gobind Singh Ji]<br />
* [http://www.baisakhi1999.org Eternal Glory of Guru Gobind Singh Ji and The Khalsa]<br />
* [http://www.sgpc.net/gurus/gurugobind.asp www.sgpc.net]<br />
* [http://allaboutsikhs.com/gurus/gurugobind.htm Gateway to Sikhism]<br />
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/gobindsingh.shtml www.bbc.co.uk]<br />
* [http://www.gurmat.info/sms/smssikhism/gurus/gurugobindsinghji/ Sikh Missionary Society]<br />
* [http://www.sikhs.org Sikhs.org]<br />
* [http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/gurus/index.html www.sikh-history.com]<br />
* [http://www.sikh.net/SIKHISM/GURUS/10Gfact.htm www.sikh.net]<br />
* [http://www.gurmat.info/sms/smspublications/thesaintsoldier/ The Saint - Soldier (Guru Gobind Singh)] - eBook<br />
* [http://www.gurugobindsinghmarg.org/home/anandpur/anandpur_to_talwandi_sabo.htm Guru Gobind Singh Marg]<br />
* [http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99apr11/sunday/head11.htm tribuneindia.com]<br />
* [http://www.sikhreview.org/january2009/philo1.htm The Incredible Guru Gobind Singh] by Jaidev Singh Kohli<br />
* www.reflectandrespond.com/50-guru-gobind-singh-ji-quotes/ GURU GOBIND SINGH JI Quotes] *<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<br />
* 1). Previous records show Guru Gobind Singh's date of birth as December 22, 1666. However, following the standardisation of the Sikh calendar called the [[Nanakshahi]] Calendar, this date was amended to January 5, 1667.<br />
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==Gallery==<br />
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{{Main|Guru Gobind Singh Gallery}}<br />
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{{Sikh Gurus|Guru Teg Bahadur|([[1 April]] [[1621]] - [[11 November]] [[1675]])|Guru Gobind Singh|Guru Granth Sahib|(Perpetual Guru of the Sikhs)}}<br />
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{{Guru Gobind Singh Relatives}}<br />
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{{Jathedars Of Damdami Taksaal}}<br />
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{{Guru10}}<br />
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[[Category:Sikh Gurus]]<br />
[[Category:Great Sikh Warriors]]<br />
[[Category: Damdami Taksaal]]<br />
[[category:Dasam Granth]]<br />
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==Guru Gobind Singh Sakhis==<br />
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{{Guru Gobind Singh Sakhis}}</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Hari_Singh_Nalwa&diff=118157Hari Singh Nalwa2020-10-04T11:36:06Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* References */</p>
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<div>{{fa|226}}<br />
[[Image:A-portrait-of-Hari-Singh-3.jpg|thumb|300px|right|A Painting of the Sikh Lion Hari Singh Nalwa]]<br />
Hari Singh Nalwa was born into a Sikh family of the [[Sukerchakia Misl]]. The family originally came from [[Majitha]], near [[Amritsar]]. His grandfather, Hardas Singh, had been killed fighting against [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] in 1762. His father, Gurdial Singh, had taken part in many of the campaigns of the Sukkarchakkias [[Charat Singh Sukkarchakia]] and Mahari Singh.<br />
<br />
Hari Singh Nalwa was the Commander-in-chief at the most turbulent North West Frontier of Ranjit Singh's kingdom. He took the frontier of the Sarkar Khalsaji to the very mouth of the Khyber Pass. For the past eight centuries, marauders, who had indulged in looting, plunder, rape, and forcible conversions to [[Islam]] had used this route into the subcontinent. In his lifetime, Hari Singh became a terror to the ferocious tribes inhabiting these regions. He successfully thwarted the last foreign invasion into the subcontinent through the Khyber Pass at Jamrud, permanently blocking this route of the invaders. Even in his death, Hari Singh Nalwa's formidable reputation ensured victory for the [[Sikh]]s against an Afghan force five times as numerous.<br />
<br />
Hari Singh Nalwa's performance as an administrator and a military commander in the North West Frontier remains unmatched. Two centuries on, Britain, Pakistan, Russia and America have been unsuccessful in effecting law and order in this region. Hari Singh Nalwa's spectacular achievements exemplified the tradition established by [[Guru Gobind Singh]] such that he came to be hailed as the ''"Champion of the Khalsa"''.<br />
<br />
==Early Life==<br />
{{tocleft}}<br />
<br />
Hari Singh was hardly 7 years of age when his father died. His mother, [[Dharam Kaur]], had to move to her parental home to live under the care of her brothers. There Hari Singh learned [[Punjabi]] and [[Persian]] and trained in the manly arts of riding, musketry and swordsmanship. Dharam Kaur returned to [[Gujranwala]] when her son was about 13 years old. <br />
<br />
==Joining Sikh Army==<br />
<br />
In 1804, Hari Singh participated in a recruitment test for service in the [[Sikh army]] and so impressed [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] with his skill at various drills that he was given an appointment as a personal attendant. Not long after, in 1805, he received the commission with a command of 800 horses and foot and was given the title of 'Sardar' (Chief). <br />
<br />
A historical text tells us that his rapid promotion from a personal attendant of the Maharaja to a command of 800 horsemen was owed to an incident in which he had cloven with sword the head of a tiger which had seized him. From that day he came to be known as ''"Baaghmaar"'' (meaning - the tiger killer), and earned the title of "Nalwa" (one with claws, like that of a tiger). Another historical text describes his incident with the tiger differently, telling us that he was already a Sardar when the word "Nalwa" was added to his name after he, "had killed a tiger single-handed on horseback, with the sacrifice, however, of his horse." (Prinsep, 1834: 99)<br />
<br />
Hari Singh went on to participate in many glorious victories of the Sikhs before becoming the Commander-in-Chief of the army along the North Western Frontier of the [[Sikh Kingdom]]. He was appointed Governor of various provinces and was one of the wealthiest jagirdars of the Kingdom.<br />
<br />
==Activism==<br />
<br />
[[File:The_Sword_of_Hari_Singh_Nalwa_-_kept_at_the_Sikh_Regimental_centre_Ramgarh.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The Sword of Hari Singh Nalwa - kept at the Sikh Regimental centre Ramgarh]]<br />
<br />
Hari Singh was commander of a regiment at the time of the Maharaja's final attack on [[Kasur]] in 1807 and gave evidence of his prowess on the field of battle. He was rewarded with a handsome "jagir". <br />
<br />
During the later years, he participated in the [[Sialkot]], Sahival and Khushab expeditions and in four of Ranjit Singh's seven campaigns against [[Multan]] during 1810, 1816, 1817 and then in 1818. He fought in the battle of Attock in 1813 as second-in-command to [[Diwan Mohkam Chand]], and in [[Kashmir]] in 1814 and 1819. <br />
<br />
Kashmir was occupied and, in 1820, Hari Singh was appointed its governor in succession to Diwan Moti Ram. He restored order in the turbulent areas, and reorganized civil administration. The territory was divided into parganahs, each under a collector. The habitual criminals were bound down and robbers infesting the forests were suppressed. Construction of forts at Uri and Muzaffarabad and gurudwaras at Matan and Baramula was undertaken and work was started on laying out a spacious garden on the bank of the River [[Jhelum]]. <br />
<br />
To alleviate the misery of the people in the wake of the unprecedented floods of 1821, he took measures to provide prompt relief. From Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Hari Singh received a special favor when he was allowed to strike a coin in his own name. This coin, known as the Hari Singhi rupee, remained in circulation in the valley till the closing years of the nineteenth century. <br />
<br />
In 1822, he was assigned to the Pathan territory of Hazara on the northwest of the Sikh kingdom, where he remained for fifteen years and settled the disturbed area. He built a strong fort near Salik Serai, on the left bank of the Dor river, and on the road from Hasan Abdal to Abbotabad and named it Harikishangarh, in honour of the Eighth Guru. He also raised a town in the vicinity of the fort, Haripur, which later grew into a busy commercial and trade centre. <br />
<br />
From 1827 to 1831, he was engaged in repelling Sayyid Ahmad Barelavi's fierce campaign against the Sikhs.<br />
<br />
In 1834, Hari Singh finally took Peshawar and annexed it to the Sikh dominions. Two years later, he built a fort at [[Jamrud]] at the mouth of the Khyber Pass and scaled it once for all for invaders from the northwest.<br />
<br />
On 30 April 1837, as he was locked in a grave battle against the Afghans under Akbar Khan, Hari Singh received four gun wounds, and two sabre cuts across his breast. He continued to issue orders as before, until he received a gunshot wound in the side. He mustered his failing strength for the last time and managed to ride up to his field tent, from where he was taken to the fort. Here the same evening the great general passed away. His last instructions were that his death should not be made public until the arrival of the Maharaja's relief column.<br />
<br />
==Governor==<br />
<br />
'''Administrator'''<br />
<br />
Kashmir (1820-21)<br />
Greater Hazara (1822-37) Chhachch Hazara, Pothohar plateau, (Rawalpindi), Salt Range (Katas)<br />
Trans-Indus' Viceroy on the Western Frontier' (1822-31) & Governor of Peshawar (1834-37)<br />
<br />
===Governor of Kashmir===<br />
'''Governor of Kashmir(1820-21)'''<br />
<br />
Hari Singh Nalwa was appointed the first Khalsa Governor of Kashmir in 1820. He governed the province for a little over a year when the pull of the Sikh Forward Policy compelled his recall from the province.<br />
<br />
Hari Singh Nalwa was remembered in Kashmir for something he least expected. The currency minted while he was the governor had been the subject matter of much speculation (Surinder Singh 2001: 81-8). Following his departure from this subah, all the coins minted under the Sikhs in this province were called the 'Hari Singhee'. Thereafter, no matter who was the governor all coins minted in Kashmir continued to be called the 'Hari Singhee' even following Hari Singh's death <br />
<br />
Muslim and British historians criticised Hari Singh's tenure as the Governor of Kashmir. Archival records, however, show that their assessment was based on an incomplete understanding of the situation.<br />
<br />
===Governor Greater Hazara===<br />
<br />
'''Jagirdar-Governor Greater Hazara (1822-37)'''<br />
The possibility of consolidating the North West Frontier of the Indian sub-continent into a province was presented by the relentless efforts of Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa. What he achieved in this region in a span of 15 years with limited resources and in the midst of a turbulent population, was nothing short of a miracle. Hazara, the crown of the Sindh Sagar Doab, was the most significant of all the territories under his governance. His proceedings in this area present the finest example of his skill as a military commander and as an administrator. The compiler of the Hazara Gazetteer acknowledged that Hari Singh Nalwa left his mark upon this district, which at that time only a strong hand like his could effectively control. "Of unbounded energy and courage, he was ruthless towards those who opposed his path. The town of Haripur fittingly perpetuates his name and the fort of Harkishangarh forms an enduring monument of his power." (Hazara 1907: 130)<br />
<br />
<br />
===Viceroy & Governor ===<br />
<br />
'''Viceroy on the Western Frontier' (1822-31) & Governor of Peshawar (1834-37)'''<br />
<br />
In the early years, Ranjit Singh requisitioned all his fighting men when he proposed a conquest. In the later years, apart from the garrison manning the forts, the Kampu-i-mu'alla or the State troops continued to be stationed in Lahore under the Maharaja's command. The Kampu-i-mu'alla was dispatched as reinforcement when requested for by Hari Singh Nalwa. More often than not, however, the fate of the battle had been decided before these could arrive. Hari Singh Nalwa and his Jagirdari Fauj, together with the two battalions of the Fauj-i-Khas raised by him, were largely responsible for guarding the western frontier of the kingdom. In case of an invasion from the west, the British saw the Sikhs as their Forward Post. The Sikhs, in turn, saw territory under Hari Singh Nalwa's jurisdiction and command as the farthest extent of the Sikh Kingdom.<br />
<br />
==Military Commander==<br />
<br />
* Early participation in the conquest of cis-Satluj territories, e.g. Bhadowal; trans-Satluj regions in the Rachna and Bari Doabs<br />
* Kasur (1807)<br />
* Khushab (Sindh Sagar Doab) & Sahiwal (Chaj Doab) (1810)<br />
* Gandhgarh (Hazara) (1815)<br />
* Mahmudkot (Sindh Sagar Doab) (1816)<br />
* Multan (Bari Doab) (1818)<br />
* Peshawar becomes tributary (trans-Indus) (1818)<br />
* Kashmir (1819)<br />
* Pakhli & Damtaur (Hazara) (1821-2)<br />
* Naushehra (trans-Indus) (1823)<br />
* Sirikot (Hazara) (1824)<br />
* Wahhabi (trans-Indus) (1826-31)<br />
* Occupies Peshawar (1834)<br />
* Jamrud (Khyber Pass) (1836)<br />
<br />
==Jagirdar==<br />
<br />
* Gujranwala (Rachna Doab)<br />
* Haripur, Pakhli & Damtaur, Khanpur, Dhanna (Hazara)<br />
* Warcha (Salt Range)<br />
* Kachhi, Mitha Tiwana, Nurpur (Sindh Sagar Doab)<br />
* Tank & Bannu (Trans-Indus)<br />
* Hassan Abdal, Kalargarh, Pindi Gheb (Pothohar plateau)<br />
<br />
<br />
==Mission to Simla (1831)==<br />
<br />
In 1831, Hari Singh was deputed to head a diplomatic mission to Lord William Bentinck, Governor-General of British India. The Ropar Meeting between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the head of British India followed soon thereafter. The British desired to persuade Ranjit Singh to open the Indus for trade. Hari Singh Nalwa expressed strong reservations against any such move. The most compelling reason for the Sardar’s scepticism was the scenario visible across the Satluj — namely, the proceedings in British Hindustan. As a “wide awake” military man and an efficient administrator, Hari Singh Nalwa clearly understood both the military and trade designs of the British.<br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
<br />
Dost Mohammad Khan did not rest contented and after mobilizing all his resources dispatched his son Akbar in A.D. 1837 to recover Peshawar which he did. Resultantly, Sardar Hari Singh Nalua was sent at the head of Lahore troops to face Afghans. He got his forces to Peshawar. Jamrud turned out to be the field of battle this time where a formidable battle was fought. Sardar Hari Singh Nalua had earlier build a fort on the entrance of Khyber pass called fort of Jamrud, this fort was being commanded by Sardar Mahan Singh Mirpura. For want of man and war material Nalua strove extraordinary hard, inspite of this he did not loose his heart. Urgent messages were sent to Lahore and Peshawar for materials. For want of timely help the Sardar was of course, killed but the Afghans could not dislodge the 500 Punjabi troops from the fort of Jamrud. General Hari Singh Nalua give his last command to his men to not to disclose his death and continue giving enemy a good fight.<br />
<br />
Sir Lepel Griffin, gives a detailed and comprehensive account of Sardar Nalua's campaign of Jamrud. He points out that Sardar was directed to build a fort at Jamrud situated at the entrance of Khber pass from the walls of which Maharaja might glance Jalalabad in Afghanistan. Sardar got built a small port which was quite impregnable to the artillery fire and could hold on for several weeks of pounding. The Dost Mohammad Khan, with 7,000 horse, 2000 matchlock men and 18 guns. His three sons with their forces and a force of 12,000 to 15,000 of Khaibiris joined the main force and started pounding the fort. Mahan singh Mirpura requested help from Peshwar where Hari singh Nalua was ailing with fever. Hari immediately sent some horsemen to Lahore for more reinforcement and he along with his soldiers went to Jamrud. Reinforcement under Hari Singh Nalua give a new life to the garrison and attack of Afghanis was repulsed with vigour. Grifin further states that when Hari Singh Nalua along with about five of his companion went outside of the fort to inspect a breach in a wall, he was struck by two balls, one in the side and the other in stomach. Inspite of them understanding that he was mortally injured, the Nalua sardar managed to ride as far as his camp lest the troops be discouraged. Then laying on floor he gives his last order to his few trusted men, that was to not to disclose the secret of his death. Hari Singh further imparted instructions to his soldiers to cover his dead body after lifting it from the ground and placing it on a cot. Thus the great Sardar Hari Singh Nalua, with the terror of whose name Afghan mothers used to quiten their fretful children attained his martyrdom.<br />
<br />
==Remembrances==<br />
<br />
Some of the more famous towns, gardens, fort and shrine associated with Hari Singh Nalwa include —<br />
<br />
The ‘new’ town of Gujranwala (Punjab, Pakistan) <br />
Haripur (Hazara, North West Frontier Province, Pakistan) was a planned town built by Hari Singh Nalwa in 1822-23, in the North West Frontier tribal belt.<br />
<br />
Peshawar (North West Frontier Province, Pakistan) Hari Singh built the fort that dominates the city of Peshawar in the twenty-first century. He called his fort 'Sumergarh', however, this fort is today more popularly known as the 'Bala Hissar'.<br />
<br />
Katas (Salt Range, Pakistan) Hari Singh Nalwa built two enormous havelis on the pool side at this famous place of pilgrimage. <br />
<br />
Hari Singh ka Bagh at Amritsar (Punjab, India), Srinagar (Kashmir, India)<br />
<br />
==Views on Hari Singh Nalwa==<br />
<br />
* “…champion of the Khalsaji”, Lepel Griffin in The Panjab Chiefs, 1865(Bengal Civil Service, Assistant Commissioner, Lahore)<br />
<br />
* “…builder of the Sikh Empire”, A.S. Sandhu in General Hari Singh Nalwa 1791-1837, 1935<br />
(Sikh historian)<br />
<br />
* On being asked about the Sikh Kingdom, Mohan Lal informed Abbas Mirza— the Persian Qajar crown prince and military commander during wars with Russia and the Ottoman Empire:<br />
“…if Sardar Hari Singh were to cross the Indus, his highness would soon be glad to make good his retreat to his original government in Tabriz.” (Mohan Lal Kashmiri in Travels in the Panjab, Afghanistan, and Turkistan, etc., 1846(In service of the East India Company))<br />
<br />
* “The noblest and the most gallant of the Sikh generals of his time, the very embodiment of honour, chivalry, and courage…” (K.M. Panikkar in The Founding of the Kashmir State, 1930<br />
(Historian, Author, Diplomat and Editor Hindustan Times in 1925) )<br />
<br />
<br />
==In the news==<br />
[[Image:Harisingh.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Hari Singh Nalwa Portrait]]<br />
[http://sikhsangat.org/1469/2009/06/only-sikhs-have-emerged-victorious-in-afghanistan-courtesy-hari-singh-nalwa/ Only Sikhs have emerged victorious in Afghanistan, courtesy Hari Singh Nalwa] 23rd June, 2009<br />
<br />
Chandigarh, Punjab: In the two and a half centuries that Afghanistan has existed as a nation, three super powers — the US, Russia and Britain have attempted to subdue the Afghans with little or absolutely no success. The Sikhs won the only real victories against them. Hari Singh Nalwas success has remained unmatched.<br />
<br />
This was stated by Dr Vanit Nalwa, psychologist-turned-historian based in Delhi and a seventh generation descendant of the Sikh folk hero. Dr Vanit Nalwa delivered the talk Hari Singh Nalwa The Forgotten General here today. The talk organized by Kadam a forum for social justice saw participation from all walks of life.<br />
<br />
Delivering the talk, Dr Vanit Nalwa, stated that Hari Singh was called Nalwa after he killed a tiger with a dagger. He joined the army of Maharaja Ranjit Singh as a lad, participated in the battle of Kasur and rose to become the Governor of Kashmir in 1820 and the Viceroy on the Western Front (1822-31). In 1834 Nalwa became the Governor of Peshawar.<br />
<br />
Hari Singh Nalwa effectively reversed the entire cource of history of Afghan Sikh relations. Afghans, who had been invading, looting and plundering the territory saw for the first time a reversal when Hari Singh established the Sikh kingdom in their domain. He effectively stopped the invasions forever.<br />
<br />
While the Maharaja was busy with preparations for the marriage of his son, Nau Nihal Singh, Hari Singh Nalwa was guarding the North-West Frontier. He had a handful of forces with him when the entire Afghan army attacked them at Jamrud.<br />
<br />
Nalwa was fatally wounded in the battle but his death was kept a secret till the arrival of reinforcements. The fear of his presence kept the Afghan army at bay for almost ten days. The delay in sending reinforcements is attributed to a conspiracy in the Court of Lahore about who would succeed an ailing Maharaja Ranjit Singh.<br />
<br />
As a distinguished warrior, Nalwa commanded the respect of even his enemies, the Pathans. Ballads were composed in celebration of his bravery.<br />
<br />
Nalwa also had a highly developed aesthetic sense. He built gardens in Srinagar and Amritsar. A town, Haripur (near Hazara, now in Pakistan), was planned and built by him. The various temples, gurdwaras and mosques he built bear testimony to his secular outlook.<br />
<br />
He had four sons and he did not try to promote any of them at the court of Lahore. When he died, very little money was found in his toshakhana. It is said he gave most of his wealth in charity.<br />
<br />
About the speaker: Dr Vanit Nalwa, a Ph.D. in neuropsychology from Delhi University, did post-doctoral research in Oxford University and won a Fulbright scholarship to train at the National Institute of Mental Health in Maryland, US. She is not a historian by training. She taught at a Delhi University college for about a decade and then left the job to practise as a therapist for the corporate sector.<br />
<br />
Source: PNL<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* {{wikipedia}}<br />
* [[Hari Singh Nalwa & Begum Bano]]<br />
* [[Siharfian Hari Singh Nalwa]]<br />
* [[Hari Singh Nalwa and the subjugation of north-western frontier]]<br />
* [[Janam Asthan Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa, Kasayra Bazaar]]<br />
* [[Sardar Lahina Singh]]<br />
* [[Shranagat Kaur]]<br />
* [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]<br />
* [[Akal Takhat Quotes]]<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.harisinghnalwa.com/ Hari Singh Nalwa Official Website]<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/TheSikhGenerals Hari Singh Ji Nalwa and other Sikh Generals]<br />
* [http://sikh-heritage.co.uk/warriors/HariNalwa/HariNalwa.htm SIKH-HERITAGE]<br />
* [http://www.sikhmissionarycollege.org/Articles/New_Files/HSNalwa.pdf Sikh Missionary College Ludhiana on line article on S. Nalwa]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
* Source: Nalwa, V. 2009. Hari Singh Nalwa ― Champion of the Khalsaji, New Delhi: Manohar<br />
* [[Autar Singh Sandhu]] , I fan Singh Naliua [Reprint]. [[Delhi]], 1987<br />
* [[Baron Charles Hugcl]], , "Travels in Cashmere and the Punjab" Tr. T.B. Jervis [Reprint]. [[Paliala]], 1970<br />
* [[Bhagat Singh]], [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]. [[Patiala]], 1983<br />
* [[Harbans Singh]], "The History of the Sikhs", [[Delhi]], 1983<br />
* [[Patwant Singh]], "Baba Hari Singh Nalva", [[Amritsar]], 1937<br />
* Surinder Singh, ‘Coinage: Sovereignty to the Guru’, in Maharaja Ranjit Singh — Commemoration volume on Bicentenary of his Coronation 1801-2001, eds Prithpal Singh Kapur and Dharam Singh, Patiala: Punjabi University, 2001.<br />
* Ganeshi Lal. Siyahat-i-Kashmir (Kashmir Nama or Tarikh-i-Kashmir) by March-June 1846, tr. Vidya Sagar Suri, 1955, Simla: The Punjab Government Record Office Pub. Monograph No 4.<br />
* Prinsep, H.T. (1834) 1970. Origin of the Sikh Power in the Punjab and Political Life of Muha-raja Runjeet Singh, rpt, Punjab: Languages Department, p. 99. <br />
* '''[http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/04/mahan-sikh-yodha-atey-jarnail-sardar.html Mahan Sikh Yodha atey Jarnail Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa - Dr. Harbhajan Singh Sekhon]'''<br />
* '''[http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/12/daler-khalsa-giani-kartar-singh.html Daler Khalsa - Giani Kartar Singh Classwalya]'''<br />
* '''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/10/ranjit-singh-and-his-generals-lt-col.html Ranjit Singh and his generals - Lt. Col. Gulcharan Singh Sujlana (Retd.)]'''<br />
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[[Category:Great Sikh Warriors]]</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh&diff=118156Maharaja Ranjit Singh2020-10-04T11:33:17Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* References */</p>
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[[Image:Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Sher-e-Panjab, Emperor of Punjab, Jammu & Kashmir, Kangra, Peshawar, Multan, Hazara, Jamrud, from 1799 to 1839.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Maharajah Ranjit Singh, Sher-e-Panjab, Emperor of Punjab, Jammu & Kashmir, Kangra, Peshawar, Multan, Hazara, Jamrud, from 1799 to 1839]]<br />
<br />
'''Maharajah Ranjit Singh Sandhawalia''' (November 13, 1780 - June 27, 1839), also known as "'''Sher-e-Punjab'''" ("'''The Lion of Punjab'''"), became the first [[Sikh Emperor]] after uniting the [[11 Sikh Kingdoms of Punjab]] on the foundations of the [[Khalsa]] and under the banner of [[Sarkar-i-Khalsa]], from 1799-1839.<br />
{{tocright}}<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
<br />
Ranjit Singh was born on November 13, 1780 in [[Gujranwala City]], [[Punjab]], which is now in modern day [[Pakistan]]. He was born into a Sikh [[Jatt]] family of the Sandhawalia Clan, to [[Sardar Maha Singh Sukerchakia]] (d. 1792), and [[Sardarni Mai Raj Kaur]], the daughter of [[Raja Gajpat Singh]] of the [[Jind Kingdom]]. At the time, large parts of the Punjab were ruled by the [[Sikhs]], who had divided the territory among factions known as [[Misls]], each with its own powerful Sikh chieftain. His grandfather was [[Sardar Charat Singh Sukerchakia]] (d. 1770), and his great grandfather was [[Sardar Naudh Singh]] (d. 1752), also a Sikh Warrior, and the great great grandson of [[Baba Budha Ji]] (d. 1718), the first in line to take [[Amrit Sachaar]]. <br />
<br />
==Ancestors==<br />
<br />
*'''Sardar Budh Singh''' (1670-1718), Owned 25 acres of land, where he founded the village of Sukerchak, in [[Amritsar District]].<br />
*'''Sardar Naudh Singh''' (d. 1752) Married, Sardarni Lali Kaur, daughter of Sardar Gulab Singh of [[Majitha]].<br />
*'''Sardar Charat Singh''' (d. 1770) Married, Sardarni Desan Kaur, daughter of Sardar Amir Singh Waraich, of [[Gujranwala District]]. <br />
*'''Sardar Maha Singh''' (d. 1792) Married, Sardarni Raj kaur, of Jind State and Sardarni Mai Kaur daughter of Sardar Jai Singh Maan.<br />
*'''Maharajah Ranjit Singh''' (1780-1839). Had 20 wives, Sikh, Hindu, and 2 Muslim. <br />
<br />
==Sons==<br />
*1. '''Prince Kharak Singh''' (1801-1840): Rani Raj Kaur also known as Datar Kaur or Mai Nakkain.<br />
*2. '''Prince Ishar Singh''' } (1804-1805) }<br />
*3. '''Prince Sher Singh''' } (1807-1843): Rani Mehtab Kaur. <br />
*4. '''Prince Tara Singh''' (1807-1859) }<br />
*5. '''Prince Kashmira Singh'''*(1819-1844): Rani Daya Kaur. <br />
*6. '''Prince Peshaura Singh'''* (1823-1845) } (* adopted sons of Maharajah Ranjit Singh)<br />
*7. '''Prince Multana Singh''' (1819-1846): Rani Rattan Kaur. <br />
*8. '''Prince Duleep Singh''' (1838-1893):Rani Jind Kaur (Rani Jindan).<br />
<br />
==Contemporaries: Mughal Emperors at Delhi==<br />
*1. [[Shah Alam II]] (Mirza Abdullah Ali Gohar) (1759-1806 AD)<br />
*2. [[Akbar Shah II]] (1806-1837 AD)<br />
*3. [[Bahadur Shah II]] ‘Zafar’ (1837-1858 AD ) Deposed and deported (1858 AD , died at Rangoon in exile (1862 AD)<br />
<br />
==Contemporaries: English Sovereigns==<br />
*1. [[George III]] (1760-1820 AD) <br />
*2. [[George IV]] (1820-1830 AD)<br />
*3. [[William IV]] (1830-1837 AD)<br />
*4. [[Queen Victoria]] (1837-1901)<br />
<br />
==Contemporaries: Chinese Sovereigns==<br />
*1. [[Jiaqing Emperor]] (1797-1820 AD)<br />
*2. [[Daoguang Emperor]] (1820-1850 AD)<br />
<br />
==Contemporaries: Iranian Qajar Sovereigns==<br />
*1. [[Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar]] (1797-1834 AD)<br />
*2. [[Mohammad Shah Qajar]] (1834-1848 AD)<br />
<br />
==Contemporaries: French Sovereigns==<br />
*1. [[Napolean I]] (1804-1814 AD)<br />
*2. [[Louis XVIII]] (1814-1815 AD)<br />
*3. Again Napolean I (1815-15 AD)<br />
*4. [[Napolean II]] (1815-15 AD)<br />
*5. Again Louis XVIII (1815-1824)<br />
*6. [[Charles X]] (1824-1830 AD)<br />
*7. [[Louis Philippe I]] (1830-1848 AD)<br />
<br />
==Contemporaries: [[Patiala]] Sikh Sovereigns==<br />
*1. [[Raja Sahib Singh]] (1781-1813 AD)<br />
*2. [[Raja Karam Singh]] (1813-1845 AD)<br />
<br />
==Contemporaries: Jind Sikh Sovereigns==<br />
*1. [[Raja Bhag Singh]] (1789-1819 AD)<br />
*2. [[Raja Fateh Singh]] (1819-1822 AD)<br />
*2. [[Raja Sangat Singh]] (1822-1834 AD)<br />
*4. vacancy of three years (1834-37 AD)<br />
*5. [[Raja Sarup Singh]] (1837-1864 AD)<br />
<br />
<br />
==Contemporaries: [[Nabha]] Sikh Sovereigns==<br />
*1. [[Raja Jaswant Singh]] (1783-1840 AD)<br />
<br />
==Contemporaries: [[Faridkot]] Sikh Sovereigns==<br />
*1. [[Sardar Charat Singh]] (1798-1804 AD)<br />
*2. [[Sardar Gulab Singh]] (1804-1826 AD)<br />
*3. [[Sardar Attar Singh]] (1826-27 AD)<br />
*4. [[Raja Pahar Singh]] (1827-1849 AD)<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Ranjit Singh's father, [[Maha Singh]] was the [[misaldar]] (''"commander"'', ''"Misl leader"'') of the [[Sukerchakia Misl]] and controlled a territory in west Punjab, based around his headquarters at Gujranwala. As a child, he suffered from smallpox. This consequently resulted in the loss of sight in his left eye. His father died while Ranjit Singh was 12 years old. After the death of his father, Ranjit Singh was raised by [[Sada Kaur]] of the [[Kanheya Misl]]. He took over as misaldar of the Sukerchakia Misl at the age of 18. He was married to [[ Mehtab Kaur]] (d. 1813), daughter of [[Sardar Gurbakash Singh Sandhu]] (d. 1785), of the Kanhaiya Misl, in 1796, at the age of 16. In 1798, he married [[Raj Kaur]], alias [[Maharani Datar Kaur]] (d. 1838), the daughter of [[Sardar Ran Singh Nakai]] (d. 1781), of the [[Nakai Misl]].<br />
Y<br />
<br />
==A fearless warrior==<br />
<br />
This great warrior, fearless soldier, able administrator, clement ruler, statesman and liberator of Punjab died on June 27, 1839. His {{wiki|Samadhi}} ({{wiki|memorial}}) is located in [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]].<br />
<br />
After several campaigns, his rivals accepted him as their leader, and he united the Sikh factions into one state and he took the title of {{wiki|Maharajah}} on April 12, 1801 (coinciding with the day of [[Baisakhi]]), with Lahore serving as his capital from 1799. <br />
<br />
In 1802 he took control of the holy city of [[Amritsar] from the [[Bhangi Misl]], ruler [[Mai Sukhan]], widow of [[Sardar Gulab Singh Dhillon]]. He brought law and order, yet was reluctant to use the death penalty. He stopped India's non-secular style and limiting practices. He treated both [[Hindus]] and [[Muslims]] with equality and banned the discriminatory religious "{{wiki|jizya}}" tax on Hindus and Sikhs which had been imposed by the various Muslim rulers. <br />
<br />
----<br />
<blockquote><br />
* Maharajah Ranjit Singh is included in the list of "Undefeated Military Commanders", [http://wikibin.org/articles/list-of-undefeated-military-commanders.html] at ''Wikibin'' - a list of known military commanders who did not lose any significant engagement against the enemy as the commander-in-chief of a significant portion of a country's military forces.<br />
</blockquote><br />
----<br />
<br />
==Respect from all quarters==<br />
<br />
The majority of Maharajah Ranjit Singh's subjects were Muslim and yet they had an intense loyalty towards him and his Sikhs, who showed tolerance, even respect, towards their religion, its practices, and its festivals. Maharajah Ranjit Singh was the first Asian ruler to modernize his army to European standards and was well known for filling the leadership positions in his [[Darbar]] with men of various religions. People were recognized and promoted on their ability and not their religion. <br />
<br />
During the Rule of Sher-e-Panjab, the Sikh Population, was 10 million strong and the Sikh faith was mainly based in the central parts of the Punjab - areas such as Amritsar, [[Tarn Taran]], Lahore, [[Kasur]], [[Jalandhar]], Kapurthala, [[Hoshiarpur]], [[Gurdaspur]]. <br />
<br />
The respect shown by those who worked for the Maharajah is best highlighted, perhaps, by the [[Sikh Empire]]'s foreign minister, a Muslim named [[Fakir Azizuddin]], who when meeting with the British Governor-General {{wiki|George Eden}}, 1st [[Earl of Auckland]], replied to the question of which of the Maharajah's eyes was missing, ''"The Maharajah is like the sun and the sun has only one eye. The splendor and luminosity of his single eye is so much that I have never dared to look at his other eye."'' (The Maharajah had lost the sight of one eye from an attack of smallpox as a child. In a land and time when being blinded disqualified one from ruling, having the sight of only one eye was never a problem for Ranjit Singh, who remarked that it gave him the ability to see things more acutely.)<br />
<br />
==Truly secular leader ==<br />
<br />
The Governor General was so pleased with this reply that he gave his gold wrist-watch to the Maharajah's Minister during their meeting at {{wiki|Simla}}. The Empire was effectively secular as it did not give preference to [[Sikhs]], or discriminate against [[Muslims]], [[Hindus]] or even atheists. <br />
<br />
It was relatively modern and had great respect for all religions and non-religious traditions of the Empire's citizens. The only main prominent religious symbols of the empire were the Maharajah and royal family being Sikh (but not [[Khalsa]]) and the Army being dominated by Sikh nobles and the Khalsa warriors. <br />
<br />
The Maharajah never forced Sikhism on his subjects. This was in sharp contrast with the attempted ethnic and religious cleansing of past Muslim rulers - [[Afgani]] or [[Mughal]]. Ranjit Singh had created a state based upon Sikhi's noble traditions, where everyone worked together, regardless of their background. One where its citizens looked at the things they shared in common, such as having similar Punjabi traditions, rather than any religious differences.Even on death bed he was concerned for the welfare of his followers.The caption displayed below,one of his eminent general Sardar Gurmukh Singh Lamba's potrait painting at serial D-40 Central Museum Lahore says "......Even on death bed Ranjit Singh is said to have realised the wrong done to his faithful follower and commissioned his son Kharak Singh to restore general honour,wealth and power."It is aremarkable character quality displayedby the empire.<br />
<br />
==Muslims and the Sarkar-i-Khalsa==<br />
<br />
[[Shah Mohammed]] (a famed [[Sufi]] poet of the Punjab) writes in his, [[''Jang Namah'']] on the decline of Ranjit Singh’s kingdom:<br />
<br />
:"Ranjit Singh was a born warrior-king who gave his feel to the country. He conquered Kashmir, Multan, Peshawar and made Chamba, Kangra and Jammu bow before him. He extended his territories upto Ladakh and China and struck his coin there. O Shah Mohammed! For fifty years he ruled with satisfaction, glory and power."<br />
<br />
For Shah Mohammed, Punjabi Muslims became part and parcel of the Sarkar-i-Khalsa (the Sikh Kingdom of Ranjit Singh), where in the past they had depended on the [[Afghans]], [[Arabs]], [[Pashtuns]], [[Persians]], and [[Turks]], who had consistently betrayed them.<br />
<br />
==The Maharajah's Military== <br />
<br />
{{main|Army of Maharajah Ranjit Singh}}<br />
<br />
The Maharajah developed a formidable military machine that helped him carve out an extensive kingdom and maintain it amid hostile and ambitious neighbors. The creation of this empire was a result of his own genius. From the scanty force that he inherited, comprised almost solely of horsemen, a force where everyone brought his own horse and whatever weapon he could afford or acquire, without any regular training or organization, the Maharajah developed Asia's only modern army, well ahead of the Japanese restructuring of the 1880s', one which was able to stop the British advance at the [[Sutlej]].<br />
<br />
What held his troopers together was their personal loyalty to their leader. The [[guerrilla warfare]] system had stood the Khalsa in good stead during the turbulent and anarchic eighteenth century, but was unsuited to the needs of the changing times and to Ranjit Singh's ambition to establish a secure kingdom. <br />
<br />
Early in his career, he had watched how the British troops with their systematic training and their discipline, had vanquished Indian forces vastly superior in numbers. He had also realized how crucial a well-drilled infantry and artillery were in modern warfare. In 1802, soon after his occupation of [[Amritsar]], he engaged some deserters from the army of the [[East India Company]] to train his own platoons of infantry. He even sent some of his own men to [[Ludhiana]] to study the British methods of training and tactics.<br />
<br />
== Timeline ==<br />
<br />
<br />
===History of Punjab===<br />
<br />
647 - 1192: Rajput Period<br />
<br />
713 - 1300: Muslim Invaders (Turks and Arabs) infamous invaders like Mahmud Gori and Mahmud Ghazni<br />
<br />
8th Century: Arabs capture Sind and [[Multan]]<br />
<br />
1450 - 1700: [[Mughal]] Rule<br />
<br />
1469 - 1539: [[Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji]] (1st Sikh Guru)<br />
<br />
1539 - 1675: Period of 8 [[Sikh Gurus]] from [[Guru Angad Dev]] Ji to [[Guru Teg Bahadur|Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji]]<br />
<br />
1675 - 1708: [[Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji]] (10th Sikh Guru)<br />
<br />
1699: [[Birth of the Khalsa]]<br />
<br />
1708 - 1715: Conquests of [[Banda Bahadur]]<br />
<br />
1716 - 1759: Sikh struggle against Moghul Governors<br />
<br />
1739: - [[Nadir Shah]] of Persia invades<br />
<br />
1748 -1769: [[Ahmed Shah Abdali]]'s nine invasions<br />
<br />
1762: [[Wadda Ghalughara|2nd Ghalughara]] (Holocaust) during Ahmed Shah's 6th invasion<br />
<br />
1764 - 1799: The Sikh [[Misl]]s fight each other for control of territories<br />
<br />
1799 - 1839: Maharajah Ranjit Singh Rules Punjab and J and K<br />
[[Image:Samadhi_of_Ranjit_Singh_July_1_2005.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The Samadhi of Ranjit Singh in Lahore, Pakistan<br />
<br />
===Sikh Confederation===<br />
<br />
* 1707-1716, Creation of [[Sikh Confederacy]] begins to influence the political structure of the [[Punjab region]].<br />
* 1716-1732, Guerrilla wars against the Mughal Empire.<br />
* 1733-1735, Sikhs start to extend their power.<br />
* 1735-1739, Sikh struggle for power, within Punjab Region, Regularly Wars Occur.<br />
* 1739-1740, Sikhs Declare the Sikh Raj, Within the Punjab. ''Land of Five Rivers''.<br />
* 1753-1762, Sikh Rule is made stable and steady and ready to defend the Punjab Borders. <br />
* 1762-1767, [[Ahmed Shah Abdali]] and the Sikhs battle for control.<br />
* 1763-1774, Charat Singh, Misaldar (Leader or Chief) of [[Sukerchakia]] [[misl|Army]] established himself in Gujranwala.<br />
* 1773, [[Ahmed Shah Abdali]] dies and his son Timur Shah is unable to suppress the Sikhs.<br />
* 1774-1790, [[Maha Singh]], becomes Misaldar of the Sukerchakia [[misl|Army]].<br />
* 1762-1801, The military power of the Sikh Confederacy increases rapidly.<br />
* 1790-1801, [[Ranjit Singh]] becomes Misaldar (ruler) of the Sukerchakia [[misl|Army]].<br />
* 1799-1801, transistion period neither Confederacy or Empire.<br />
* 1801 April 12th, Coronation of Ranjit Singh as Maharaja, formal beginning of the Sikh Empire.<br />
* 1801 - 27th June 1839, Reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, whose coronation took place in 1801.<br />
* 27th June 1839 - 5th November 1840, Reign of Maharaja [[Kharak Singh]]<br />
* 5th November 1840 - 18th January 1841, [[Chand Kaur]] was briefly [[Regent]]<br />
* 18th January 1841 - 15th September 1843, Reign of Maharajah [[Sher Singh]]<br />
* 15th September 1843 - 31st March 1849, Reign of Maharajah [[Duleep Singh]]<br />
<br />
==Army History==<br />
----------<br />
[[Image:MaharajaRanjitSinghCourt.gif|thumb|250px|left|Maharajah Ranjit Singh's court]]<br />
<br />
The Sikhs, natural born horsemen (or at least trained as such throughout childhood since Guru HarGobind's days) did not think much of infantry service. To say they looked down upon it would be an understatement. So the Maharajah recruited [[Purbias]], mercenaries from the [[Gangetic]] made up of Punjabis, Muslims, Afghans, and later, [[Gurkhas]], as well. These troops were soon tested during the short campaign against [[Ahmad Khan Sial]] of [[Jharig]] and the zamindars of [[Uchch]] during the winter of 1803-04. <br />
<br />
Their success and the fact that the Maharajah himself regularly attended their training sessions, soon made the infantry an enviable service which Sikhs too started joining in large numbers. Ranjit Singh gave increased importance to artillery, which had, until his time, been limited to the use of [[zamburaks]] or swivel mounted guns on Camels or other animals only. He not only increased the number of guns, but undertook the casting of larger caliber guns as well as the manufacturing of ammunition on a large scale. The reorganization and training of his cavalry, however, waited until the induction of European officers into Sikh service, who as veterans of the [[Napoleonic Wars]] were looking to the well known Sikh ruler for their next chance to oppose the British aims in India.<br />
<br />
The arrival of [[Jean Baptiste Ventura]] and [[Jean Francois Allard]], two veterans of the Napoleonic Wars, at Lahore in 1822 was the starting point. Ranjit Singh gave them employment after considerable initial hesitation and elaborate verification. He charged them with the raising of a special corps of regular army, the [[FaujiKhas]] or [[FaujiA'in]]. General Ventura trained battalions of infantry and General Allard trained the cavalry. Artillery, its training, command, and ordnance were under Punjabi generals, [[Ilahi Bakhsh]] and [[Lahina Singh Majithia]], until the arrival of a [[French]] officer, [[General Claude Auguste Court]] in 1827 and the [[American]] [[Colonel Alexander Gardner]] in 1832. Lahina Singh Majithia continued to head the armament workshops, and [[Dr. John Martin Honigberger]], a [[Hungarian]] physician, was entrusted with the mixing of gunpowder.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Increase in Size of Army==<br />
<br />
There was a rapid increase in the strength of the army during the years following 1822, as the following figures compiled by [[Professor Sita Ram Kohli]] from the records of the Sikh government show:<br />
<br />
{|<br />
!Year !!Infantry !!Cavalry !!Irregular <br />
|-<br />
|1819 ||7,748 ||750 ||3,577<br />
|-<br />
|1823 ||11,681 ||1650 ||7,300<br />
|-<br />
|1828 ||15,825 ||4315 ||7,200<br />
|-<br />
|1838 ||26,617 ||4090 ||10,795<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{|<br />
!colspan=4|Artillery<br />
|-<br />
!Year !!Guns !!Swivels !!Personnel<br />
|-<br />
|1819 ||22 ||190 ||834<br />
|-<br />
|1823 <br />
|colspan=3|Figures not available<br />
|-<br />
|1828 ||130 ||280 ||3,778<br />
|-<br />
|1838 ||188 ||280 ||4,535<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
The above table does not include the [[jagirdari]] fauj or feudal levees for which no figures are available. This force consisted almost entirely of horsemen which the jagirdars had to maintain and produce in time of need or at the annual general reviews, normally held at the time of [[Dussehra]] in October. Besides the king's bodyguards, there was [[Fauji-Q-Hajat]], the garrison infantry maintained to guard important forts, and a 4000 strong crack brigade of [[Akalis]], or [[Nihangs]], known for their dare-devil attitude, bravery, and speaking their minds, calling even the Maharajah to task.<br />
<br />
==Restructuring of the Army==<br />
----------<br />
[[Image:RanjitSinghleadingSikhs.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Maharajah Ranjit Singh leading his Sikh army]]<br />
The infantry thus became the central force, with cavalry and artillery serving as supporting arms. It was organized into battalions of about 900 men each. A battalion, commanded by a kiimedan or commandant, assisted by an adjutant and a major, was the standard administrative and maneuvering unit. Its administrative staff included, besides the usual camp followers and tradesmen, a munshior (clerk), a mutsaddi (accountant), and a [[Granthi]] (priest and scripture reader). A battalion had eight companies of 100 men each, further divided into sections of 25 men each. Similarly, regular cavalry was organized in risalas, regiments, subdivided into turps (troops) and artillery into deras and batteries. Artillery was further classified according to its mode of traction, which was generally determined by the size of the guns. <br />
<br />
In 1804, this arm had been divided into topkhana kalan (heavy artillery) and topkhana khurd (light artillery). Zamburaks or swivels, usually carried on camels, were attached to infantry units. Horsedrawn artillery was introduced in 1810. During the same year, a special artillery corps, known as topkhanaikhas or topkhanaimubarak, was formed as the royal reserve under Ghaus Muhammad Khan, popularly known as Mian Ghausa. <br />
<br />
In 1827, General Court reorganized the artillery into three wings. Topkhana jinsi, literally personal artillery (reserve), was a mixed corps with batteries of gavi (bullock drawn) aspi (horse drawn), fill (elephant drawn) guns and the Aobobs (howitzers). Topkhana aspi or horsedrawn artillery consisted of batteries for attachment to divisions of irregular army. Zamburaks or camelswivels and ghubaras or mortars were organized into deras or camps subdivided into batteries. Batteries were subdivided into sections of two guns each, with provision for even a single gun functioning as a subunit.<br />
<br />
==Hierarchy==<br />
<br />
The entire field army was divided into faujia'in or regular army, Faujibeqava 'id or irregular army and jagirdari fauj or feudal levees. FaujiA'in, with five infantry battalions under General [[Ventura]], three cavalry regiments under General Allard and 34 guns under General IIahi Bakhsh, formed the hard core troops under the overall command of General [[Ventura]]. FaujiBeqava'id forming a larger bulk consisted of deras of ghorcharhas, or irregular cavalry grouped into divisions, each under one of the many distinguished generals such as [[General Sardar Gurmukh Singh Lamba, who was wounded fifteen times and was a recipient of highest military award Izazi-i-Sardari]] [[Hari Singh Nalwa]], Diwan Mohkam Chand, Misr Divan Chand, [[Fateh Singh Ahluvalia]] and Fateh Singh Kalianvala. Each dera comprised several smaller groups, misls, composed of members of a clan or their close relations commanded by heads of respective clans known as misldars. Deras ofjagirdari fauj, or feudal levees, were similarly organized forming part of one or the other division. Artillery formed a single central corps from which attachments were made to the divisions, depending upon the requirements of a particular campaign. Nominal overall command of a particular expedition was vested in one of the princes royal. Ranjit Singh himself was the supreme commander. He also led some expeditions personally. The crack brigade of Akalis under their famous leader, Phula Singh, was virtually an autonomous formation pressed into service when needed by the Maharajah through his personal influence and tact.<br />
<br />
<br />
Standard deployment at the commencement of a battle was guns in the centre and slightly forward of the rest of the force, infantry a little behind and also covering the flanks of artillery, and cavalry on the extreme flanks. The battle usually commenced with an artillery barrage.<br />
<br />
==Uniforms==<br />
[[Image:Punjab 1909.jpg|thumb|300px|left|<small>Punjab in 1909</small>]]<br />
-------<br />
Regular troops wore distinctive uniforms as prescribed for each force. Cavalrymen were dressed in red jackets (French grey for lancers), long blue trousers with a red stripe, and crimson turbans. Woollen jackets were used during winter. The regiments were armed with varying combinations of weapons sword/sabres and carbines and matchlocks or lances. Infantry was clad in scarlet jacket/coat, white trousers with black belts and pouches. Different regiments were distinguished by the colour of their headdress white, red, green or yellow. The [[Gurkha]]s had green jackets and black caps. Postins (furcoats), or padded jackets were used during winter.<br />
<br />
Gunners wore white trousers and black waistcoats with crossbelts. Officers were not bound by rules of uniform. They used distinctive dress of bright coloured silks each picking his own as he saw fit. The ghorcharhas or the irregular cavalry had no uniform laid down for them; yet they turned out sharply, as testified by Baron Hugel, a Prussian noble, who visited Maharajah Ranjit Singh in 1836 and inspected a cavalry parade. "I never beheld," he wrote of a troop of ghorcharhas, "a finer nor a more remarkably striking body of men. Each one was dressed differently, and yet so much in the same fashion that they all looked in perfect keeping."<br />
<br />
Army service was on a purely voluntary basis. There was no class composition on the basis of religion or nationality, nor was there a prescribed age limit for enrolment or retirement. Physical fitness and loyalty to the State were the essential conditions. However, the clannish basis of the misls in the FaujiBeqava'id ensured solidarity in the lower rungs of military administration. Similarly, bravery in the field and efficiency in the performance of duty were the only considerations for promotion and reward, which were also extended to the sons of those who died in action.<br />
<br />
== Generals of Maharajah ==<br />
<br />
Ranjit Singh encircled himself with an array of strong generals and soldiers. They were men from different clans, castes and regions and religions. <br />
<br />
Among some of the most important and illustrious names include:<br />
* [[Hari Singh Nalwa]]<br />
* [[General Sardar Gurmukh Singh Lamba]] <br />
* [[Dewan Mokham Chand]] <br />
* Gulab Singh Pahuwindia - The Famous General Belonging to the Family Tree of Shaheed Baba Deep Singh Ji of Saheedan Misl<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Deep_Singh#Early_life</ref><br />
* Akali Phula Singh <br />
* [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]] and his son<ref>Encyclopaedic History of Indian Freedom Movement By Om Prakash Published by Anmol Publications PVT. LTD., 2001 Published by Anmol Publications PVT. LTD., 2001 Page 201</ref> Fateh Singh [[Ahluwalia]]<br />
* Jodh Singh Ramgarhia<br />
* Ghaus Mohammad Khan <br />
* Shaikh Elahi Baksh <br />
* [[Veer Singh]] later Jallaha of Gurdaspore<br />
* [[Sawan Mal]]<br />
* Hukum Singh Chimmi<br />
* Diwan Khushal Chand <br />
* Misr Diwan Chand<br />
* Desa Singh Majithia <br />
* Budh Singh Sandhawalia<br />
* Ram Dayal <br />
* Sardar Nihal Singh Attariwalla<br />
* Sardar Sangat Singh Saini<br />
* Diwan Bhiwani Das<br />
* Jodh Singh Kalsia<br />
* Sher Singh<br />
* [[General Zorawar Singh|Zorawar Singh]]<br />
* [[Chattar Singh Attariwalla]]<br />
* [[Balbhadra Kunwar]] - The famous Gorkhali General who served for Ranjit Singh after the Anglo-Gorkha war (1814-1816). Balbhadra is famous for his battle of Nalapani.<br />
* [[Mahan Singh Mirpuri]]<br />
* Dal Singh<br />
<br />
Among his European Mercenary Generals were:<br />
* Ventura - Italian (Modena)<br />
* Paolo di Avitabile - Italian (Naples)<br />
* Court - French <br />
* Oms - Spanish<br />
<br />
==Rewards and payments==<br />
<br />
A well defined system of reward and punishment was enforced to maintain discipline and morale. The system of fasli or six monthly payment, or payment through jagirs was later replaced by regular monthly payment in cash. Rates of pay ranged between Rs 400500 for a general, Rs 1725 for an infantry soldier and Rs 2226 for a horseman per month, including, in the last case, maintenance of a horse and accoutrements. European officers received much higher salaries. [[Ventura]] and Allard were, for instance, each paid Rs 25,000 per annum, in addition to certain jagirs. There was no provision for retirement benefits, but allowances were sometimes sanctioned from out of the dharamarth or religious charities fund to those permanently disabled on active service or to the dependants of those killed in action. Distinguished service in peace or war was also recognized through the award of civil and military titles, bestowal of khill'ats or robes of honour and grant of jagirs or landed estates.<br />
<br />
<br />
There were three grades of khill'at marked by the number, variety and quality of the garments, ornaments and weapons comprising each of them. Military titles were highsounding Persian expressions, which the recipients and their bards and ushers could use before their names, such as HizbariJang (the lion of battle), ZafarJang Bahadur (victorious, brave in war) Samsam uddaulah (sharp sword of the State), Shuja' uddaulah (valour of the State), Tahavurpanah (asylum of bravery), and so on. The titles of Raja and Diwan, sparingly bestowed, were essentially for distinguished service on the civil side. For military officers, the title of Sardar was considered one of considerable distinction.The noted generals,like General Sardar Gurmukh Singh Lamba were awarded title of izat-i-Sardari.Sardar was wounded fifteen times and his portrait painting is displayed at "Central Museum" Lahore at serial D-40 with caption.<br />
<br />
Towards the end of his reign or, to be more exact, on the occasion of the marriage of Kanvar Nau Nihal Singh in March 1837, Ranjit Singh instituted an Order of Merit named Kaukabi-Iqbali-Panjab (Star of the Prosperity of the Punjab). It was a gold medal, 2.25 inches across with five large and five small pointed branches issuing outwards alternately from a roundish centre bearing a likeness of the Maharajah in bust on one side, and his name on the other. It was meant to be worn round the neck suspended on a gold and scarlet riband passing through a ring on top of the semiglobular head of the star. <br />
<br />
The kaukabwas of three different classes representing the three grades of the Order, distinguished by the size and quality of the inset precious stones. Star of the first class, meant to be awarded only to members of the royal family and very few distinguished chiefs and nobles for their proven devotion and fidelity to the person of the Maharajah and his House, was ornamented with a single large diamond. The Order of the second grade was bestowed upon loyal courtiers, governors of provinces, generals and ambassadors in recognition of political services. It had a diamond (of smaller size) and an emerald on it. The Order of the third grade, having a single emerald, was awarded to military officers of the rank of colonel, major or captain for bravery, resourcefulness, alertness and faithfulness; to civil servants for distinguished administrative ability and honesty; and to others enjoying greater confidence of the sovereign. Bestowal of the kaukabswas were accompanied by appropriate khill'ats and titles for the awardees.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010408/spectrum/main1.htm 9 expert articles in spectrum of the tribune on eve of bicentenary of Ranjit singh's coronation]<br />
* [[Maharajah Ranjit Singh folklore]]<br />
* [[Mahan Singh, father of Maharajah Ranjit Singh]]<br />
* [[Maharajah Sher Singh]]<br />
* [[Kashmiri Pandits at Maharaja Ranjit Singh's Darbar]]<br />
* [[Army of Maharajah Ranjit Singh]]<br />
* [[Maharajah Ranjit Singh liberates Jammu]]<br />
* [[The Splendid Panoply of Maharajah Ranjit Singh]]<br />
* [[Hisab e Afwaj Maharajah Ranjit Singh]]<br />
* [[Akhbar-i-darbar-i Maharajah Ranjit Singh]]<br />
* [[Akhbarat-i-Deorhi-i-Maharajah Ranjit Singh Bahadur]]<br />
* [[Janam Asthan Maharajah Ranjit Singh]]<br />
* [[Samadh Maharajah Ranjit Singh]]<br />
* [[Sikh Power in the Punjab]]<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/TheSikhGenerals Maharajah Ranjit Singh and other Sikh Generals]<br />
*[http://www.sikhmissionarycollege.org/Articles/New_Files/MahRanSingh.pdf Sikh Missionary College Article on Maharajah Ranjit Singh] - Download PDF file<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/details/historyofsikhsor00ramsuoft Translation of the Sikkhan de raj di vikhia Author: Ram, Sardha, fl. 1866; Court, Major Henry, 1843-1892?]<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/details/originofsikhpowe00prinuoft Origin of the Sikh power in the Punjab and political life of Maharajah Ranjit Singh ; with an account of the religion, laws, and customs of Sikhs (1834)Author: Prinsep, Henry Thoby, 1793-1878]<br />
<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/details/soldiertraveller00gardiala Soldier and traveller; memoirs of Alexander Gardner, Colonel of Artillery in the service of Maharajah Ranjit Singh (1898)Author: Gardner, Alexander Haughton Campbell, 1785-1877; Pearse, Hugh Wodehouse, 1855-]<br />
<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/details/ranjitsinghsikh00grif Ranjit Síngh and the Sikh barrier between our growing empire and Central Asia; (1905)Author: Griffin, Lepel Henry, Sir, 1840-1908]<br />
<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/details/sikhsafghansinco00shahrich The Sikhs and Afghans, in connexion with the India and Persia, immediately before and after the death of Ranjeet Singh: from the journal of an expedition to Kabul through the Panjab and the Khaibar Pass (1847)Author: Shahamat Ali]<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/details/courtcampofrunje00osboiala The court and camp of Runjeet Sing (1840) Author: Osborne, William Godolphin, Lord, 1804-1888]<br />
<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/details/originsikhpower00pringoog Origin of the Sikh Power in the Punjab, and Political Life of Muha-raja Runjeet Singh: With ... (1834)Author: Henry Thoby Prinsep]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.punjabheritage.org/content/view/967/28/ In Pursuit Of The Divine] Written by Jasleen Kandhari, Apollo Magazine Monday, 17 March 2008<br />
<br />
* [http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=157423 Only ruler of worth - The News, Jan 2009]<br />
<br />
==Question==<br />
<br />
*1 Some articles list the date of death of Maharajah Ranjit Singh as 20 June 1839.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
#Bajwa, Fauja Singh, Military System of the Sikhs. Delhi, 1964<br />
#Balwant Singh, The Army of Maharajah Ranjit Singh. Lahore, 1932<br />
#Ganda Singh and Teja Singh, ed., Maharajah Ranjit Singh: First Death Centenary Memorial Volume. Amritsar, 1939<br />
#Cunningham, Joseph Davey, A History of the Sikhs from the Origin of the Nation to the Battles of the Sutlej. London, 1849<br />
#Osborne, W. G., The Court and Camp of Runjeet Sing. London,1840<br />
#Khushwant Singh, A History of the Sikhs, 2 vols. Princeton, 1963 and 1966<br />
#Harbans Singh, Maharajah Ranjit Singh. Delhi, 1980<br />
* '''[http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2016/06/catalogue-of-khalsa-darbar-records-vol1.html Catalogue of Khalsa Darbar Records Vol.1 - Compiled by Sita Ram Kohli]'''<br />
* '''[http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2016/06/catalogue-of-khalsa-darbar-records-vol2.html Catalogue Of Khalsa Darbar Records Vol.2 - Compiled by Sita Ram Kohli]'''<br />
* '''[http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2016/01/sikhan-da-raj-kiven-gya-gyani-lal-singh.html Sikhan da Raj Kiven Gya - Gyani Lal Singh Sangrur]'''<br />
* '''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/maharaja-ranjit-singh-his-image-and.html Maharaja Ranjit Singh - His Image and Influence At Home And Abroad - Prof. (Dr.) Harnam Singh Shan Tract No. 513]'''<br />
* '''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/10/ranjit-singh-and-his-generals-lt-col.html Ranjit Singh and his generals - Lt. Col. Gulcharan Singh Sujlana (Retd.)]'''<br />
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<br />
<references/><br />
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{{wikipedia}}<br />
{{maharajah}}<br />
[[category:Great Sikh Warriors]]</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Guru_Nanak&diff=118152Guru Nanak2020-09-29T18:21:14Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>:''"The Bounteous Lord heard the anguished cries (of humanity), ''<br />
:''and so, Guru Nanak, He sent to this world of woe."'' - Bhai Gurdas Ji<br />
<br />
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{{infobox Guru<br />
|Image name = Nanakpicnanaksar.jpg<br />
|Subject Name = Guru Nanak Dev ji<br>(1469 to 1539)<br />
|Name = Nanak Dev<br />
|Birth = On [[Saturday]] [[15 April]], [[1469]] at Rai Bhoeki Talwandi, Pakistan ([[Nankana Sahib]])<br />
|Parents = [[Kalyan Dass|Mehta Kalu]] and [[Mata Tripta|Mata Tripta Devi]]<br />
|brosis = [[Bibi Nanaki|Sister Bebe Nanki]]<br />
|Spouse = [[Mata Sulakhni|Mata Sulakhani]]<br />
|Children = [[Sri Chand|Sri chand]] and [[Lakhmi Das|Lakhmi Das]]<br />
|Guruship = 1469 to 1539<br />
|Died = On [[Monday]] [[22 September]], [[1539]] at Kartarpur<br />
|Bani in GGS = 974 Shabads in 19 Ragas, [[Gurbani]] Includes [[Japji]], [[Sidh Gohst]], Sohilaa, [[Dakhni Onkar]], [[Asa di Var]], Patti, [[Bara Maha Tukhri|Bara Mah]]<br />
|Other Info = [[Guru Nanak Udasis|Four Udasis]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Guru Nanak Dev Ji''' ([[Gurmukhi]]: ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ), the founder and first Guru of [[Sikhism]], was [[The Birth of the Guru|born]] in the year 1469, in the village [[Nankana Sahib| Talwandi]] which is located in the [[Punjab]] region of the Indian subcontinent. The village, now known as [[Nankana Sahib]], is situated near the city of [[Lahore]] in present day [[Pakistan]]. [[Sikhs]] around the world celebrate the auspicious occasion of Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s birth on the Pooranmashi (full moon) day in the Lunar month of Katak (October-November), which falls on a different date every year. <br />
<br />
Guru Nanak Dev ji's father, [[Mehta Kalu]] ji, was a village accountant. His mother, [[Mata Tripta]] ji, was described as a simple and very religious woman. He also had an elder sister named [[Nanaki|Bebe Nanki]] ji, who cherished her younger brother. From an early age, it was evident that Guru Nanak ji was an extraordinary child, distinguished by his divine grace. Blessed with a deeply contemplative mind and rational thinking, young Nanak ji would often astound his elders and teachers with the sublimity of his knowledge, particularly on divine matters. Growing up, he [[Guru Nanak and the Sacred Thread|refused to partake]] in traditional religious rituals, and often spoke out against several prevalent societal practices such as the [[Caste System]], [[idolatry]], and the worship of demi-Gods. By the age of 16, Guru Nanak Dev ji had mastered multiple religious texts and languages including Sanskrit, Persian, and Hindi, and was writing what many believed were divinely inspired compositions. <br />
<br />
In the year 1487, Guru Nanak Dev ji was married to [[Mata Sulakhni]] ji, and they had two sons, [[Sri Chand]] and [[Lakhmi Das]]. The family, accompanied by [[Bhai Mardana]], a Muslim childhood friend of Guru Nanak Dev ji, then moved to the town of [[Sultanpur Lodhi]], where Guru ji took the job of an accountant in charge of the stores of the local Governor. Here, Guru Nanak ji worked during the days, but during the early mornings and late nights, he meditated and sang hymns accompanied by Bhai Mardana on the [[rabab]] (a stringed instrument). During one of those early mornings while bathing in “Vain Nadi” (a small river), Guru Nanak ji heard [[Three Days in the River|God‘s call]] to dedicate himself completely to the service of humanity. The very first sentence which he uttered then was, "There is no [[Hindu]], no Musalman ([[Muslim]])". Stating that he had been taken to the God's court and given a divine mission, Guru Nanak ji then began the next stage of his life, to preach his unique doctrine (Sikhi) to the entire world. <br />
<br />
For the next 30 years, accompanied by Bhai Mardana, Guru Nanak Dev ji undertook [[The Udasis of Guru Nanak|four major spiritual journeys]], running across [[India]], [[South Asia]], [[Tibet]] and [[Arabia]], covering about 30,000 kilometers. In these journeys, he preached the new concept of God as "Supreme, All powerful and Truthful, Formless ([[Nirankar]]), Fearless ([[Nirbhau]]), Without hate ([[Nirvair]]), the Sole (Ik), the Self-Existent ([[Saibhang]]), the Incomprehensible and Everlasting creator of all things ([[Karta Purakh]]), and the Eternal and Absolute Truth ([[Satnam]])". Guru ji taught people that the 'One' God dwells in every one of his creations, and that all human beings can have direct access to God without the need of any rituals or priests. Setting up a unique spiritual, social and political platform based on equality and fraternal love, Guru Nanak Dev ji attacked the citadel of the Hindu [[Caste System]], and condemned the theocracy of [[Mughal]] rulers. He described the dangers of egotism, falsehood, and hypocrisy, and called upon the people to engage in worship through the "Naam" (the name of God). He rejected the path of renunciation (Tyaga), emphasizing a householder's (family) life based on honest conduct, selfless service ([[Sewa]]), and constant devotion and remembrance of God's name. Guru Nanak Dev ji promoted the equality of all mankind and upheld the causes of the downtrodden and the poor, laying special emphasis to assert the equality of women. <br />
<br />
In the later years of his life, Guru ji founded and settled down at the township of [[Kartarpur]] ("creator's town"), on the banks of river Ravi in [[Punjab]]. Here, he donned the robes of a peasant, earning his own honest living by cultivating the lands. Followers came from near and far to listen to the Master. He introduced the institution of [[Langar]] (free communal kitchen) at Kartarpur, establishing the basic equality of all people regardless of their social and economic status. In the year 1539, knowing that the end was drawing near, Guru Ji, after having tested his own two sons and some followers over the years, installed Bhai Lehna ji ([[Guru Angad Dev]] Ji) as the Second Nanak, and after a few days passed into [[Sachkhand]].<br />
<br />
Guru Nanak Dev ji's writings, in the form of 974 spiritual hymns comprising the [[Japji Sahib]], [[Asa di Var]], [[Bara Maha Tukhri|Bara Mah]], [[Sidh Gosht]] and [[Dakhni Onkar]] were incorporated in the scripture [[Guru Granth Sahib]] by the fifth [[Guru Arjan Dev ji]]. All the [[Sikh Gurus]] after Guru Nanak Dev ji continued to identify themselves as ''Nanak'' while penning down their sacred writings. Thus, [[Sikhs]] believe that all the Gurus possessed the same divine light and further strengthened the same doctrine as was propagated by Guru Nanak Dev Ji. <br />
<br />
Among people of various faiths and traditions, Guru Nanak Dev Ji is variously revered as Satguru Nanak, Jagat Guru Nanak, Baba Nanak, Nanak Shah Faqir, Bhagat Nanak, Nanak Kalandar.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Bhai Gurdas ji's summary==<br />
<br />
<center><br />
<br />
ਸੁਣੀ ਪੁਕਾਰਿ ਦਾਤਾਰ ਪ੍ਰਭੁ ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਜਗ ਮਾਹਿ ਪਠਾਇਆ || ਚਰਨ ਧੋਇ ਰਹਰਾਸਿ ਕਰਿ ਚਰਣਾਮ੍ਰਿਤੁ ਸਿੱਖਾਂ ਪੀਲਾਇਆ || <br><br />
ਪਾਰਬ੍ਰਹਮ ਪੂਰਨ ਬ੍ਰਹਮ ਕਲਿਜੁਗ ਅੰਦਰ ਇਕ ਦਿਖਾਇਆ || ਚਾਰੇ ਪੈਰ ਧਰਮ ਦੇ ਚਾਰਿ ਵਰਨ ਇਕ ਵਰਨੁ ਕਰਾਇਆ || <br><br />
ਰਾਣਾ ਰੰਕ ਬਰਾਬਰੀ ਪੈਰੀ ਪਵਣਾ ਜਗਿ ਵਰਤਾਇਆ | ਉਲਟਾ ਖੇਲੁ ਪਿਰੰਮ ਦਾ ਪੈਰਾਂ ਉਪਰਿ ਸੀਸ ਨਿਵਾਇਆ || <br><br />
ਕਲਿਜੁਗ ਬਾਬੇ ਤਾਰਿਆ ਸਤਿਨਾਮੁ ਪੜ੍ਹਿ ਮੰਤ੍ਰ ਸੁਣਾਇਆ || ਕਲਿ ਤਾਰਣਿ ਗੁਰੁ ਨਾਨਕ ਆਇਆ ||੨੩|| ਵਾਰ ੧ || <br><br><br />
<br />
The Provider Lord listened to the cries (of humanity), Guru Nanak ji descended into this world. <br><br />
Washing His feet and praising God, he got his Sikhs to drink the ambrosial nectar (of humility). <br><br />
In this Dark Age, he showed all gods to be just one. <br><br />
The four feet of Dharma, the four castes were converted into one. <br><br />
Equality of the King and beggar, he spread the custom of being humble. <br><br />
Reversed is the game of the beloved; the egotist high heads bowed to the feet. <br><br />
Baba Nanak rescued this Dark Age; read ‘[[satnam]]’ and recited the mantra. <br><br />
Guru Nanak ji came to redeem this Dark Age of Kaljug. [http://www.searchgurbani.com/bhai_gurdas_vaaran/vaar/1/pauri/23/line/1 Bhai Gurdas - Vaar 1 pauri 23]<br />
</center><br />
<br />
==His path==<br />
It was a dark and moonless night; the clouds were heavy with rain as it was the monsoon season. Suddenly lightning flashed and thunder sounded as a few raindrops started to fall. The village was asleep. Only Nanak ji was awake and the echo of his song filled the air.<br />
<br />
Guru Nanak ji’s mother was worried because it was pitch dark and day break was far away. The lamp in his room was burning. She could hear his melodious voice as he sang, restraining herself no longer she knocked at his door. “Go to sleep, my son, the sun is a long way ahead.” Nanak became silent. From the darkness sounded the call of the sparrow-hawk. “Piyu, piyu, piyu!” it called.<br />
<br />
:“Listen, mother!” Nanak ji called out. “The sparrow-hawk is calling to his beloved; how can I be silent, because I am competing with it? I will call my [[1|beloved]] before he calls his – even for longer because his beloved is nearby, perhaps in the next tree! My beloved is so far away. I will have to sing for lives upon lives before my voice reaches Him.” Nanak ji resumed his song.<br />
<br />
<br />
Guru Nanak ji’s path was, is and will ever remain decorated with endless rows of true flowers; he realised God by singing virtues of God and following a life of true deeds. Guru Nanak Dev ji did not practise normal Hindu austerities, meditation or yoga; he only sang in the beautiful poetic forms of the time. Singing, often extemporaneously, with all his heart and soul, so much so that his singing became his meditation, his purification and his yugam (yoking ones self to the almighty, to [[Satguru]]. This was Guru Nanak ji’s path; decorated with true flowers of song, songs of glory and praise of the Almighty Lord. <br />
<br />
Whatever he has said was said in [[Gurbani|verse straight from GOD]]. His blissful and mesmerizing songs are not those of an ordinary singer; they have sprung from within one who has known. There is the ring of truth, the reflection of God within them. It is these songs, songs of love and expressions of truthfulness and worship, along with the songs of Guru Nanak Dev ji's nine successors, that form the eternal Guru of the [[Sikh.|Sikhs]], the [[Bani|Guru Granth Sahib]].<br />
-------------------<br />
<br />
===Background===<br />
<br />
According to some ancient Sikh records, Guru Sahib was born in the early morning of the third day of the light half of the month of [[Baisakh]] (April - May), which is believed to be [[Saturday]] [[15 April]] [[1469]] ; while some other chronicles state the date of birth as October 20, 1469. The [[Sikh]]s now celebrate this auspicious event each year on the Pooranmashi (full moon day) in the lunar month of Katak (October-November), which falls on different dates every year.<br />
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His father was Kalayan Das Mehta, also known as [[Mehta Kalu]], and his mother was [[Mata Tripta]]. They belonged to the Vedic Kshatriya caste. His father was the local [[Village accountant|patwari]] (accountant) for crop revenue in the village of Talwandi. Guru ji had an elder sister named [[Nanaki|Bebey Nanki]], who was the first to recognize Guru Nanak ji as an enlightened Soul. <br />
{{Guru Nanak Dev Relatives}}<br />
Guru Nanak Dev ji from an early age evidenced a questioning and inquiring mind. He soon mastered the Vedas and Sanskrit and was enrolled into a Madrassa to study Persian and Arabic languages. Picking up both languages quickly, he surprised his teacher by composing an acrostic on the Persian language. <br />
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When it was time for Guru Nanak Dev ji to be invested with the twice born thread the [[Guru Nanak and the Sacred Thread|“sacred” thread]], called the Janeu, he refused to take part in the ritual. When the priest continued to insist that the young Nanak ji done the string he went into a trance and sang: <br />
[[Image:GuruNanakDevJi.jpg||left|200px]]<br />
::Let mercy be the cotton, contentment the thread,<br />
::Continence the knot and truth the twist.<br />
::Oh priest! if you have such a thread,<br />
::Do give it to me.<br />
::It will not wear out, nor get soiled, nor be burnt, nor lost.<br />
::Says Nanak, blessed are those who go about wearing such a thread.<br />
::::::::::::::''(Rag Asa)''<br />
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'''Guru Nanak Dev ji's Life at Sultanpur'''<br />
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Guru Nanak ji married [[Mata Sulakhni|Sulkhni]] of Batala, and they had two sons, [[Sri Chand]] and [[Lakhmi Das]]. Guru ji's brother-in-law, the husband of his sister Nanki, obtained a job for him in Sultanpur as the manager of the government's grainary. One morning, when he was twenty-eight, he went as usual down to the river to bathe and meditate. It was said that he was [[3 Days in the River|gone for three days]]. When he reappeared, filled with the spirit of God, it was apparent to all that he was a changed man. He would say nothing, he quit his job and distributed all that he had to the poor. Accompanied by his childhood friend, a Muslim named Mardana who had always played the [[Rebab]] while Nanak ji sang, they left town. When, after a few days, he spoke saying "There is no Hindu, no Musalman."[1] It was then that Guru Nanak Dev ji began his missionary work and travels. <br />
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As a householder, Guru ji continued to carry out the [[Khalsa|mission]] of his life – to lead people on the [[Compendium of TRUE IDEAs|true path to God]], to dispel [[FALSEHOOD|superstition]], to bring people out of ritualistic practises, to lead them directly to follow [[Gurbani]] without the need for [[FALSEHOOD|priests and clergy]], and to restrain and guard against the five thieves within – Pride, Anger, Greed, Attachment and Lust.<br />
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==Teachings==<br />
Guru Nanak Dev ji founded and formalised the [[three pillars of Sikhism]]: <br />
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#''' <u>[[Naam Japna]]</u>''' Guru Ji led the Sikhs directly to practise [[Simran]] and [[Naam Japna]] – meditation on [[God]] through reciting, chanting, singing, and constant remembrance followed by deep study & comprehension of God’s Name and virtues. In real life to practice and tread on the path of [[Dharam]] (righteousness) - The inner thought of the Sikh, thus stays constantly immersed in the praises and appreciation of the Creator and the ONE ETERNAL GOD [[Waheguru]].<br />
#''' <u>[[Kirat Karni]]</u>''' He expected the Sikhs to live as honourable householders and practise [[Kirat Karni]] – To honestly earn by ones physical and mental effort while accepting both pains and pleasures as GOD's gifts and blessings. One is to stay truthful at all times and fear none but the Eternal Super Soul. Live a life founded on decency immersed in [[Dharam]] - life controlled by high spiritual, moral, and social values. <br />
#''' <u>[[Vand Chakna]]</u>'''. The Sikhs were asked to share their wealth within the community by practising [[Vand Chakna]] – “Share and Consume together”. The community or [[Sadh Sangat]] is an important part of [[Sikhism]]. One must be part of a community that is living by the flawless objective values set out by the [[Sikh Gurus]] and every Sikh has to contribute in whatever way possible to the common community pool. This spirit of '''Sharing''' and '''Giving''' is an important message from [[Guru Nanak]] Dev Ji.<br />
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=== Contributions to humanity ===<br />
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During his his time on Earth Guru Nanak Dev ji was revered by both [[Hindus]] and [[Muslims]] and even today many, outside of the Sikh faith, revere him. It is related that as he lay dying, his followers some formerly Hindu and others formerly Muslims argued whether his body should be cremated as Hindu tradition dictated or buried as in Islamic tradition.<br />
It is said that when they removed the sheet which had covered the Guru they found only beautiful flowers. The Hindus burned theirs, the Muslims buried theirs.<br />
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[[Image:Guru Nanak Mardana Bala Woodcut1.jpg|thumb|250px|'''Guru Nanak Dev ji with Mardana (left) and Bala''' Coloured woodcut, Amritsar or Lahore, about 1875|right]]<br />
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Following are highlighted contribution of Guru Nanak Dev ji:<br />
===== '''Equality of humans''' =====<br />
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When in the middle east, the west and the rest of asia slavery, varna/class and race discrimination was rife and respect between the different classes and caste was at a peak, Guru Nanak Dev ji preached against discrimination and prejudices due to race, caste, status, etc. He said: "See the brotherhood of all mankind as the highest order of Yogis; conquer your own mind, and conquer the world." (SGGS page 6); also "There is one awareness among all created beings." (page 24) and finally "One who recognizes the One Lord among all beings does not talk of ego. ||4||" (page 432). He urges all the peoples of the world to "conquer" their minds to these evil practises. All human beings had the light of the Lord and were the same -- only by subduing one's pride and ego could one see this light in all. <br />
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===== '''Equality of women''' =====<br />
In about 1499 when the world offered low to no status or respect to women, Guru Nanak Dev ji sought to improve the respect of women by spreading this message: "From woman, man is born; within woman, man is conceived; to woman he is engaged and married. Woman becomes his friend; through woman, the future generations come. When his woman dies, he seeks another woman; to woman he is bound. So why call her bad? From her, kings are born. From woman, woman is born; without woman, there would be no one at all. O Nanak, only the True Lord is without a woman." (page 473). In so doing, he promoted women's rights and equality — a first for the 15th century!<br />
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===== '''Universal message for all people''' =====<br />
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It had been a custom at the time for religious leaders to address only their own congregation and for segregation of the different religions -- but Guru Nanak Dev ji broke with tradition and spoke to all of humanity. To the Muslim he said: "And when, O Nanak, he is merciful to all beings, only then shall he be called a Muslim. ||1||" (page 141); to the Hindu, he said "O Nanak, without the True Name, of what use is the frontal mark of the Hindus, or their sacred thread? ||1||" (page 467); and to all he preached: "To take what rightfully belongs to another is like a Muslim eating pork, or a Hindu eating beef." (page 141).<br />
{{Guru Nank Dev Banis}}<br />
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==Spiritual journeys==<br />
[[Image:Guru Nanak Udasis.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Map of Guru Nanak Dev Ji Journeys|left]]<br />
{{main|The Udasis of Guru Nanak}}<br />
Guru Nanak Dev ji made four great Spiritual journeys, traveling to all parts of [[India]], Sri Lanka, [[wikipedia:Arabia|Arabia]] and [[wikipedia:Persia|Persia]]. He visited head centers of all religions and had discourses with head priests of various sects of [[Hinduism|Hindus]], [[wikipedia:Jainism|Jains]], [[wikipedia:Buddhism|Buddhists]], [[wikipedia:Parsee|Parsee]]s, and [[Muslim]]s. Everywhere he outcome in Spiritual discussions; therefore having followers from all religious backgrounds.<br />
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He spoke in the temples and mosques, and at various pilgrimage sites. Wherever he went, Guru Nanak Dev ji spoke out against empty [[wikipedia:Ritual|religious rituals]], [[wikipedia:pilgrimage|pilgrimage]]s, the [[wikipedia:caste system|caste system]], the [[Sati|sacrifice of widows]], of depending on [[wikipedia:Sacred text|books]] to learn the true religion, and of all the other tenets that were to define his teachings. Never did he ask his listeners to follow him. He asked the Muslims to be true Muslims and the Hindus to be true Hindus.<br />
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After the last of his great journeys, Guru Nanak Dev ji tried a new experiment - he asked a wealthy follower to donate a large tract of land . Here he built a town calling it Kartapur (in [[Punjab]]) on the banks of the [[wikipedia:Ravi_River|Ravi]] where he taught for another fifteen years. Followers from all over came to settle in Kartapur to listen, and sing, and be with him. During this time, although his followers still remained Hindu, Muslim, or of the religion to which they were born, they became known as the Guru ji's disciples, or [[Sikh|sikhs]]. It was here his followers began to refer to him as teacher, or [[Guru|guru]]. The Guru ji told his followers that they were to be [[wikipedia:Household|householders]] and could not live apart from the world -- there were to be no [[wikipedia:Priest|priests]] or [[wikipedia:Hermit|hermits]]. Here is where the Guru ji instituted the [[Langar|common meal]], requiring the rich and poor, Hindu and Muslim, high caste and low caste, to sit together while eating. All worked together, all owned the town. Here is where Lehna, later to be [[Guru_Angad_Dev|Guru Angad]], came to be with Guru Nanak Dev ji. <br />
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A well known legend, when Guru Nanak Dev ji met Babur (1483-1530) the Emperor of India offered him a shared pipe of [Bhang], Guru Nanak ji replied that he had a bhang whose wonderful effects never wore off.<br />
Inquiring of Guru Nanak ji where he could find such wonderful bhang - Guru Nanak ji declined the emperor's offer, saying GOD the [SAT GURU] was his bhang.<br />
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{{Guru Nanak Udasia}}<br />
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==The Guru leaves for his heavenly abode==<br />
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After completing his odysseys, Guru Nanak Dev ji settled in '''Kartarpur''' ''(meaning: The City of the Creator)''. This city was established by [[Guru Nanak Dev ji]] himself in 1522.<br />
The guru ji by then had become widely renowned and respected by everyone for the love and guidance he'd bestowed on humanity. The Sikh, Hindu and Muslim devotees all claimed the guru as one of their own prophets. <br />
When it became apparent that Guru Nanak Dev ji's end was imminent, an argument ensued as to who would claim the guru's body for funeral rites. The Muslims wished to bury him according to their customs, while the Sikhs and Hindus wished to cremate his body according to their beliefs. To settle the matter, Guru Nanak Dev ji himself was consulted as to how his remains should be disposed of, and by whom. He explained the concept of joti jot, that only his mortal body would expire, but that light which illumined him was the divine and imperishable light, and would pass to his successor [[Guru Angad Dev]].<br />
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The guru ji requested his devotees to bring flowers and instructed the Sikhs and Hindus to place flowers on his right side and the Muslims to place flowers to his left side. He told them that permission for funeral rites would be determined by whichever set of flowers remained fresh through out the night. On Asu sudi 10, 1596 Bikrmi [Monday September 22, 1539 AD] Guru Nanak Dev ji breathed his last breath at Kartarpur. <br />
The Sikh, Hindu and Muslim devotees returned the following morning. They carefully lifted and removed the sheet which had been placed over the guru ji's body. All were amazed and astonished to discover that no trace at all remained of Guru Nanak Dev Ji's mortal body. Only fresh flowers remained, for not a single bud had wilted of any blossom which had been left by either Sikhs, Hindus, or Muslims, the night before.<br />
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The Muslims then buried the flowers, while the Hindus and Sikhs cremated them. Therefore, both a samadhi (Hindu traditional monument of remembrance) and a grave (according to Muslim traditions) were created by each community.<br />
A gurudwara now stands there, near the banks of river Ravi, next to a small village named Kothay Pind (village) on the West bank of the [[Ravi River]] in [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]. <br />
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This [[Gurudwara]] is also visible from the Indian side of the border, from a Gurdwara at the historical town of [[Dehra Baba Nanak]] in [[India]]. Both sites are considered to be some of the holiest places in Sikhism.<br />
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==Preparations for the 550th Celebrations of the birth of Guru Nanak Dev ji begin==<br />
{{P|File:2018-Gurpurb celebrations begin.JPG|Former Indian PM Dr Manmohan Singh, Punjab Governor VP Singh Badnore and CM Amarinder Singh lay the foundation stone of 26 projects at Sultanpur Lodhi on Friday, 23-Nov-2018. Tribune Photo: Malkiat Singh }}<br />
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{{main|550th Celebrations of the birth of Guru Nanak}}<br />
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In November 2019, the whole world will be celebrating the 550th birth anniversary of [[Guru Nanak Dev ji]]. In [[Punjab]], [[India]], on Friday, 23 November 2018, the Punjab Chief Minister [[Captain Amarinder Singh]] launched a year-long preparations for the celebrations of the 550th birth anniversary of [[Guru Nanak Dev]], the founder of [[Sikhism]] which will be taking place in November 2019. He called upon people to set aside their religious and political differences to join his government in making it a memorable event. Addressing a large gathering in [[Sultanpur Lodhi]] in [[Kapurthala]] district, where Guru Nanak Dev ji spent over 14 years of his early life, the Captain exhorted the people to reconnect with his teachings, principles and ideals.<br />
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The Captain thanked Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and the Union government for acceding to various requests of the state government with regard to the celebrations. He hailed the Centre’s decision to develop the Kartarpur Sahib Corridor from Punjab’s Gurdaspur district to the International Border to facilitate Indian pilgrims to visit Gurdwara Darbar Sahib in Kartarpur in Pakistan. He said a long-pending demand of Punjab was on the verge of fulfilment and on November 26, he would join the President to lay the foundation stone of the corridor.<br />
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He also thanked the Government of [[Pakistan]] for reciprocating on the issue and said his government would also contribute, as may be required, to ensure timely completion of the project. Addressing the gathering, former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh expressed gratitude to Amarinder Singh and his government for giving him the opportunity to be part of this special moment. He expressed hope that all would rise above petty considerations of communalism and hatred to celebrate the event in a befitting manner.<br />
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The former prime minister exhorted the people to participate in the year-long celebrations with full enthusiasm and gaiety, regardless of caste, colour, creed and religion. Governor Badnore said it was a matter of pride for him to be part of the auspicious occasion. He called for universal brotherhood as the key message of the commemorative events.<br />
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Former Indian cricketer Kapil Dev, who was also present, presented a book, ‘We the Sikhs around the world’, relating to 100 gurdwaras across the globe, to Manmohan Singh, Badnore and Capt Amarinder. Earlier, Manmohan Singh, along with his wife Gursharan Kaur, Badnore and Capt Amarinder paid obeisance at the historic Gurdwara Ber Sahib here. Former Punjab Chief Minister Parkash Singh Badal and Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD) President Sukhbir Singh Badal also paid obeisance at Gurdwara Ber Sahib.<br />
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== Guru Nanak ji saakhis ==<br />
<br />
{{Main|Sakhis of Guru Nanak}}<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|<br />
* [[3 Days in the River]]<br />
* [[Bhai Lalo's Honesty]]<br />
* [[Charity to Sadhus]]<br />
* [[Dukh Sukh]]<br />
* [[Guru Ji's Sickness]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Guru Nanak and Duni Chand]]<br />
* [[Guru Nanak and the Sacred Thread]]<br />
* [[Guru Nanak at School]]<br />
* [[Is there one God for the Rich, and one for the Poor?]]<br />
* [[Mardana Gives Clothes and Food]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Sajan the Robber]]<br />
* [[The Birth of the Guru]]<br />
* [[There is no Hindu and no Musalman]]<br />
* [[Watering the Crops]]<br />
* [[Walli Kandhari]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Mian Mitha]]<br />
* [[Hamza Gaus]]<br />
* [[Sheikh Brahm]]<br />
* [[Salis Rai Jouri]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{|<br />
|<br />
* [[GURU NANAK - By Puran Singh]]<br />
* [[Guru Nanak Udasis]]<br />
* [[Guru Nanak in Baghdad]]<br />
* [[Guru Nanak in Tibet]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Guru Nanak in Tibet Quotes]]<br />
* [[Guru Nanak in Nepal]]<br />
* [[Guru Nanak Dev Ji's Third Udasi]]<br />
* [[Sikhism]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Sikhs]]<br />
* [[Sikh Sites]]<br />
* [[Dera Baba Nanak, Kartarpur (Ravi)]]<br />
* [[Kartarpur (Ravi)]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Guru Nanak: Bridge across all faiths]]<br />
* [[Establishment of Kartarpur]]<br />
* [[Nanakshahi calendar]]<br />
* [[Guru Nanak in Nepal]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* {{Wikipedia}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/guru-nanak Eternal Glory of Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji]<br />
*[http://www.discoversikhism.com/sikh_gurus/sri_guru_nanak_dev_ji.html DiscoverSikhism]<br />
*[http://www.gurmat.info/sms/smssikhism/gurus/gurunanakdevji/ Sikh Missionary Society]<br />
*[http://www.sikhvideos.org/guru-nanak-nirankar.htm Video on Guru Nanak Dev Ji]<br />
*[http://www.sikhphilosophy.net/guru-nanak-dev/ Guru Nanak Dev]<br />
*[http://www.sikhcoalition.org/SikhismCalendar3.asp Birth Date of Guru Nanak Sahib]<br />
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/nanak.shtml BBC on Guru Nanak]<br />
*[http://www.sikhs.org/guru1.htm Sikhs.org]<br />
*[http://www.indianetzone.com/2/guru_nanak.htm Complete information on Guru Nanak]<br />
|}<br />
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<br />
===eBooks:===<br />
*[https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Eternal_Glory_of_Guru_Nanak.html?id=XuGrDwAAQBAJ Eternal Glory of Guru Nanak]<br />
*[http://www.sacred-texts.com/skh/tsr1/index.htm Max Arthur MacAuliff, ''The Sikh Religion, Vol 1, (The Life of Guru Nanak)'', Oxford University Press, 1909.]<br />
*[http://www.gurmat.info/sms/smspublications/gurunanakforchildren/ Guru Nanak Dev Ji (for Children)]<br />
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===Audio:===<br />
*[http://www.sikhism.com/playlists/play4.htm Sikhifm.com]<br />
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== References ==<br />
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* '''1. [http://sgpc.net/ten-guru-sahibs/guru-nanak-sahib/ Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji]'''<br />
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* '''2. Sikh Gurus, Their Lives & Teachings, K.S. Duggal, p 14'''<br />
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* '''3. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/06/contributions-of-guru-nanak-by-s-kapur.html Contributions Of Guru Nanak - S. Kapur Singh]'''<br />
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* '''4. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/04/my-master-sri-satguru-guru-nanak-dev.html My Master - Sri Satguru Guru Nanak Dev! - Sher Singh MSc Kashmir]'''<br />
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* '''6. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/06/guru-nanak-dev-di-pad-padvi-sirdar.html Guru Nanak Dev di Pad Padvi - Sirdar Kapur Singh Tract No. 407]'''<br />
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* '''7. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/03/guru-nanak-and-his-mission-principal.html Guru Nanak And His Mission - Principal Teja Singh]'''<br />
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* '''8. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/03/sri-guru-nanak-dev-ji-sher-singh-msc.html Sri Guru Nanak Dev ji - Sher Singh MSc Kashmir]'''<br />
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* '''9. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/02/guru-nanak-darpan-gyani-bhag-singh.html Guru Nanak Darpan - Gyani Bhag Singh Ambala]'''<br />
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* '''10. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/01/the-japji-guru-nanak-devs-master-key.html The Japji - Guru Nanak Dev's Master Key-Holy To The Mystery Of Deification Of Man - Sher Singh MSc Kashmir]'''<br />
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* '''11. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/12/the-dakhni-onkar-word-divine-uttered-by.html The Dakhni Onkar (The Word Divine Uttered by Sri Guru Nanak Dev In The South) - Sher Singh MSc Kashmir]'''<br />
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* '''12. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/11/guru-nanak-usherer-in-of-golden-age.html Guru Nanak - The Usherer-In of the Golden Age - Sher Singh MSc Kashmir]'''<br />
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* '''14. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/09/guru-nanak-dev-ji-and-chungthung.html 'Guru Nanak Dev Ji and Chungthung' - Gyani Brahma Singh Brahma]''' - The article 'Guru Nanak Dev Ji and Chungthung', written by Gyani Brahma Singh Brahma was published in Tract No 301 of Guru Nanak Dev Mission, Patiala, in November 1986. This article provides information about spots blessed by Guru Nanak's visit in Sikkim. The stories connected with these places are similar to the ones associated with Wali-Kandhari's event and Babe-di-ber at Sultanpur Lodhi.<br />
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* '''15. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/07/the-tract-guru-nanak-saviour-of-world.html Guru Nanak The Saviour of the world (1469-1538) - Sher Singh MSc Kashmir]'''<br />
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* '''16. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/06/contributions-of-guru-nanak-by-s-kapur.html Contributions Of Guru Nanak - S. Kapur Singh]'''<br />
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* '''17. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/04/guru-nanaks-message-to-mankind-sher_2.html Guru Nanak's Message To Mankind - Sher Singh MSc Kashmir''']<br />
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* '''18. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/03/sri-guru-babey-ji-di-chahun-jugi-janam.html Sri Guru Babey ji di Chahun Jugi Janam Sakhi - An Autobiography of Eternal-Nanak - New Light on Eternally-old ATMAN]'''<br />
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* '''19. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2012/09/guru-nanak-king-of-mystics.html Guru Nanak - King of Mystics - Gyani Brahma Singh Brahma]'''<br />
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* '''20.''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2012/09/guru-nanak-advocate-of-communal-concord.html Guru Nanak - Advocate of communal concord]'''<br />
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* '''21. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/10/guru-nanak-select-bibliography-1965.html Guru Nanak - A Select Bibliography (1965-1980) - Man Singh Deora]'''<br />
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* '''22. [https://www.sikhs.org/guru1.htm The First Master Guru Nanak (1469 - 1539)]'''<br />
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* '''23. [http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/gurus/nanak1.html Guru Nanak Dev ji (1469 - 1539)]'''<br />
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* '''24. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/11/guru-nanak-his-status-and-salience.html Guru Nanak His Status and Salience - Sirdar Kapur Singh]''' - The paper "Guru Nanak His Status and Salience" was read by Sirdar Kapur Singh on 30th November 1977, at the Khalsa College, Amritsar. <br />
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* '''25. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/02/sidh-goshat-ramkali-i-sher-singh-msc.html Sidh-Goshat, Ramkali I - Sher Singh MSc Kashmir]'''<br />
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* '''26. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/09/sikhan-di-janam-bhoomi-sri-nanakana.html Sikhan di Janam Bhoomi - Sri Nanakana Sahib Tract No. 432]''' <br />
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* '''27. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/09/flora-and-fauna-in-guru-nanaks-bani-dr.html Flora and Fauna in Guru Nanak's Bani - Dr. Jasbir Singh Sarna]'''<br />
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* '''28. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/10/guru-nanak-da-krantikari-andolan.html Guru Nanak Da Krantikari Andolan]'''<br />
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* '''29. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/guru-nanak-devji-da-sangti-da-sankalp.html Guru Nanak Devji Da Sangti Da Sankalp]''' <br />
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* '''30. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/guru-nanaks-impact-on-history-dr-ganda.html Guru Nanak's Impact On History - Dr. Ganda Singh]'''<br />
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* '''31. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/guru-nanak-man-with-message-part-2.html Guru Nanak - The Man With A Message (Part 2) - Harchand Singh (Canada) Tract No. 283]'''<br />
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* '''32. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/guru-nanaks-works-bibliography-compiled.html Guru Nanak's Works: A Bibliography - Compiled by Dr. Ganda Singh]'''<br />
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* '''33. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/janam-sakhi-or-biography-of-guru-nanak.html Janam Sakhi or The Biography of Guru Nanak, Founder of The Sikh Religion]'''<br />
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* '''34. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/nanak-panthis-or-sikhs-and-sikhism-of.html Nanak Panthis or The Sikhs and Sikhism of the 17th Century - Dr. Ganda Singh]'''<br />
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* '''35. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/guru-nanak-dev-ji-dey-raajneetik.html Guru Nanak Dev ji dey raajneetik vichaar - Jaswant Singh 'Aman' Tract No. 523]'''<br />
<br />
* '''36. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/guru-nanak-jhira-tract-no-389.html Guru Nanak Jhira Tract No. 389]''' <br />
<br />
* '''37. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/nanakana-sahib-narain-singh-tract-no-412.html Nanakana Sahib - Narain Singh Tract No. 412]'''<br />
<br />
* '''38. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/nanakana-sahib-darshan-taangh-tey.html Nanakana Sahib Darshan - Taangh Tey Paryatan Tract No. 356]'''<br />
<br />
* '''39. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/nanakana-sahib-dey-beetey-samey-tey-ik.html Nanakana Sahib Dey Beetay Samey Tey Ik Jhaat Tract No. 395]'''<br />
<br />
* '''40. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/08/pakistan-andar-rahe-gurudware-tract-no.html Pakistan Andar Rahe Gurudware Tract No. 138]'''<br />
<br />
* '''41. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/nanak-jhira-tey-gurmat-shah-rah-tract.html Nanak Jhira Tey Gurmat Shah Rah Tract No. 159]''' <br />
<br />
* '''42. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/kartarpur-ravi-sikh-inkalab-da-sarot.html Kartarpur-Ravi - Sikh Inkalab da Sarot - Surjeet Singh Bhatia Tract No. 529]''' <br />
<br />
* '''43. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/06/guru-nanak-sahib-da-arab-deshan-da.html Guru Nanak Sahib da Arab Deshan da Safarnama - Dr. Jasbir Singh Sarna]'''<br />
<br />
* '''44. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/09/guru-nanak-dev-ji-di-lok-lehar-part-2.html Guru Nanak Dev Ji Di Lok Lehar Part 2 Tract No. 333]'''<br />
<br />
* '''45. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/09/guru-nanak-deekhia-tract-no-204.html Guru Nanak Deekhia Tract No. 204]'''<br />
<br />
* '''46. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/09/guru-nanak-jeevan-chon-jhankian-tract.html Guru Nanak Jeevan chon Jhankian Tract No. 190]'''<br />
<br />
* '''47. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/09/ik-fakir-vada-mastana-tract-no-80.html Ik Fakir Vada Mastana Tract No. 80]'''<br />
<br />
* '''48. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/09/kaljug-babey-tarya-tract-no-106.html Kaljug Babey Tarya Tract No. 106]'''<br />
<br />
* '''49. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/09/krantikar-guru-nanak-tract-no-4.html Krantikar Guru Nanak Tract No. 4]'''<br />
<br />
* '''50. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/09/krantikar-guru-nanak-tract-no-79.html Krantikar Guru Nanak Tract No. 79]'''<br />
<br />
* '''51. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-central-message-of-guru-nanak.html The Central Message of Guru Nanak - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
* '''52. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/guru-nanak-and-civil-servant-sirdar.html Guru Nanak and the civil servant - Sirdar Kapur Singh]''' <br />
<br />
* '''53. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-region-of-grace-sirdar-kapur-singh.html The Region of Grace - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
* '''54. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/guru-nanak-founder-of-world-religion.html Guru Nanak the founder of a world religion - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
* '''55. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-japu-of-guru-nanak-sirdar-kapur.html The Japu of Guru Nanak - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
* '''56. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-indian-society-as-guru-nanak-found.html The Indian Society as Guru Nanak Found it - Dr. Ganda Singh]'''<br />
<br />
* '''57. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/guru-nanaks-concept-of-nature-sirdar.html Guru Nanak's Concept of Nature - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
* '''58. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/nanakana-sahib-darshan-taangh-tey.html Nanakana Sahib Darshan Taangh Tey Paryatan Tract No. 175]'''<br />
<br />
* '''59. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/true-status-of-guru-nanak-sirdar-kapur.html True Status of Guru Nanak - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
* '''60. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/08/japuji-exegesis-and-poetic-rendering-dr.html Japuji Exegesis and Poetic Rendering - Dr. S.S. Bhatti]'''<br />
<br />
* '''61. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/nanakana-sahib-da-hirdey-vedhak-saka.html Nanakana Sahib Da Hirdey Vedhak Saka Tract No. 413]'''<br />
<br />
* '''62. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/nanakana-sahib-dey-shahidan-nu.html Nanakana Sahib dey Shahidan nu Shardhanjli Tract No. 179]'''<br />
<br />
* '''63. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/satguru-nanak-da-birha-tract-no-40.html Satguru Nanak Da Birha Tract No. 40]'''<br />
<br />
* '''64. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/sidh-gosht-da-saar-tract-no-137.html Sidh Gosht da Saar Tract No. 137]'''<br />
<br />
* '''65. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/sanskrit-kaav-vich-sikh-guru-sahiban-di.html Sanskrit Kaav vich Sikh Guru Sahiban di Mehma - Dr. Mahesh Chandar Sharma Gautam Tract No. 475]'''<br />
<br />
* '''66. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/sri-nanakana-sahib-da-shaheedi-saka.html Sri Nanakana Sahib da Shaheedi Saka February 21, 1921 - Lal Singh, Narain Singh M.A. Tract No. 196]'''<br />
<br />
* '''67. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/12/translation-of-japji-m-macauliffe.html Translation of the Japji - M. Macauliffe]'''<br />
<br />
* '''68. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-advent-and-message-of-guru-nanak.html The Advent and Message of Guru Nanak Tract No. 249]'''<br />
<br />
* '''69. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/sooraj-nikalya-tract-no-50.html Sooraj Nikalya Tract No. 50]'''<br />
<br />
* '''70. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/sidh-gosht-da-pichokad-tract-no-132.html Sidh Gosht da Pichokad Tract No. 132]'''<br />
<br />
* '''71. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/sri-japu-nisan-kartar-singh-dakha.html Sri Japu Nisan - Kartar Singh Dakha]'''<br />
<br />
* '''72. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/sri-guru-nanak-bani-shamsher-singh-ashok.html Sri Guru Nanak-Bani - Shamsher Singh Ashok]'''<br />
<br />
* '''73. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/nanak-panthi-soochi-gyani-fauja-singh.html Nanak Panthi Soochi - Gyani Fauja Singh]'''<br />
<br />
* '''74. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/sri-guru-nanak-dev-ji-barey-sahit.html Sri Guru Nanak Dev ji barey Sahit - Shamsher Singh Ashok]'''<br />
<br />
* '''75. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/dua-e-sahari-japji-sahib-ka-urdu.html Dua-E-Sahari (Japji Sahib ka Urdu tarjuma) - Kartar Singh Kaimbalpuri]'''<br />
<br />
* '''76. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/vird-e-haq-translation-of-japji-sahib.html Vird-E-Haq (translation of Japji Sahib in Urdu verse) - Master Lal Singh Anand Khalsa]'''<br />
<br />
* '''77. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/sri-guru-nanak-dev-ji-di-onkareshwar.html Sri Guru Nanak Dev ji di Onkareshwar Pheri - Bhagat Singh Hira]'''<br />
<br />
* '''78. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/thus-spoke-guru-nanak-sir-jogendra-singh.html Thus Spoke Guru Nanak - Sir Jogendra Singh]'''<br />
<br />
* '''79. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/guru-nanaks-japji-and-sohila-arti-prof.html Guru Nanak's Japji and Sohila-Arti - Prof. Puran Singh]'''<br />
<br />
* '''80. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/jap-vichar-japji-sahib-da-bahu-pakhi.html Jap Vichar - Japji Sahib da Bahu-Pakhi Adheyan - Prof. Prakash Singh]'''<br />
<br />
* '''81. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/02/jap-ji-sahib-vyakhya-vichar-darshan.html Jap Ji Sahib - Vyakhya, Vichar Darshan atey Kala - Dr. Gurcharan Singh Mehta]'''<br />
<br />
* '''82. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/gur-nanak-dev-govind-roop-dr-kartar.html Gur Nanak Dev Govind Roop - Dr. Kartar Singh]'''<br />
<br />
* '''83. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/jap-vichar-tract-no-56.html Jap Vichar Tract No. 56]'''<br />
<br />
* '''84. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/guru-nanak-dev-ji-dey-purkhian-dey-pind.html Guru Nanak Dev ji dey Purkhian dey Pind da Ithaas - PatehyVindPur(i)NaamKahantey - Bhai Sarabjeet Singh Dhotian]'''<br />
<br />
* '''85. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/03/jeevan-gatha-guru-nanak-sahib-ji-bebey.html Jeevan Gatha Guru Nanak Sahib ji, Bebey Nanaki atey Mata Nanaki ji - Dr. Harbhajan Singh Sekhon, Dr. Karamdeep Kaur]'''<br />
<br />
* '''86. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/03/gurmat-di-roshni-vich-arti-dr-harbhajan.html Gurmat di Roshni vich Arti - Dr. Harbhajan Singh Sekhon, Deep Singh Sangra]'''<br />
<br />
* '''87. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/09/guru-nanak-darshan.html Guru Nanak Darshan]'''<br />
<br />
-------<br />
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==Footer==<br />
{{Sikh Gurus|Bhagats|([[1100]] - [[1469]])|Guru Nanak|Guru Angad Dev|(Second [[Sikh Guru]])}}<br />
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{{Guru Nanak Dev Relatives}}<br />
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{{Events relating to Guru Nanak}}<br />
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{{Sakhis of Guru Nanak}}<br />
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{{nav}}<br />
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[[Category:Sikh Gurus]]</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Bhai_Kapur_Singh_Sirdar&diff=118096Bhai Kapur Singh Sirdar2020-09-05T11:25:45Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* List of Writings */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Kapurssirdarji.jpg|thumb|right|300px| Bhai Kapur Singh Sirdar]]<br />
<br />
'''Bhai Kapur Singh Sirdar''' ([[2 March]] [[1909]] - [[13 August]] [[1986]]), the son of Didar Singh, was a civilian, parliamentarian and intellectual, who was a master of manysided learning. Besides Sikh theology, he was vastly learned in philosophy, history and literature. He was born into a farming family, at the village Chakk in Ludhiana district on 2 March 1909. <br />
<br />
Sirdar Kapur Singh received his Master's degree, first class first, at the prestigious Government College, Lahore, after which he went to Cambridge to take his Tripos in Moral Sciences.<br />
{{tocleft}} <br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
A distinguished linguist he had mastered several of the languages of the east and the west. Besides English, which he could spin around his fingers with extraordinary subtlety and finesse, he had facility in Persian and Arabic as well as in Sanskrit.<br />
<br />
In addition to these, he claimed easy acquaintance with such discrete fields as astrology, architecture and space science. In spite of his knowledge covering many disparate areas, Sirdar Kapur Singh's principal focus was Sikh literature and theology. A stickler for accuracy of fact and presentation he stood up foursquare to any misrepresentation or falsification of any shade of Sikh thought and belief. He was most vigilant and unbending in this respect.<br />
<br />
==Stood against discrimination against Sikhs==<br />
Selected into the Indian Civil Service he served in various administrative posts in the cadre. In 1947, he was appointed deputy commissioner of Kangra. He was particularly irked by the growing narrow politics of the government biased against the Sikhs, but what incensed him the most was a circular letter, dated 10 October 1947, that was issued by the state governor, Chandu Lal Trivedi, warning district authorities in the Punjab against what was described as the criminal tendencies of the Sikh people. Kapur Singh filed a strong protest against Trivedi's utterly wild accusation. This seemingly invited the governor's wrath, as charges were brought against him, which led to his dismissal from the service.<br />
<br />
==Joins politics==<br />
Sirdar Kapur Singh became an ardent supporter of the Akali demand for a Punjabi speaking state. After a brief stint as Professor of Sikhism under the authority of the [[Akal Takht]], he joined active politics. <br />
<br />
In 1962, he was elected to the lower house of the Indian Parliament and in 1969 he became a member of the Punjab Vidhan Sabha (State Legislative Assembly). He was forthright in speech and an unrelenting critic of the government's policies which discriminated against the Sikhs. <br />
<br />
==Major influence behind Anandpur Resolution==<br />
<br />
As a Sikh ideologue he was the moving spirit behind the [[Anandpur Sahib Resolution]] that was adopted by the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] in 1973, which like several other of his pronouncements became a crucial enunciation of modern Sikh political formula and policy.<br />
<br />
A very stirring Sikh document of the modern period was the Presidential address given at the [[Hari Singh Nalwa]] conference convened at Ludhiana on 14 July, 1965, Although it was nowhere specified, that document as well as, all important Sikh political or intrinsically scholarly documents of that period bore the imprint of Kapur Singh's thinking, if not the ink of his pen. <br />
<br />
==Conference Resolution==<br />
In sonorous phrase, the conference resolution said:<br />
<br />
*1. This Conference in commemoration of General Hari Singh Nalwa of historical fame reminds all concerned that the Sikh people are makers of history and are conscious of their political destiny in a free India.<br />
<br />
*2. This Conference recalls that the Sikh people agreed to merge in a common Indian nationality on the explicit understanding of being accorded a constitutional status of cosharers in the community, which solemn understanding now stands cynically repudiated by the present rulers of India. Further, the Sikh people have been systematically reduced to a subpolitical status in their homeland, the Punjab, and to an insignificant position in their motherland, India. The Sikhs are in a position to establish before an impartial international tribunal, uninfluenced by the present Indian rulers, that the law, the judicial process, and the executive action of the state of India is consistently and heavily weighted against the Sikhs and is administered with unbandaged eyes against its Sikh citizens.<br />
<br />
*3. This Conference, therefore, resolves, after careful thought, that there is left no alternative for the Sikhs in the interest of self-preservation, but to frame their political demand for securing a self determined political status within the Republic of Union of India.<br />
<br />
The author's name is not mentioned here, but it is clearly the handiwork of Sirdar Kapur Singh. The Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee's publication at the time of the Nirarikari attack on the Sikhs is described thus:<br />
<br />
[http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/03/they-massacre-sikhs-report-by-sikh.html '''THEY MASSACRE SIKHS : A While Paper by the Sikh Religious Parliament (Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee)''']<br />
<br />
Sirdar Kapur Singh, besides being an extraordinarily learned man, was a prolific writer.<br />
<br />
==Prolific writer==<br />
<br />
In addition to his Parasharprashna, in English, which ranks as a classic on Sikh philosophy, his other works include Hashish (Punjabi poems), Saptasring (Punjabi biographies), Baku Visthaar (Punjabi essays), Pundreek (Punjabi essays on culture and religion), [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/03/mansur-al-hallaj-sirdar-kapur-singh.html '''Mansur alHallaj'''] (monograph on a Sufi saint), [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2013/12/sachi-sakhi-1972-edition-sirdar-kapur.html '''Sachi Sakhi'''] (memoirs), Sacred Writings of the Sikhs (a UNESCO publication) '''Read Online''' [http://www.scribd.com/doc/25296894/Selections-From-the-Sacred-Writings-of-the-Sikhs-Unesco-Collection-of-Representative-Works-Indian-Series Selections From the Sacred Writings of the Sikhs Unesco Collection of Representative Works], Me Judice (English miscellany), Sikhism for Modern Man, [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/06/contributions-of-guru-nanak-by-s-kapur.html '''Contributions of Guru Nanak'''], The Hour of Sword, and Guru Arjun and His Sukhmani.<br />
<br />
==Transition==<br />
Sirdar Kapur Singh died after a protracted illness at his village home in Jagraori in Ludhiana district on 13 August 1986.<br />
<br />
==Address to the Indian Parliament, 6 September, I966==<br />
See [[Betrayal of the Sikhs]], the minutes of the Indian Parliament, 6 September, I966, featuring Sardar Kapur Singh's address to the Indian Parliament. <br />
== List of Writings ==<br />
'''I) BOOKS<br />
<br />
'''A) PUNJABI BOOKS'''<br />
<br />
'''1) Title:'''''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/12/sachi-sakhi-1972-edition-sirdar-kapur.html Sachi Sakhi (1972 Edition)]<br />
<br />
Publisher: Raj Roop Prakashan, Jalandhar.<br />
Pages: 176.<br />
<br />
* '''[http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2015/04/sachi-sakhi-book-review-by-dr-attar.html Sachi Sakhi book review by Dr. Attar Singh] <br />
'''<br />
<br />
'''2)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/09/sachi-sakhi-1979-edition-sirdar-kapur.html ਸਾਚੀ ਸਾਖੀ [ ਵਿਸਤ੍ਰਤ <nowiki>]</nowiki> - ਭਾਈ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਸਿਰਦਾਰ ਕਪੂਰ ਸਿੰਘ; [੧੯੭੯<nowiki>]</nowiki>] <br />
<br />
'''3) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/08/ik-sikh-da-budh-nu-parnam-sirdar-kapur.html Ik Sikh Da Budh Nu Parnam - Sirdar Kapur Singh]<br />
<br />
Publisher: Indian Buddhist Society Canada and Punjabi Adbi Sangat Literary Society of Canada.<br />
Pages: 131.<br />
<br />
'''4) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/01/sirdar-jaiteg-singh-anant-ed.html Sirdar - Jaiteg Singh Anant (Ed.)]<br />
<br />
Publisher: Haridarshan International Memorial Trust, Chandigarh.<br />
Pages: 205.<br />
<br />
'''5) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/05/panchnad-sirdar-kapur-singh.html PanchNad - Jaiteg Singh Anant (Ed.)]<br />
<br />
Publisher: Haridarshan International Memorial Trust, Chandigarh.<br />
Pages: 172.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''B) ENGLISH BOOKS'''<br />
<br />
'''1) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/03/sikhism-oecumenical-religion-sirdar.html Sikhism - An Oecumenical Religion]<br />
<br />
Publisher: Institute of Sikh Studies, Chandigarh.<br />
Pages: 85.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''II) ARTICLES'''<br />
<br />
'''A) PUNJABI ARTICLES'''<br />
<br />
'''1)''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/10/dashmesh-ji-da-jalaali-roop-sirdar.html Dashmesh ji da jalaali roop]<br />
<br />
'''[http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/10/dashmesh-ji-da-jalaali-roop-hindi.html Hindi version of the article is available at:-]'''<br />
<br />
'''2)''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2016/05/dasam-patshah-di-vaisakhi-sirdar-kapur.html Dasam Patshah di Vaisakhi]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''B) ENGLISH ARTICLES'''<br />
<br />
'''1) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/07/spiritual-goal-and-sikh-identity-sirdar.html Spiritual Goal and Sikh Identity.]<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review, <br />
<br />
'''2) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/01/these-havan-kunds-sirdar-kapur-singh.html These Havan Kunds]<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review, October 1968.<br />
<br />
'''3) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/10/the-sikh-martys-of-western-punjab.html The Sikh Martys of Western Punjab]<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review, May 1962.<br />
Pages: 2<br />
<br />
'''4) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/05/guru-arjan-martyred-by-shamanistic-law_28.html Guru Arjan Martyred by Shamanistic Law]<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review, June 1955.<br />
Pages:14<br />
<br />
'''* This article was reprinted in The Sikh Review June 1979, pp 13-23.'''<br />
<br />
'''5) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/03/the-dawn-of-new-faith-sirdar-kapur-singh.html The Dawn of a New Faith]<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review, April 1955.<br />
Pages:15<br />
<br />
'''6) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2016/08/a-review-of-our-present-situation.html A Review of Our Present Situation]<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review, October 1956.<br />
Pages: 2.<br />
<br />
'''7) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/01/ardas-or-sikh-congregational-prayer.html Ardas or The Sikh Congregational Prayer]<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review December 1957.<br />
Pages: 6.<br />
<br />
'''8) Title: [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/11/who-killed-guru-tegh-bahadur-sirdar.html Who Killed Guru Tegh Bahadur?]'''<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review January 1976.<br />
Pages: 12.<br />
<br />
'''9) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-central-message-of-guru-nanak.html The Central Message of Guru Nanak - Sirdar Kapur Singh]''' <br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review Vol. 09 No. 099 November 1961.<br />
Pages: 2.<br />
<br />
'''10) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/guru-nanak-and-civil-servant-sirdar.html Guru Nanak and the civil servant - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review Vol. 20 No. 219 February 1972.<br />
Pages: 7.<br />
<br />
'''11) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-region-of-grace-sirdar-kapur-singh.html The Region of Grace - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review Vol. 22 No. 245 May 1974.<br />
Pages: 10.<br />
<br />
'''12) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/guru-nanak-founder-of-world-religion.html Guru Nanak the founder of a world religion - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review Vol. 29 No. 328 April 1981.<br />
Pages: 6.<br />
<br />
'''13) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-japu-of-guru-nanak-sirdar-kapur.html The Japu of Guru Nanak - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
Publisher: The Sikh Review Vol. 07 No. 072 August 1959.<br />
Pages: 3.<br />
<br />
'''14) [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/guru-nanaks-concept-of-nature-sirdar.html Guru Nanak's Concept of Nature - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
Title: Perspectives On Guru Nanak<br />
Pages: 12.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''C) ENGLISH FOREWORDS'''<br />
<br />
'''1) [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2016/01/the-essentials-of-sikhism-sirdar-kapur.html Sri Guru Granth Sahib (English translation) Vol 2. - Dr. Gopal Singh]'''<br />
<br />
'''2) [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/07/gandhi-and-sikhs-adv-gurmit-singh.html gandhi and the Sikhs - Adv. Gurmit Singh]'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''III) TRACTS'''<br />
<br />
'''A) PUNJABI TRACTS'''<br />
<br />
'''1) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/06/guru-nanak-dev-di-pad-padvi-sirdar.html Guru Nanak Dev di Pad Padvi]<br />
<br />
Publisher: Guru Nanak Dev Mission Patiala, Tract No. 407. <br />
Lecture delivered on November 11, 1969.<br />
Pages: 27.<br />
<br />
'''2) [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/10/sirdar-kapur-singh-dey-chonvey-lekh.html Sirdar Kapur Singh dey Chonvey Lekh]'''<br />
<br />
'''3) Title: [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/11/navam-tey-dasam-patshah-dey-malwey-dey.html Navam tey Dasam Patshah dey Malwey dey Safran di Sakhi Pothi utey Ik Panchi Drishti - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
Publisher: SGPC, Amritsar.<br />
<br />
Pages: 41.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''B) ENGLISH TRACTS'''<br />
<br />
'''1) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/03/they-massacre-sikhs-report-by-sikh.html They Massacre Sikhs - A report by Sikh Parliament SGPC]<br />
<br />
Publisher: SGPC, Amritsar, 1978.<br />
Pages: 40.<br />
<br />
'''2) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/03/mansur-al-hallaj-sirdar-kapur-singh.html Mansur Al-Hallaj]<br />
<br />
Publisher: Punjabi University, Patiala, 1970.<br />
Pages: 25.<br />
<br />
'''3) Title:''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/06/contributions-of-guru-nanak-by-s-kapur.html Contributions Of Guru Nanak]<br />
<br />
Publisher: Punjab University, Chandigarh, 1975-76.<br />
Pages: 25.<br />
<br />
'''4) [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/11/guru-nanak-his-status-and-salience.html Guru Nanak His Status and Salience - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
The paper "Guru Nanak His Status and Salience" was read by Sirdar Kapur Singh on 30th November, 1977, at the Khalsa College, Amritsar. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''On Sirdar Kapur Singh'''<br />
<br />
'''1)''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/10/kapur-singh-philosopher-and-scholar.html Kapur Singh Philosopher And Scholar - Beacon Light Of Sikh Doctrines And Polity]<br />
<br />
'''2)''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2016/03/sirdar-kapur-singh-di-chintan-drishti.html Sirdar Kapur Singh Di Chintan Drishti - Dr. Manjinder Singh]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sikh Scholars]]<br />
[[category:bhai]]</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Guru_Gobind_Singh&diff=118077Guru Gobind Singh2020-08-31T21:11:40Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* Suggested Reading */</p>
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{{infobox Guru<br />
|Image name = Guru Gobind Singh Sahib Ji (1667-1708).jpg<br />
|Subject Name = Guru Gobind Singh<br><br>(1667 to 1708)<br />
|Name = Gobind Rai<br />
|Birth = [[Friday]], [[January 5]], [[1667]] in [[Patna]], Bihar, India<br />
|Parents = [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] & [[Mata Gujri]]<br />
|brosis = -N.A-<br />
|Spouse = [[Mata Jeeto]], [[Mata Sundri]], and [[Mata Sahib Kaur]].<br />
|Children = [[Sahibzada Zorawar Singh |Zorawar Singh]], [[Sahibzada Ajit Singh|Ajit Singh]], [[Sahibzada Jujhar Singh|Jujha Singh]], [[Sahibzada Fateh Singh|Fateh Singh]]<br />
|Guruship = 1675 to 1708<br />
|Bani in GGS = Recomposed the Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji at Damdama Sahib in 1706<br />
|Died = [[Thursday]], [[21 October]], [[1708]] at [[Nanded]]<br />
|Other Info = Wrote [[Dasam Granth]] and [[Sarabloh Granth]]<br> Creation of [[Khalsa Panth]]<br>Fought wars of defense for righteousness<br />
}}<br />
'''Guru Gobind Singh Ji''' ([[Gurmukhi]]: [[Guru|ਗੁਰੂ]] [[Gobind Singh|ਗੋਬਿੰਦ ਸਿੰਘ]]) ([[January 5]], [[1667]]<sup>[[Nanakshahi#Nanakshahi_Calendar|1]]</sup> - [[21 October]], [[1708]]), born "Gobind Rai" at [[Patna, India|Patna Sahib]], [[Bihar (India)|Bihar]], [[India]], was the tenth and last of the [[ten Gurus|human form Gurus]] of Sikhism. He became Guru on [[November 24]], [[1675]] at the age of nine, following the [[Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur|martyrdom]] of his father, the ninth Guru, [[Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji]]. <br />
<br />
A divine messenger, a warrior, a poet, and a philosopher, Guru Gobind Singh Ji molded the [[Sikh]] religion into its present shape, with the institution of the [[Khalsa]] fraternity, and the completion of the sacred scripture, the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] Ji, in the final form that we find today. Before leaving his mortal body in 1708, Guru Gobind Singh decreed the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] Ji as the next and [[perpetual Guru of the Sikhs]]. <br />
<br />
It may not be out of context to consider that throughout the chronicles of human history, there has been no individual who lived a life more inspirational than Guru Gobind Singh Ji. He is variously revered as ''Sarbans Dani'' (the merciful donor, who sacrificed his all), ''Mard Agamra'' (man without any parallels), ''Shah-e-Shahenshah'' (emperor of emperors), ''Bar do Alam Shah'' (ruler of both worlds), amongst others. <br />
<br />
<blockquote><br />
'''''"If we consider the work which (Guru) Gobind (Singh) accomplished, both in reforming his religion and instituting a new code of law for his followers, his personal bravery under all circumstances; his persevering endurance amidst difficulties, which would have disheartened others and overwhelmed them in inextricable distress, and lastly his final victory over his powerful enemies by the very men who had previously forsaken him, we need not be surprised that the Sikhs venerate his memory. He was undoubtedly a great man."''''' <small> (W, L. McGregor)</small><br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
It is said that after the martyrdom of his father, [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]], the tenth Master declared that he would create such a Panth (community/society), which would challenge the tyrant rulers in every walk of life to restore justice, equality and peace for all of mankind. Via institution of the [[Khalsa]] in 1699, Guru Gobind Singh Ji infused the dual spirit of a saint and a soldier in the minds and hearts of his followers to fight oppression in order to restore righteousness (Dharma) and to uplift the down-trodden people in this world. <br />
<br />
As a prophet, the Guru is unique. His teachings are very scientific and most suitable for all times. Unlike many other prophets he never called himself God or 'the only son of God.' Instead he called all people the sons of God sharing His Kingdom equally. For himself he used the word 'slave' or servant of God. <br />
<br />
<blockquote><br />
'''"Those who call me God, will fall into the deep pit of hell. <br />
Regard me as one of his slaves and have no doubt whatever about it. <br />
I am a servant of the Supreme Being; <br />
and have come to behold the wonderful drama of life."'''<br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
'''Extracts from Guru Gobind Singh's writings''';<br />
<br />
<blockquote><br />
<b><i><br />
"God has no marks, no colour, no caste, and no ancestors, <br />
No form, no complexion, no outline, no costume and is indescribable. <br><br />
He is fearless, luminous and measureless in might.<br />
He is the king of kings, the Lord of the prophets. <br><br />
He is the sovereign of the universe, gods, men and demons.<br />
The woods and dales sing the indescribable. <br><br />
O Lord, none can tell Thy names. The wise count your blessings to coin your names." <small>([[Jaap Sahib]])</small><br />
</i></b><br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
== Birth of a Star ==<br />
{{Tocr}}<br />
[[Image:Early life of guru gobind singh.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Birth of Guru Gobind Singh]]<br />
<br />
A splendid Divine Light shone in the darkness of the night. [[Pir Bhikan Shah]] a Muslim mystic performed his prayers in that Easterly direction (instead of towards the West, contrary to his daily practice), and guided by this Divine Light, he travelled with a group of his followers until he reached [[Patna Sahib]] in [[Bihar]]. <br />
<br />
It was here that '''Gobind Rai''' was born to [[Mata Gujri]] in 1666. It is said that [[Pir Bhikan Shah]] approached the child and offered two bowls of milk and water, signifying both the great religions of [[Hindu]]ism and [[Islam]]. The child smiled and placed his hands on both bowls. The Pir bowed in utter humility and reverence to the new Prophet of all humanity. <br />
<br />
Gobind Rai was born with a holy mission of which he tells us in his autobiography '''“Bachitar Natak”''' (Wonderous Drama). In it Guru Ji tells us how and for what purpose he was sent into this world by God. He states that before he came into this world , as a free spirit he was engaged in meditation in the seven peaked Hemkunt mountain. Having merged with God and having become One with the Unmanifest and the Infinite, God commanded him: <br />
<br />
<blockquote><br />
<b>“I have cherished thee as my Son, and created thee to establish a religion and restrain the world from senseless acts. I stood up, folded my hands, bowed my head and replied,‘Thy religion will prevail in all the world, when it has Thy support’.” </b><br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
Guru Ji describes the purpose of his coming to this world and why he emerged from the Supreme Reality in human form to carry out his Creator’s command : <br />
<br />
<blockquote><br />
<b>“For this purpose was I born, let all virtuous people understand. I was born to advance righteousness, to emancipate the good, and to destroy all evil-doers root and branch.” </b><br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
==Early Life==<br />
<br />
Gobind Rai's father, [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]], the Ninth Guru, was then travelling across Bengal and Assam. Returning to Patna in 1670, he directed his family to return to the [[Punjab]]. On the site of the house at [[Patna]] in which Gobind Rai was born and where he spent his early childhood now stands a sacred shrine, Sri [[Patna Sahib Gurdwara]], Bihar. <br />
<br />
Gobind Rai was escorted to [[Anandpur]] (then known as Chakk Nanaki) on the foothills of the Sivaliks where he reached in March 1672 and where his early education included reading and writing of Punjabi, Braj, Sanskrit and Persian. He was barely nine years of age when a sudden turn came in his life as well as in the life of the community he was destined to lead.<br />
<br />
==Kashmiri Brahmins come to Anandpur==<br />
<br />
Early in 1675, a group of Kashmiri brahmins under the leadership of Pandit Kirpa Ram, mad in desperation by the religious fanaticism of the Mughals General, Iftikar Khan, (he had threatened them with forced conversion to Islam) visited Anandpur to seek Guru Tegh Bahadur's advice. Aurangzeb had ordered the forced conversion of all Hindus and thought that if the respected Kashmiri brahmans accepted Islam, others in the country would be easily converted. They had been given six months to decide or suffer the consequences. Time was running out! <br />
<br />
As the Guru sat reflecting what to do, young Gobind Rai, arriving there in company with his playmates, asked why he looked so preoccupied. The father, as records Kuir Singh in his Gurbilas Patshahi 10, replied, ''"Grave are the burdens the earth bears. She will be redeemed only if a truly worthy person comes forward to lay down his head. Distress will then be expunged and happiness ushered in."''<br />
<br />
''"None could be worthier than you to make such a sacrifice,"'' remarked Gobind Rai in his innocent manner. <br />
<br />
[[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] advised the brahmins to return to their village and tell the authorities that they would accept [[Islam]] if [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] could first be persuaded to do so. <br />
<br />
==Father Guru's martyrdom==<br />
[[Image:GGS-web-gradient R.jpg|thumb|300px|left|{{cs|'''Guru Gobind Singh}}]]<br />
{{main|Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur}}<br />
<br />
Soon afterwards the Guru with a few followers proceeded to the imperial capital, [[Delhi]]. After watching the tortured deaths of three of his followers he, as well, refused to convert and was beheaded on November 11, 1675. The 13 year old Gobind Rai, ordained as the next Guru before his father departed [[Anandpur]], was formally installed as [[Guru Gobind Singh]] on the Baisakhi day of March 1676. In the midst of his engagement with the concerns of the community, he gave attention to the mastery of physical skills and literary accomplishment. He had grown into a comely youth spare, lithe of limb and energetic.<br />
<br />
He had a natural genius for poetic composition and his early years were assiduously given to this pursuit. The Var Sri Bhagauti Ji Ki, popularly called Chandi di Var. written in 1684, was his first composition and his only major work in the Punjabi language. The poem depicted the legendary contest between the gods and the demons as described in the Markandeya Purana. The choice of a warlike theme for this and a number of his later compositions such as the two Chandi Charitras, mostly in Braj, was made to infuse martial spirit among his followers to prepare them to stand up against injustice and tyranny.<br />
<br />
For the first 20 years or so of his life, Guru Gobind Singh lived peacefully at [[Anandpur]] practicing arms and exercises to complete his training as a soldier. He also studied Persian and Sanskrit and engaged 52 poets to translate the Hindu epics. Stories of ancient heroes were translated into Punjabi in order to create the martial spirit among the Sikhs. The Guru also wrote several compositions including [[Jaap Sahib]], [[Akal Ustat]] and Sawayas during this period. He also established a Gurdwara at [[Paonta Sahib]] on the banks of the river Jamna.<br />
<br />
==Stay at Paonta Sahib==<br />
<br />
Much of Guru Gobind Singh's creative literary work was done at Paonta he had founded on the banks of the River Yamuna and to which site he had temporarily shifted in April 1685. Poetry as such was, however, not his aim. For him it was a means of revealing the divine principle and concretizing a personal vision of the Supreme Being that had been vouchsafed to him. His Jap Sahib, Swayas and the composition known as Akal Ustat are in this tenor. <br />
<br />
Through his poetry he preached love and equality and a strictly ethical and moral code of conduct. He preached the worship of the One Supreme Being, deprecating idolatry and superstitious beliefs and observances. The glorification of the sword itself which he eulogized as Bhagauti was to secure fulfilment of God's justice. The sword was never meant as a symbol of aggression, and it was never to be used for self-aggrandizement. It was the emblem of manliness and self-respect and was to be used only in self-defence, as a last resort. For Guru Gobind Singh said in a Persian couplet in his [[Zafarnamah]]:<br />
<br />
:"When all other means have failed, It is but lawful to take to the sword." (verse 22)<br />
<br />
[[File:Guru gobind singh ji|thumb]]<br />
==Martial training==<br />
<br />
During his stay at [[Paonta]], Guru Gobind Singh availed himself of his spare time to practice different forms of manly exercises, such as riding, swimming and archery. His increasing influence among the people and the martial exercises of his men excited the jealousy of the neighbouring Rajput hill rulers who led by Raja Fateh Chand of Garhwal collected a host to attack him. <br />
<br />
But they were worsted in an action at Bhangam, about 10 km north-east of Paonta, in September 1688. Soon thereafter Guru Gobind Singh left Paonta Sahib and returned to Anandpur. The Guru and his Sikhs were involved in a battle with a Mughal commander, Alif Khan, at Nadaur on the left bank of the Beas, about 30 km south-east of Kangra, in March 1691.<br />
<br />
Describing the battle in stirring verse in Bachitra Natak, he said that Alif Khan fled in utter disarray "without being able to give any attention to his camp." Among several other battles that<br />
occurred was the Husain battle (20 February 1696) fought against Husain Khan, an imperial general, which resulted in a decisive victory for the Sikhs. <br />
<br />
Following the appointment in 1694 of the liberal Prince Muazzam (later Emperor Bahadur Shah) as viceroy of north-western region including Punjab, there was however a brief respite from pressure from the ruling authority. In Sambat 1756 (1699 A.D), Guru Gobind Singh issued directions to Sikh sangats or communities in different parts not to acknowledge [[masand]]s, the local ministers, against whom he had heard complaints. He asked the Sikhs to send their offerings directly to Anandpur.<br />
<br />
==Battle of Bhangani==<br />
<br />
{{Main|Battle of Bhangani}}<br />
<br />
The Guru admonished hill Rajas including Raja Bhim Chand for giving their daughters to the Moghuls as tribute for holding their positions. His efforts at winning their support against Aurangzeb bore no fruit. On the contrary, the hill Rajas conspired with the Moghul armies to put down the power of Guru Gobind singh. They however faced defeat several times at the hands of the comparatively small Sikh Army.<br />
See [http://www.info-sikh.com/PageG3.html www.info-sikh.com] for more details<br />
<br />
==Battle of Nadaun (Hussaini Yudh)==<br />
<br />
==The Masands==<br />
<br />
The Guru received various complaints against the priests, masands who robbed the poor Sikhs and misappropriated the collections. Guru Sahib abolished this order and severly punished the miscreants. Hereafter, the faithful were to bring their offerings directly to the Guru at the time of the annual Vaisakhi fair.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
The Guru wanted to create a strong self-respecting community. He inspired the Sikhs with courage and heroism and a life of simplicity and hard work. He started an arms factory at Anandpur in order to manufacture swords and lances needed for his soldiers. Once when the Brahmins insisted that he should offer worship to goddess Durga in order to seal victory, he agreed and kept up the farce till nothing came out of it. At the crucial moment, the Guru unsheathed his sword exclaiming, “The sword is the Durga which will give us victory over our enemies.<br />
<br />
<br />
Sikhs, he instructed, should come to Anandpur straight without any intermediaries. The [[Guru]] thus established direct relationship with his Sikhs. The institution of the [[Khalsa]] was given concrete form on 30 March 1699 when Sikhs had gathered at [[Anandpur]] in large numbers for the annual festival of Baisakhi.<br />
<br />
== Creation of the Khalsa ==<br />
[[Image:AmritSanskar-AW.jpg|thumb|350px|right|The Amrit Sanskar Ceremony]]<br />
<br />
An open air diwan was held in [[Kesgarh Sahib]] at [[Anandpur]]. The Guru drew his sword and in a thundering voice said, "I want one head, is there any one who can offer me?"<br />
<br />
This most unusual call caused some terror in the gathering and the people were stunned. There was dead silence. The Guru made a second call. Nobody came forward. There was still more silence. On the third call there raised '''Daya Ram''', a khatri of [[Lahore]] who said, ''"O true king, my head is at your service."'' <br />
<br />
The Guru took Daya Ram by the arm and led him inside a tent. A blow and thud were heard. Then the Guru, with his sword dripping with blood, came out and said, ''"I want another head, is there anyone who can offer?"'' Again on third call '''Dharam Das''', a Jat from [[Delhi]] came forward and said, ''"O true king! My head is at thy disposal."'' <br />
<br />
The Guru took Dharam Das inside the tent, again a blow and thud were heard, and he came out with his sword dripping with blood and repeated, ''"I want another head, is there any beloved Sikh who can offer it?"''<br />
<br />
Upon this some people in the assembly remarked that the Guru had lost all reason and went to his mother to complain. <br />
<br />
'''Mohkam Chand''', a calico priner/tailor of Dwarka (west coast of India) offered himself as a sacrifice. The Guru took him inside the tent and went through the same process. When he came out, he made a call for the fourth head. The Sikhs began to think that he was going to kill all of them. <br />
<br />
Some of them ran away and the others hung their heads down in disbelief. '''Himmat Chand''', a cook of Jagan Nath Puri, offered himself as a fourth sacrifice. Then the Guru made a fifth and the last call for a fifth head. '''Sahib Chand''', a barber of Bidar (in central India), came forward and the Guru took him inside the tent. A blow and thud were heard.<br />
<br />
The last time he stayed longer in the tent. People began to breathe with relief. They thought may be the Guru has realised "his mistake" and has now stopped. <br />
<br />
==The panj pyare==<br />
<br />
{{Main|Panj Piare}}<br />
<br />
The Guru now clad his five volunteers in splendid garments. They had offered their heads to the Guru, and the Guru had now given them himself and his glory. When they were brought outside, they were in the most radiant form. There were exclamations of wonder and the sighs of regret on all sides. Now people were sorry for not offering their heads.<br />
<br />
Since the time of [[Guru Nanak]], Charan Pauhal had been the customary form of initiation. People were to drink the holy water which had been touched or washed by the Guru's toe or feet. The Guru proceeded to initiate them to his new order (Khande di Pauhal) by asking the five faithful Sikhs to stand up. <br />
<br />
He put pure water into an iron vessel or Bowl (Batta of Sarbloh) and stirred it with a [[Khanda]] (two edged small sword). While stirring the water with Khanda, he recited [[Gurbani]] (Five Banis- [[Japji]], [[Jaap Sahib]], [[Anand Sahib]], [[Swayas]], and [[Chaupai]]). Sugar crystals called 'Patasas' which incidently the Guru's wife, [[Mata Sahib Kaur]], had brought at that moment, were mixed in the water.<br />
<br />
==Amrit Sanchar==<br />
<br />
{{Main|Amrit Sanchar}}<br />
<br />
The Guru then stood up with the sacred [[Amrit]] (nectar) prepared in the iron bowl. Each of the five faithful, by turn, each kneeling upon his left knee, looked up to the Master to receive the divine amrit. He gave five palmfuls of Amrit to each of them to drink and sprinkled it five times in the eyes, asking them to repeat aloud with each sprinkle, ''"Waheguru Ji ka Khalsa, Waheguru Ji Ki Fateh."'' (This means: Khalsa belongs to God and all triumph be to His Name) Then he anointed with five sprinkles in the hair. <br />
<br />
In this way Amrit was administered to the five faithful from the same bowl. After that he asked them to sip Amrit from the same bowl to signify their initiation into the casteless fraternity of the [[Khalsa]]. All the five faithful were baptized in this way by the Guru who then called them the 'PANJ PYARE' or Five Beloved Ones. <br />
<br />
He gave them the appellation of SINGHS (Lions) and they were named from Daya Ram to Daya Singh, Dharam Das to Dharam Singh, Mohkam Chand to Mohkam Singh, Himmat Chand to Himmat Singh, and Sahib Chand to Sahib Singh. The Guru then addressed them as the supreme, the liberated ones, pure ones and he called them THE KHALSA.<br />
<br />
<br />
He then ordained them to do the following:<br />
<br />
'''I.''' First they must wear the following articles whose names begin with 'K':<br />
<br />
==The 5Ks==<br />
<br />
{{Main|5Ks}}<br />
<br />
*1. '''[[Kesh]]''' - unshorn hair. This represents the natural appearance of sainthood. This is the first token of Sikh faith.<br />
<br />
*2. '''[[Kanga]]'''- A comb to clean the hair.<br />
<br />
*3. '''[[Kachha]]''' - An underwear to indicate virtuous character.<br />
<br />
*4. '''[[Kara]]''' - A Iron bracelet on the wrist, a symbol of dedication to the Divine Bridegroom.<br />
<br />
*5. '''[[Kirpan]]''' - A sword symbolising dignity, power and unconquerable spirit.<br />
<br />
'''II.''' They must observe the following guidelines:<br />
<br />
*1. Not to remove hair from the body.<br />
<br />
*2. Not to use Tobacco or other intoxicants (alcohol).<br />
<br />
*3. Not to eat or touch Kuttha (Halal or Kosher) meat of an animal (see Hukamnama by Sri Guru Gobind Singh ji to the Sikhs of Kabul).<br />
<br />
*4. Not to commit adultery- 'Par nari ki sej, bhul supne hun na jayo' (never enjoy, even in dream, the bed of a woman other than your own wife) (A supplementary ordinance was issued that any one who did not observe any of the four directives, must be re- baptized, pay a fine, and promise not to offend any more; or he must be excommunicated from the Khalsa).<br />
<br />
'''III.''' They must rise at dawn, bathe, meditate on Gurmantar-'Waheguru', Moolmantar- the preamble of Japji, and recite five banis- Japji, Jap Sahib and Swayas in the morning; Rehras in the evening; and Kirtan Sohela at bed time at night.<br />
<br />
'''IV.''' They must not worship idols, cemeteries, or cremation grounds, and must believe only in One Immortal God. The Guru further spelled out that they should practice arms, and never show their backs to the foe in the battle field. They should always be ready to help the poor and protect those who sought their protection. They were to consider their previous castes erased, and deem themselves all brothers of one family. Sikhs were to intermarry among themselves. <br />
<br />
[[File:Waho waho guru gobind singh ji|thumb]]<br />
==Guru asks for Amrit==<br />
<br />
After the Guru had administered Amrit to his Five Beloved Ones, he stood up in supplication and with folded hands, begged them to baptize him in the same way as he had baptized them. He himself became their disciple (Wonderful is [[Guru Gobind Singh]], himself the Master and himself the disciple). <br />
<br />
The Five Beloved Ones were astonished at such a proposal, and represented their own unworthiness, and the greatness of the Guru, whom they deemed God's Vicar upon earth. They asked him why he made such a request and why he stood in a supplicant posture before them. He replied," I am the son of the Immortal God. It is by His order I have been born and have established this form of baptism. They who accept it shall henceforth be known as the '''KHALSA'''. <br />
<br />
The [[Khalsa]] is the Guru and the Guru is the Khalsa. There is no difference between you and me. As Guru Nanak seated Guru Angad on the throne, so have I made you also a Guru. Wherefore administer the baptismal nectar to me without any hesitation." Accordingly the Five Beloved Ones baptized the Guru with the same ceremonies and injunctions he himself had employed.<br />
<br />
==The rise of the Khalsa==<br />
<br />
The Guru was then named Gobind Singh instead of Gobind Rai. Guru Gobind Singh was the first one to take Amrit from the Khalsa, the Five Beloved Ones. About 80,000 men and women were baptized within a few days at Anandpur. '''"The creation of the Khalsa was the greatest work of the Guru. He created a type of superman, a universal man of God, casteless and country less. The Guru regarded himself as the servant of the Khalsa. He said, "To serve them pleases me the most; no other service is so dear to my soul." The Khalsa was the spearhead of resistance against tyranny."''' (Miss Pearl, S. Buck)<br />
<br />
The creation of the Khalsa created a sense of unity among the Sikhs and their supporters. This unity and the resulting perceived strength in the Sikhs did not go well with the local rulers. The continuous gatherings at [[Anandpur sahib]] and the presence of many thousands of the congregation, some armed with fierce weapons caused anguish with the surrounding hill Rajas. These developments most alarmed the caste ridden Rajput chiefs of the Sivalik hills. They perceived the Sikhs as lower caste beings who had posed no danger to their authority. However, the creation of the Khalsa changed that. Firstly, it disturbed their system of discrimination and division; secondly, they could see that the forces of the Guru were becoming dangerous in number and in armaments.<br />
<br />
==Siege of Anandpur==<br />
<br />
They hence rallied under the leadership of the Raja of Bilaspur, in whose territory lay [[Anandpur]], to forcibly evict [[Guru Gobind Singh]] from his hilly citadel. Their repeated expeditions during 1700-04 however proved abortive. The Khalsa forces were too strong to be dealt with by the hill Rajas. They at last petitioned Emperor Aurangzeb for help. In concert with contingents sent under imperial orders by the governor of Lahore and those of the faujdar of Sirhind, they marched upon Anandpur and laid a siege to the fort in May 1705. <br />
<br />
Over the months, the Guru and his Sikhs firmly withstood their successive assaults despite insufficient amounts of food resulting from the prolonged blockade. While the besieged (Sikhs) were reduced to desperate straits, the besiegers (governor of Lahore) too were exhausted at the courage of the Sikhs. At this stage the besiegers offered, on Oath (promise) of the Qur'an, safe exit to the Sikhs if they quit [[Anandpur]]. At last, the town was evacuated during a night of December 1705. But as the Guru and his Sikhs came out, the hill monarchs and their Mughal allies set upon them in full fury. <br />
<br />
==Sikhs "tricked" by the Mughals==<br />
<br />
In the ensuing confusion many Sikhs were killed and all of the Guru's baggage, including most of the precious manuscripts, was lost. The Guru himself was able to make his way to [[Chamkaur]], 40 km southwest of Anandpur, with barely 40 Sikhs and his two elder sons. There the imperial army, following closely on his heels, caught up with him. His two sons, Ajit Singh (born. 1687) and Jujhar Singh (born. 1691) and all but five of the Sikhs fell in the action that took place on 7 December 1705. The five surviving Sikhs commanded the Guru to save himself in order to reconsolidate the Khalsa.<br />
<br />
[[Guru Gobind Singh]] with three of his Sikhs escaped into the wilderness of the Malva, two of his Muslim devotees, Gani Khan and Nabi Khan, helping him at great personal risk. Guru Gobind Singh's two younger sons, Zorawar Singh (born. 1696), Fateh Singh (born.1699), and his mother, Mata Gujari Ji, also evacuated Anandpur but were betrayed by their old servant and escort, Gangu, to the faujdar of Sirhind, who had the young children executed on 13 December 1705. Their grandmother died the same day.<br />
<br />
==Guru escapes== <br />
<br />
Befriended by another Muslim admirer, Rai Kalha of Raikot,here Guru Gobind Singh gave his sword to Rai Kalha in gratitude for his kindness.(the sword is ingraved on both sides,on the right side is AKAL PURKH KI RACHCHIA HAM NE,SARAB LOH KI RACHCHIA HAM NE, EK ONKAR SATGUR PARSAD AUTAR KHAS PATSHAH 10. On the left side is,SARAB KAL KI RACHCHIA HAM NE, SARAB JIA KI RACHCHIA HAM NE.<br />
<br />
(The sword was taken from the Toshekhana of Maharaja Ranjit Singh on 1st may 1849, along with other arms ie:SHUMASHER WA SIPAR(sword and shield),DAE-I-AHINEE(an iron weapon),NEZA(a lance),CHUKKUR-I-AHINEE(a circular missile weapon of iron),SHUMSHER TEGHAH(a seimitar),KULGHEE-E-KUCH(a crest of glass in silver case),BURCHEE(a small spear),BURCHHA(a large spear), by the east india company. These relics were sent to England under the orders of Lord Dalhousie.)<br />
<br />
Guru Gobind Singh reached Dina in the heart of the Malva. There he enlisted a few hundred warriors of the Brar clan, and also composed his famous letter, Zafarnamah (the Epistle of Victory), in Persian verse, addressed to Emperor Aurangzeb. The letter was a severe indictment of the Emperor and his commanders who had broken their oath. They attacked Guru Gobind Singh once he was outside the safety of his fortification at Anandpur. Two of the Sikhs, Daya Singh and Dharam Singh, were despatched with the Zafarnamah to Ahmadnagar in the South to deliver it to Aurangzeb, then in camp in that town. From Dina, Guru Gobind Singh continued his westward march until, finding the host close upon his heels; he took position beside the water pool of Khidrana to make a last-ditch stand. <br />
<br />
==Brave Sikh women join fight==<br />
<br />
The fighting on 29 December 1705 was hard and desperate. In spite of their overwhelming numbers, the Mughal troops failed to capture the Guru and had to retire in defeat. The major part in this battle was played by a group of 40 Sikhs who had deserted the Guru at Anandpur during the long siege, but who, scolded by their wives at home, had come back under the leadership of a brave and devoted woman, Mai Bhago, to redeem themselves. They had fallen fighting desperately to check the enemy's advance towards the Guru's position. The Guru blessed the 40 dead as 40 mukte, i.e. the 40 Saved Ones. The site is now marked by a sacred shrine and tank and the town which has grown around them is called Muktsar, the Pool of Liberations.<br />
<br />
After spending some time in the Lakkhi Jungle country, Guru Gobind Singh arrived at Talvandi Sabo, now called Damdama Sahib, on 20 January 1706. During his stay there of over nine months, a number of Sikhs rejoined him. He prepared a fresh text of Sikh Scripture, the Guru Granth Sahib, with the celebrated scholar, Bhai Mani Singh, who wrote the Guru's bani. From the number of scholars who had rallied round Guru Gobind Singh and from the literary activity initiated, the place came to be known as the Guru's Kashi or seat of learning like Varanasi (A city of northeast-central India).<br />
<br />
==Zafarnamah bears result==<br />
<br />
The [[Zafarnamah]] sent by Guru Gobind Singh from Dina seems to have touched the heart of [[Emperor Aurungzeb]]. He forthwith invited him for a meeting. According to history, the Emperor had a letter written to the deputy governor of Lahore, Munim Khan, to conciliate the Guru and make the required arrangements for his journey to the Deccan. <br />
<br />
Guru Gobind Singh had, however, already left for the South on 30 October 1706. He was in the neighbourhood of Baghor, in [[Rajasthan]], when the news arrived of the death of the Emperor at Ahmadnagar on 20 February 1707. The Guru there upon decided to return to the [[Punjab]], via Shahjahanabad (Delhi). That was the time when the sons of the deceased Emperor were preparing to contest succession.<br />
<br />
==Guru helps Bahadur Shah==<br />
<br />
Guru Gobind Singh despatched for the help of the eldest claimant, the liberal Prince Muazzam, a token contingent of Sikhs which took part in the battle of Jajau (8 June 1707), decisively won by the Prince who ascended the throne with the title of Bahadur Shah. The new Emperor invited Guru Gobind Singh for a meeting which took place at Agra on 23 July 1707.<br />
<br />
Emperor Bahadur Shah had at this time to move against the Kachhvaha Rajputs of Amber (Jaipur) and then to the Deccan where his youngest brother, Kam Baksh, had raised the standard of revolt. The Guru accompanied him and, as history says, he addressed assemblies of people on the way preaching the word of Guru Nanak. The two camps crossed the River Tapti in June 1708 and the Ban-Ganga in August, arriving at Nanded, on the Godavari, towards the end of August. <br />
<br />
While Bahadur Shah proceeded further South, Guru Gobind Singh decided to stay awhile at Nanded. Here he met a Bairagi (a person who withdraws from the world), Madho Das, whom he blessed into a Sikh with the vows of the Khalsa, renaming him Gurbakhsh Singh (popular name Banda Singh). Guru Gobind Singh gave Banda Singh five arrows from his own quiver and an escort, including five of his chosen Sikhs, and directed him to go to the Punjab and carry on the campaign against the tyranny of the provincial overlords.<br />
<br />
==Plan to assassinate the Guru==<br />
<br />
Nawab Wazir Khan of Sirhind had felt concerned at the Emperor's conciliatory treatment of Guru Gobind Singh. Their marching together to the South made him jealous, and he ordered two of his trusted men with murdering the Guru before his increasing friendship with the Emperor resulted in any harm to him. <br />
<br />
These two pathans Jamshed Khan and Wasil Beg are the names given in the Guru Kian Sakhian pursued the Guru secretly and overtook him at Nanded, where, according to Sri Gur Sobha by Senapati, a contemporary writer, one of them stabbed the Guru in the left side below the heart as he lay one evening in his chamber resting after the Rahras prayer. Before he could deal another blow, Guru Gobind Singh struck him down with his sabre, while his fleeing companion fell under the swords of Sikhs who had rushed in on hearing the noise. As the news reached Bahadar Shah's camp, he sent expert surgeons, to attend to the Guru. <br />
<br />
==Guru recovers but mission is at an end==<br />
<br />
The Guru's wound was immediately stitched by the Emperor's European surgeon and within a few days it appeared to have been healed. The injury had been contained and the Guru had made a good recovery. However, several days later, when the Guru tugged at a hard strong bow, the imperfectly healed wound burst open and caused profuse bleeding. It was again treated but it was now clear to the Guru that the call of the Father from Heaven had come. He prepared the sangat for his departure; instruction were given to the immediate main [[Sewadar]]s and finally he gave his last and enduring message of his mission to the assembly of the Khalsa. <br />
<br />
He then opened the Granth Sahib, placed five paise and solemnly bowed to it as his successor, GURU GRANTH SAHIB. Saying 'Waheguru ji ka Khalsa, Waheguru ji ki Fateh', he walked around the Guru Granth Sahib and proclaimed, ''"O beloved Khalsa, let him who desireth to behold me, behold the Guru Granth. Obey the Granth Sahib. It is the visible body of the Gurus. And let him who desires to meet me, search me in the hymns."'' <br />
<br />
He then sang his self-composed hymn:<br />
<b>''"Agya bhai Akal ki tabhi chalayo Panth Sabh Sikhan ko hukam hai Guru manyo Granth<br />
Guru Granth Ji manyo pargat Guran ki deh Jo Prabhu ko milbo chahe khoj shabad mein le<br />
Raj karega Khalsa aqi rahei na koe Khwar hoe sabh milange bache sharan jo hoe."''</b><br />
<br />
Translation of the above:<br />
<br />
"Under orders of the Immortal Being, the Panth was created. All the Sikhs are enjoined to accept the Granth as their Guru. Consider the Guru Granth as embodiment of the Gurus. Those who want to meet God, can find Him in its hymns. The Khalsa shall rule, and its opponents will be no more, Those separated will unite and all the devotees shall be saved."<br />
<br />
==Guru Granth Sahib becomes Guru==<br />
<br />
He, in grateful acknowledgement of the spiritual benefactions of the founder of his religion, uttered a Persian distich, the translation of which is:<br />
<br />
'''"Gobind Singh obtained from Guru Nanak Hospitality, the sword, victory, and prompt assistance."'''<br />
<br />
(These lines were impressed on a seal made by the Sikhs after the Guru left for his heavenly abode, and were adopted by Ranjit Singh for his coinage after he had assumed the title of Maharaja in the Punjab)<br />
<br />
The Guru then left for his heavenly abode. The Sikhs made preparations for his final rites as he had instructed them, the Sohila was chanted and Parsahd (sacred food) was distributed. While all were mourning the loss, a Sikh arrived and said," You suppose that the Guru is dead. I met him this very morning riding his bay horse. After bowing to him, I asked where he was going. He smiled and replied that he was going to the forest." The Sikhs who heard this statement arrived at the conclusion that it was all the Guru's play, that he dwelt in uninterrupted bliss, that he showed himself wherever he was remembered. He who treasures even a grain of the Lord's love in his heart, is the blessed one and the Guru reveals himself to such a devotee in mysterious ways.<br />
<br />
Wherefore for such a Guru who had departed bodily to Heaven, there ought to be no mourning. The Word as contained in the Guru Granth Sahib was henceforth, and for all time to come to be the Guru for the Sikhs. <br />
<br />
<br />
Above article adapted from: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/saadh_sangat/<br />
<br />
== Guru's Bani ==<br />
<br />
{{Main|Bani of Guru Gobind Singh}}<br />
<br />
<b> <i><br />
<br />
"Without the support of the One Name, Consider all religious ceremonies superstitions." <br><br />
<br><br />
"Karta (The Creator) and Karim (The beneficient) are the names of the same God. <br><br />
Razak (The provider) and Rahim (The merciful) are also the names given to Him. <br><br />
Let no man in his error wrangle over differences in names. <br><br />
Worship the One God who is the Lord of all. Know that his form is one and He is the One light diffused in all." <br><br />
<br />
<br />
"The Khalsa is my own image. I shall always manifest myself in the Khalsa. <br><br />
The Khalsa is my body and soul; The Khalsa is the life of my life. <br><br />
The Khalsa is my perfect leader. The Khalsa is my brave friend. <br><br />
I say nothing untrue and to this; Guru Nanak, united with God, is my witness." <br><br />
<br><br />
"Why impress false religion on the world? It will be of no service to it. <br><br />
Why run about for the sake of wealth? You cannot escape from death. <br><br />
Son, Wife, friends, disciples, companions none of those will bear witness for thee. <br><br />
Think, O think, you thoughtless fool, you shall have in the end to depart alone." (Swayya 32)<br />
<br />
</i> </b><br />
<br />
== Quotes ==<br />
<br />
[[Guru Gobind Singh]] was the Tenth Sikh Master, son of [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]], grandson of [[Guru Hargobind]], great-grandson of [[Guru Arjan]], the fifth Sikh Guru.<br />
'''''The one who sacrificed four sons(Chaar Sahibzaade) for protection of many thousands(KHALSA).'''''<br />
<br />
== Chronology of the Main Events==<br />
<br />
* see the full list [[Chronology of Guru Gobind Singh's life|'''here''']]<br />
<br />
{| cellpadding=5 cellspacing=2<br />
|- bgcolor=#cccccc<br />
! # !! Date !! Event<br />
|- bgcolor=#FFE8E8<br />
|align=center | 1 || December 22nd, 1666 || Birth at [[Patna]] Sahib <br />
|- bgcolor=#E6E6EE<br />
|align=center | 2 || May, 1673 || Arrival at [[Anandpur]] Sahib <br />
|- bgcolor=#DDEEFF<br />
|align=center | 3 || July, 1677 || Marriage with [[Mata Jeeto]] Ji <br />
|- bgcolor=#E6E6AA<br />
|align=center | 4 || 1682 || Repulsing the attack of [[Raja Bhim Chand]] on Anandpur <br />
|- bgcolor=#E6E6CC<br />
|align=center|'''[[Chronology of Guru Gobind Singh's life|Continue here]]|| ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[Guru Gobind Singh Gallery]]<br />
* [[Bani of Guru Gobind Singh]]<br />
* [[Chronology of Guru Gobind Singh's life]]<br />
* [[Dasam Granth]]<br />
* [[Vaisakhi]]<br />
* [[52 court poets of Guru Gobind Singh]]<br />
* [[Khalsa]]<br />
* [[Sahibzada]]<br />
* [[Guru Gobind Singh marg]]<br />
* [[Bhai Dhalla Sikh of Guru Gobind Singh]]<br />
* [[Guru Gobind Singh Ji and the power of Sangat]]<br />
* [[Daulat Rai's preface to his book on Guru Gobind Singh]] - also see link [http://megasinghsabha.com/book1.php "Sahibe Kamaal Guru Gobind Singh" - Online]<br />
<br />
== Suggested Reading ==<br />
'''1.''' '''[http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2016/04/a-short-sketch-of-life-and-work-of-guru.html A Short Sketch of The Life and Work of Guru Gobind Singh - Bhagat Lakshman Singh]'''<br />
<br />
'''2.''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2016/03/kee-guru-gobind-singh-devi-di-pooja.html '''Kee Guru Gobind Singh devi di Pooja Karde Sun - Surjeet Singh Tract No. 329''']<br />
<br />
'''3.''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2015/11/victories-of-guru-gobind-singh-ardaman.html '''Victories of Guru Gobind Singh - Ardaman Singh Bhayee - Guru Nanak Dev Mission Tract No. 47''']<br />
<br />
'''4.''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2015/07/guru-gobind-singhs-death-at-nanded.html '''Guru Gobind Singh's death at Nanded - An Examination Of Succession Theories - Dr. Ganda Singh''']<br />
<br />
'''5.''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2013/07/guru-gobind-singh-his-life-sketch.html '''Guru Gobind Singh - His Life Sketch - Sher Singh MSc Kashmir''']<br />
<br />
'''6.''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2013/10/khalsa-or-elect-sher-singh-msc-kashmir.html '''The Khalsa or the Elect - Sher Singh MSc Kashmir''']<br />
<br />
'''7.''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2013/07/sri-guru-gobind-singh-ji-being-some.html '''Sri Guru Gobind Singh ji - Being Some Unwritten Leaves In The Life Of The Guru''']<br />
<br />
'''8.''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2013/03/dashmesh-darpan-tey-sri-dasam-granth-di.html '''Dashmesh Darpan tey Sri Dasam Granth di Kunji - Sher Singh MSc Kashmir''']<br />
<br />
'''9.''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2012/09/sri-guru-gobind-singh-ji-baptist-beyond.html '''Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji - The Baptist Beyond Peer - Gyani Brahma Singh Brahma''']<br />
<br />
'''10.''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2012/09/guru-gobind-singhs-amrit-eternalising.html '''Guru Gobind Singh's Amrit - The Eternalising Libation - Gyani Brahma Singh Brahma''']<br />
<br />
'''11.''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2012/09/guru-gobind-singh-great-spiritual-leader.html '''Guru Gobind Singh - A Great Spiritual Leader - Gyani Brahma Singh Brahma''']<br />
<br />
'''12. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2017/06/sarabloh-da-kavi-ranjit-singh-kharag.html Sarabloh Da Kavi - Ranjit Singh Kharag]'''<br />
<br />
'''13. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/05/guru-gobind-singhs-religious-outlook-lt.html Guru Gobind Singh's Religious Outlook - Lt. Col. Gulcharan Singh Sujlana Tract No. 255]'''<br />
<br />
'''14. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/06/devi-pujan-partal-bhai-by-veer-singh.html Devi Pujan Partal Bhai - Veer Singh]'''<br />
<br />
'''15. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/07/dashmesh-ji-da-maha-daan-khalsa-panth.html Dashmesh Ji Da Maha Daan - Khalsa Panth tey Sri Guru Granth Ji - Sher Singh MSc Kashmir]'''<br />
<br />
'''16. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/10/dashmesh-ji-da-jalaali-roop-hindi.html Dashmesh ji da jalaali roop (hindi) - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
'''17. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/10/dashmesh-ji-da-jalaali-roop-sirdar.html Dashmesh ji da jalaali roop - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
'''18. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/12/dasam-gur-gira-prakashak-granth-gyani.html Dasam Gur Gira Prakashak Granth - Gyani Sahib Singh]'''<br />
<br />
'''19. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/09/sri-dasam-granth-sahib-da-chintan.html Sri Dasam Granth Sahib da Chintan - Kartar Singh Neeldhari]'''<br />
<br />
'''20. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/06/dasam-granth-da-mahatav-dr-gurcharan.html Dasam Granth da mahatav - Dr. Gurcharan Singh Mehta Tract No. 493-494]'''<br />
<br />
'''21. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2013/05/vismad-naad-november-2007-special-sri.html Vismad Naad November 2007 (Special Sri Dasam Granth issue)]'''<br />
<br />
'''22. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2016/05/dasam-patshah-di-vaisakhi-sirdar-kapur.html Dasam Patshah di Vaisakhi - Sirdar Kapur Singh]''' <br />
<br />
'''23. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/03/durga-prabodh.html Durga Prabodh - Giani Ditt Singh]'''<br />
<br />
'''24. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/06/charitropakhyan-dey-vichaar-adarsh-dr.html Charitropakhyan dey vichaar adarsh - Dr. Gurcharan Singh Mehta]'''<br />
<br />
'''25. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/12/sikh-itihas-dey-partakh-darshan-arthat.html Sikh Itihas dey Partakh Darshan arthat Itihasik Somey - Part 1 - Randhir Singh Research Scholar]''' <br />
<br />
'''26. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2015/02/fatehnama-and-zafarnama-devinder-singh.html Fatehnama and Zafarnama - Devinder Singh Duggal]''' <br />
<br />
'''27. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2016/01/bhatt-tey-pandey-vahian-guru-kaal-dey.html Bhatt tey Pandey Vahian - Guru Kaal dey Itihasik Sarot Vajon Yogdan (Gyani Garja Singh dey Note) - Jatinderpal Singh Tract No. 542]'''<br />
<br />
'''28. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2016/03/kee-guru-gobind-singh-devi-di-pooja.html Kee Guru Gobind Singh devi di Pooja Karde Sun - Surjeet Singh Tract No. 329]'''<br />
<br />
'''29. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2016/04/1699-di-visakhi-sukhdev-singh-shant.html 1699 di Visakhi - Sukhdev Singh Shant Tract No 479]''' <br />
<br />
'''30. [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2016/09/last-days-of-guru-gobind-singh-dr-ganda.html Last Days of Guru Gobind Singh - Dr. Ganda Singh]''' <br />
<br />
'''31. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/01/sri-mukhwak-patshahi-dasvin-20-sawaiyey.html Sri Mukhwak Patshahi Dasvin 20 Sawaiyey tey 10 Dohrey Sateek - Kartar Singh Dakha]'''<br />
<br />
'''32. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/ajokey-yug-vich-khalsey-di-prasangikta.html Ajokey Yug Vich Khalsey Di Prasangikta - Dr. Inderjeet Singh Vasu Tract No. 507-508]''' <br />
<br />
'''33. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/03/guru-gobind-singh-ji-di-bani-vich-karam.html Guru Gobind Singh ji di Bani Vich Karam-Yog - Dr. Ganda Singh]'''<br />
<br />
'''34. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/11/navam-tey-dasam-patshah-dey-malwey-dey.html Navam tey Dasam Patshah dey Malwey dey Safran di Sakhi Pothi utey Ik Panchi Drishti - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
<br />
'''35. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/11/amarnama-pharsi-mool-panjabi-utara-tey.html Amarnama (Pharsi Mool, Panjabi Utara tey Arth) - Dr. Ganda Singh (Ed.)]'''<br />
<br />
'''36. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/11/bina-shashtar-keshang-naran-bhed-jano.html Bina Shashtar Keshang Naran Bhed Jano Tract No. 19]'''<br />
<br />
'''37. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/12/bhagti-atey-shakti-tract-no-375.html Bhagti Atey Shakti Tract No. 375]'''<br />
<br />
'''38. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/12/dharam-het-gurdev-pathaye-tract-no-21.html Dharam Het Gurdev Pathaye Tract No. 21]'''<br />
<br />
'''39. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/12/dharman-andar-chinnah-da-mahatav-tey.html Dharman andar Chinnah da Mahatav tey Khalsa Saroop Tract No. 225]'''<br />
<br />
'''40. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/12/khalsa-ik-parvaar-tract-no-353.html Khalsa Ik Parvaar Tract No. 353]'''<br />
<br />
'''41. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/01/guru-gobind-singh-sahib-da-dharam.html Guru Gobind Singh Sahib da Dharam Nirupan Tract No. 324]'''<br />
<br />
'''42. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/01/khalsa-nirupan-tract-no-78.html Khalsa Nirupan Tract No. 78]'''<br />
<br />
'''43. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/01/khalsa-soi-karey-nit-jang-tract-no-109.html Khalsa Soi Karey Nit Jang Tract No. 109]'''<br />
<br />
'''44. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/01/khalsey-da-vikas-tract-no-7.html Khalsey da Vikas Tract No. 7]'''<br />
<br />
'''45. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/01/nirbhaita-da-avtar-guru-gobind-singh.html Nirbhaita Da Avtar Guru Gobind Singh Tract No. 370]'''<br />
<br />
'''46. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/01/dharam-het-gurdev-pathaye-tract-no-39.html Dharam Het Gurdev Pathaye Tract No. 39 (Hindi version)]'''<br />
<br />
'''47. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/01/guru-gobind-singh-ji-ney-har-sikh-nu.html Guru Gobind Singh ji ney har Sikh nu Singh kar ditta Tract No. 98]'''<br />
<br />
'''48. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/05/guru-gobind-singhs-religious-outlook-lt.html Guru Gobind Singh's Religious Outlook - Lt. Col. Gulcharan Singh Sujlana Tract No. 255]'''<br />
<br />
'''49. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/02/sri-dasam-granth-sahib-ik-adhyan-kartar.html Sri Dasam Granth Sahib - Ik Adhyan - Kartar Singh Neeldhari]'''<br />
<br />
'''50. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/01/deeney-ton-sabo-ki-talwandi-tract-no-63.html Deeney Ton Sabo ki Talwandi Tract No. 63]'''<br />
<br />
'''51. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/01/guru-gobind-singh-ji-tract-no-28.html Guru Gobind Singh ji Tract No. 28]'''<br />
<br />
'''52. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/01/vaisakh-bhala-tract-no-134.html Vaisakh Bhala Tract No. 134]'''<br />
<br />
'''53. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/01/vaisakhi-tract-no-86.html Vaisakhi Tract No. 86]'''<br />
<br />
'''54. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/08/guru-gobind-singhs-visit-to-rawal-sar.html Guru Gobind Singh's visit to Rawal Sar (Mandi State) - Nahar Singh M.A.]'''<br />
<br />
'''55. [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/08/guru-gobind-singh-literary-survey-man.html Guru Gobind Singh - A Literary Survey - Man Singh Deora]'''<br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
*[http://www.discoversikhism.com/sikh_gurus/sri_guru_gobind_singh_ji.html DiscoverSikhism - Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji] Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji is tenth of the Ten Sikh Gurus. Read about his life and stories here.<br />
* [http://www.sikhvideos.org/gur-ta-gaddi.html Video on Guru Gobind Singh Ji]<br />
* [http://www.sikhvideos.org/rooh-dar-har-jisam-guru-gobind-singh.htm Humility and Sacrifices of Guru Gobind Singh Ji]<br />
* [http://www.baisakhi1999.org Eternal Glory of Guru Gobind Singh Ji and The Khalsa]<br />
* [http://www.sgpc.net/gurus/gurugobind.asp www.sgpc.net]<br />
* [http://allaboutsikhs.com/gurus/gurugobind.htm Gateway to Sikhism]<br />
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/gobindsingh.shtml www.bbc.co.uk]<br />
* [http://www.gurmat.info/sms/smssikhism/gurus/gurugobindsinghji/ Sikh Missionary Society]<br />
* [http://www.sikhs.org Sikhs.org]<br />
* [http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/gurus/index.html www.sikh-history.com]<br />
* [http://www.sikh.net/SIKHISM/GURUS/10Gfact.htm www.sikh.net]<br />
* [http://www.gurmat.info/sms/smspublications/thesaintsoldier/ The Saint - Soldier (Guru Gobind Singh)] - eBook<br />
* [http://www.gurugobindsinghmarg.org/home/anandpur/anandpur_to_talwandi_sabo.htm Guru Gobind Singh Marg]<br />
* [http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99apr11/sunday/head11.htm tribuneindia.com]<br />
* [http://www.sikhreview.org/january2009/philo1.htm The Incredible Guru Gobind Singh] by Jaidev Singh Kohli*<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<br />
* 1). Previous records show Guru Gobind Singh's date of birth as December 22, 1666. However, following the standardisation of the Sikh calendar called the [[Nanakshahi]] Calendar, this date was amended to January 5, 1667.<br />
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==Gallery==<br />
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{{Main|Guru Gobind Singh Gallery}}<br />
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Image:Guru-gobind-singh-ecard.jpg<br />
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Image:Gobind-20.jpg<br />
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Image:Turban of Guru Gobind Singh Ji.jpg<br />
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{{Sikh Gurus|Guru Teg Bahadur|([[1 April]] [[1621]] - [[11 November]] [[1675]])|Guru Gobind Singh|Guru Granth Sahib|(Perpetual Guru of the Sikhs)}}<br />
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{{Guru Gobind Singh Relatives}}<br />
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{{Battles by Guru Gobind Singh}}<br />
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{{Jathedars Of Damdami Taksaal}}<br />
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{{Guru10}}<br />
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[[Category:Sikh Gurus]]<br />
[[Category:Great Sikh Warriors]]<br />
[[Category: Damdami Taksaal]]<br />
[[category:Dasam Granth]]<br />
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==Guru Gobind Singh Sakhis==<br />
<br />
{{Guru Gobind Singh Sakhis}}</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Bhai_Maharaj_Singh&diff=118076Bhai Maharaj Singh2020-08-31T21:07:58Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* References */</p>
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<div>'''Bhai Maharaj Singh'''(d. 1856), a saintly person turned revolutionary who led an anti-British movement in the Punjab after the first Anglo-Sikh war, was born Nihal Singh at the village of Rabbon, in Ludhiana district. He had a religious bent of mind and came under the influence of Bhai Bir Singh of Naurangabad. After the latter's death in 1844, he succeeded him as head of the Naurangabad dera and was held in high esteem by a vast following, including most of the Sikh chiefs and courtiers. <br />
<br />
Maharaj Singh's revolutionary career started with the Prema conspiracy case involving him in a plot to murder the British resident, Henry Lawrence, and other pro-British officers of the Lahore Darbar. Maharaj Singh, whose movements were restricted to Naurangabad by the British, went underground. The government confiscated his property at Amritsar and announced a reward for his arrest. Bhai Maharaj Singh intensified his activities against the British when he came to know that Diwan Mul Raj had in April 1848 raised a standard of revolt against them at Multan. He left for Multan with 400 horsemen to join hands with Mul Raj. But soon differences arose between the two leaders, and Maharaj Singh left Multan for Hazara in June 1848 to seek Chatar Singh Atarivala's assistance in his plans to dislodge the British.<br />
<br />
In November 1848, he joined [[Raja Sher Singh]]'s forces at Ramnagar and was seen in the battlefield riding his black mare and exhorting the Sikh soldiers to lay down their lives for the sake of their country. Thereafter he took part in the battles of Chelianvala and Gujrat, but, when Raja Sher Singh surrendered to the British at Rawalpindi on 14 March 1849, he resolved to carry on the fight single-handed. He escaped to Jammu and made Dev Batala his secret headquarters. In December 1849, he went to Hoshiarpur and visited the Sikh regiments to enlist their support. Bhai Maharaj Singh, who carried on his head a price of 10,000 rupees was arrested on 28 December 1849 at Adampur. <br />
<br />
"The Guru is no ordinary man," wrote Dr Vansittart, the Jalandhar deputy commissioner, who had arrested him. "He is to the natives what Jesus is to the most zealous of Christians. His miracles were seen by tens of thousands and are more implicitly believed than those worked by the ancient prophets." Vansittart was so greatly impressed by Bhai Maharaj Singh's personality that he recommended special treatment to be accorded him, but the government did not wish to take any risks and deported him to Singapore, along with one of his followers [[Kharak Singh]] where, after several years of solitary confinement, he died on 5 July 1856. He had gone blind before the end came.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Bhai Maharaj Singh ==<br />
With Thanks to [http://allaboutsikhs.com/history/his0705.htm allaboutsikhs.com]<br />
<br />
Bhai Maharaj Singh: Born in village Rabbon, near Malud, Ludhiana Dist. Parents named him Nihal Singh. As a young lad, he went to stay at Bhai Bir Singh's Dera at Naurangabad. Did sewa for many years, took Amrit at the hands of Bhai Bir Singh, was given the name Bhagwan Singh, and eventually became his chela. The Dera was practically a military camp with 1200 musketmen and 3000 horsemen. It had always been a sanctuary for political refugees. It became the centre of the Sikh revolt against Dogra dominance over the Punjab.<br />
<br />
Hira Singh Dogra, the chief minister of the Punjab, attacked the Dera in 1844 with 20000 troops and 50 cannon. Several hundred Sikhs, including General Attar Singh Sandhanwalla, Prince Kashmira Singh and Bhai Bir Singh were killed. Bhagwan Singh became the head of the Dera.<br />
<br />
The British, who had been waiting for the right moment to intervene and establish their authority, made their move in 1847. They deported Rani Jinda. The Sikh chiefs revolted, including Bhagwan Singh. He was welcomed by Sikhs saying "Ah Wo Maharaj", because of his sanctity, thus, soon he came to be referred to as Bhai Maharaj Singh.<br />
<br />
During the second Anglo-Sikh war that followed, at the battles of Ram Nagar, Chillianwall and Gujrat, he was very active providing personal inspiration and organizing supplies for the Sikh Army. Soon after the defeat at Gujrat, all the other Sikh chiefs had been captured or had surrendered.<br />
<br />
By the way, Bhai Maharaj Singh was one of the first people of Punjab to launch a freedom movement in Punjab after the British took over Punjab. He said in 1849:<br />
"There will be another National War, let all the true Sikhs rise on the day fixed."<br />
<br />
"Bhai Mahararaj Singh, a Sikh priest of reputed sanctity, and of great influence, the first man who raised the standards of rebellion beyound the confines of Multan in 1848, and the only leader of note who did not lay down his arms to Sir Walter Gilberts at Rawalpindi." - Henry Lawrence, Resident of Lahore<br />
<br />
Bhai Maharaj Singh's other name was Bhai Nihal Singh. His belonged to a line of Sikh revolutionaries who wanted to return to the creed of the Gurus. The pinions of this movement were Baba Bhag Singh of Pothohar, his worthy and more popular disciple Bhai Bir Singh of Naurangabad in Amritsar and the latter's successor Bhai Maharaj Singh.<br />
<br />
Bhai Maharaj Singh plan of action against the vastly superior British was framed in the jungles of the Chumb Valley.<br />
*1. To rescue Maharajah Dalip Singh from Lahore Fort.<br />
*2. To organize a United Front of all anti-British forces.<br />
*3. Organized disruption by subversion and suprise attacks on British treasuries and cantonments.<br />
He displayed superb military generalship and knowledge of tactical warfare. What sustained him was his rich spiritual heritage.<br />
<br />
The British reacted by moving Dalip Singh to securer confinement, encouraged Muslim zealots to locate him for them and offered hugh rewards for information of his whereabouts. On the other hand, the British tried to portray him as a religious leader to lower his following as a Military or political leader. It was the British officers who coined the term "Karnivala" since it they did not want to admit the failures of their intelligence. Bhai Maharaj Singh, undoubtedly, was certainly a "Miracle Maker" since it became impossible for the British to arrest him. This was due to the support given to him by the public that he was able to hide among the people.<br />
<br />
He was captured together with 21 unarmed followers on Dec, 28 1849, near Adampur. Vansttart, the Deputy Commissioner of Jallundar who arrested him, wrote.<br />
<br />
"The Guru is no ordinary man. He is to the natives what Jesus was to the most zealous of Christians. His miracles were seen by tens of thousands, and are more implicitly believed than those worked by the ancient prophets."<br />
<br />
Even more generous was Mcleod, Commissioner of the Doab,<br />
<br />
".. had he remained at large, but a little longer ... more outrages of an alarming character would have been attempted ... the result of which,.. would perhaps be impossible to foretell."<br />
<br />
It was found too risky to put Bhai Maharaj Singh on trial in India and he was deported to Singapore. He arrived on the "Mahomed Shaw", on 9th July 1850, together with a disciple, Khurruck Singh, and moved to Outram Jail. He was kept in solitary confinement in a cell 14 by 15 feet, which, because of the walling up of the windows, had been "further rendered dark, dinghy and absolutely unhealthy" (Secret Consultation Papers, 28th Feb 1851, #52-57). He was practically blind within three years, developed cancer on his tongue, and had rheumatic swellings and pains in his feet and ankles. The Civil Surgeon, Singapore, recommended that Bhai Maharaj Singh be allowed an occasional walk in the open, but this was turned down by the Government of India. The result was that his health continued to deteriorate, and about two months before his death, his neck and tongue became so swollen that it became very difficult for him to swallow.<br />
<br />
Bhai Maharaj Singh died on 5th July 1856. He was cremated on a plot of land outside the prison, presumebably by Khurruck Singh, who also died in prison later. Locals, mainly Hindu Tamils began to revere the spot, marking it with stones. Offerings of flowers found their way there, Sikhs and Muslims joined in. The Sikhs placed a structure on this spot, turning it into a small temple. In 1966, the Sri Guru Granth Sahib was moved to the Silat Road Temple. Only the stones were re-erected outside the temple. Large numbers of Sikhs and non-Sikhs come to the samadh to worship, with offerings of valuables, a practice against Sikh tenets.<br />
<br />
Bhai Maharaj Singh was the head of the Order now known as the Hoti Mardan Valli Sant Khalsa Sampardai, recent illustrious heads were Sant Attar Singh and Sant Isher Singh. He was thus not only a revolutionary fighter but also a recognized religious personage of very high standing. Many believe him to be a "Karniwala". -Source - extracted from 'Bhai Maharaj Singh Saint-Soldier' by Choor Singh, Singapore.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1. Bhargava, Moti Lal, Architects of Indian Freedom Struggle. New Delhi, 1981<br />
<br />
'''2.''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/08/documents-relating-to-bhai-maharaj.html Documents relating to Bhai Maharaj Singh [Died as State Prisoner on 5th July, 1856 at Singapur<nowiki>]</nowiki> - Nahar Singh M.A. ਭਾਈ ਮਹਾਰਾਜ ਸਿੰਘ [ ਸ਼ਾਹੀ ਕੈਦੀ, ਫੜੇ ਗਏ - ੨੮ ਦਸੰਬਰ, ੧੮੪੯ (ਆਦਮਪੁਰ ਦੁਆਬਾ) ਮੌਤ ਹੋਈ - ੫ ਜੁਲਾਈ, ੧੮੫੬ (ਸਿੰਗਾਪੁਰ ਜੇਲ, ਮਲਾਯਾ) <nowiki>]</nowiki> - ਨਾਹਰ ਸਿੰਘ, ਐਮ. ਏ.]<br />
<br />
3. Ahluwalia, M.L. Bhai Maharaj Singh. Patiala, 1972<br />
<br />
4. Khushwant Singh, A History of the Sikhs, vol. II. Princenton, 1966<br />
<br />
[[Category:Great Sikh Warriors]]<br />
[[Category:bhai]]</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Dr._Ganda_Singh&diff=118075Dr. Ganda Singh2020-08-31T21:03:45Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* Online Works */</p>
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<div>'''Dr. Ganda Singh''' celebrated [[Punjab]] historian (1900 - 1987), who by his sustained and pioneer work in the field of historical research initiated new trends in [[Sikh]] historiography and who by his critically important work became a vital and pervasive influence in historical learning in northern India, was born on 15 November 1900, the son of Javala Singh of Hariana, an old town close to the city of [[Hoshiarpur]] in the Punjab. He began his education in the village mosque, later translating himself to the primary school. He passed the middle standard examination from D.A.V. (Dayanand AngloVernacular) Middle School, Hoshiarpur, and his matriculation from Government High School in the same town. He joined the Forman Christian College at [[Lahore]], but soon left it to enlist in the army (1919). <br />
<br />
==Mesopotamia (Iraq) an Iran==<br />
He served at the Supply and Transport Corps Base Depot, [[Rawalpindi]], and at the divisional office at Peshawar before he was attached to the Mesopotamia Expeditionary Force, Basra, in 1920 and later to the British Royal Army Pay Corps, also at Basra, in 1921. At Basra he was shot in his thigh, after his recovery he was repatriated to India where his family had mistakenly been informed of his 'death'. This led to a dramatic situation when he suddenly appeared at the door of his home in the village late one evening. Taken to be a spirit, he was refused admittance. The following morning, still at the doorstep of his house, the family's horror turned into jubilation when they realized he wasn't a ghost. <br />
<br />
Ganda Singh did not stay at home for long. He went back to Mesopotamia (now Iraq) and then to Iran, there he joined the AngloPersian Oil Company at Abadan as accounts officer. At Abadan, he came under the influence of the British scholar, Sir Arnold Wilson, who besides his official duties as general manager of the company was working on his Bibliography of Persia. Young Ganda Singh now aspired to prepare a bibliography of his native Punjab. On his return to Punjab towards the end of 1930, he first worked on the editorial board of the Phuluari, a Punjabi monthly published from Lahore. One longlasting friendship he picked up there was with Bhagat Lakshman Singh, a Sikh reformer and educationist. He however missed meeting with Karam Singh, the historian, then very enthusiastic in promoting the cause of Sikh history. Karam Singh died before Ganda Singh could meet him.<br />
<br />
==Researcher and historian==<br />
In October 1931 began Dr Ganda Singh's long and fruitful career as a researcher and historian. The Khalsa College at Amritsar placed him in charge of its newly created Sikh History Research Department, which position he kept till 1949. During this period he travelled extensively, rummaging various public libraries, archives and private collections throughout India in quest of materials on Sikh history, enriching the library of his department. He also brought out several books and tracts based on these.<br />
<br />
In 1949 he was appointed Director of Archives and Curator of Museum under the Government of PEPSU (Patiala and East Punjab States Union). In 1950 he received the additional charge of Director of the Punjabi Department. His thesis on [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] earned him the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the Punjab University, Chandigarh, in 1954, as well as much applause from scholars and historians. Among them he counted Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, a leading Indian savant of the day.<br />
<br />
Dr Ganda Singh was principal of the Khalsa College, Patiala, when he was invited by the Punjabi University, Patiala, to organize its Department of Punjab Historical Studies. He set up Punjab History Conference in 1965 which became a very active forum for the discussion of matters relating to Punjab history. In 1967, he launched the University's journal, the biannual The Panjab Past and Present, of which he himself was the editor and which gathered high repute and much prestige over the years.<br />
<br />
In 1938, he had been appointed a corresponding member of Indian Historical Records Commission of Government of India, and was a full member of the Commission from 1950 to 1956. He was nominated member of Punjab Regional Committee for the Survey of Historical Records, Government of Punjab, Lahore, and of Indian Historical Records Commission, Government of India. He was secretary of the Committee for the History of Freedom Movement in PEPSU, Patiala, and chairman of the Regional Records Survey Committee for History of Freedom Movement, Shimla/Patiala, from November 1957 to December 1962. He held membership of Asiatic Society, Calcutta, Indian Institute of Historical Studies, Calcutta, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, London, and Bharat Itihas Sanshodhak Mandal, Poona. He presided over the medieval section of Punjab History Conference session of the Institute of Historical Studies, Calcutta, held at Shillong in 1974 as well as over its 13th session held at Panaji (Goa) in 1975. In 1974, he presided the 35th session of Indian History Congress at Jadavpur.<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Dr Ganda Singh was a prolific writer. In addition to scores of research papers, booklets and pamphlets, he published over two dozen fulllength volumes of high historical value. Chronologically they are: InkishafiHaqiqat (Urdu/Persian), 1926; Baisakhi Ka Khalsa Sandesh (Hindi), 1930; Life of Banda Singh Bahadur (English), 1935; History of Gurdwara Shahidganj Lahore (English), 1935; Maharaja Ranjit Singh (English), 1939; Maharaja Ranjit Singh: First Death Centenary Memorial Volume (English), 1939; Qazi Nur Muhammad Jangnama (English), 1939; Maharaja Kaura Mall Bahadur (Punjabi), 1942; Sardar Sham Singh Atrivala (Punjabi), 1942; Kukian di Vithia (Punjabi), 1944; M'akhaziTwdrikhiSikhan (ed. Persian), 1949; Mukhtsar Nanak Shahi Jantari (Urdu), 1949; A Short History of the Sikhs (English in collaboration with Teja Singh), 1950; Shahnama Ranjit Singh by Maulawi Ahmad Yar (ed. Persian/Urdu), 1951; The Panjab in 183940 (English), 1952; The First AngloSikh War (MS., English), 1955; Private Correspondence Relating to AngloSikh Wars (ed. English), 1955; Punjab Utte Angrezan da Qabza (Punjabi), 1957; Ahmad Shah Durrani (English), 1959; Sikhon Ka Sankshipt Itihas (Hindi), 1963; Banda Singh Bahadur (Punjabi), 1965; Some Confidential Papers of the Akali Movement (English), 1965; Bibliography of the Panjab (English), 1966; Sri Gur Sobha (ed. Punjabi), 1967; Hukamname (Punjabi), 1967; Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluvalia (Punjabi), 1969; Maharaja Duleep Singh Correspondence (English), 1977; Deportation of [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] and Sardar [[Ajit Singh]] (English), 1978; and Seditious Literature of the Panjab (English), 1987.<br />
<br />
==Online Works==<br />
* [http://www.scribd.com/doc/70213584/Life-of-Banda-Singh-Bahadar Life of Banda Singh Bahadar by Dr. Ganda Singh]<br />
* [http://www.gurmatveechar.com/books/English_Books/A.Short.History.of.The.Sikhs.by.Teja.Singh.Ganda.Singh.%28GurmatVeechar.com%29.pdf A Short History of the Sikhs by Ganda Singh and Teja Singh]<br />
* [http://www.scribd.com/doc/68910100/Sardar-Jassa-Singh-Ahluwalia Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia by Dr. Ganda Singh]<br />
<br />
'''Punjabi Books/ Tracts'''<br />
<br />
''1'' Title: [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/05/kukian-di-vithya-vol1-drganda-singh.html Kukian di Vithya Vol.1]<br />
Publisher: Author<br />
Pages: 363<br />
<br />
''2'' Title: [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/04/afghanistan-da-safar-dr-ganda-singh.html Afghanistan da Safar]<br />
Publisher: Parkash and Co, New Delhi.<br />
Pages: 152<br />
<br />
''3'' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/11/amarnama-pharsi-mool-panjabi-utara-tey.html Amarnama (Pharsi Mool, Panjabi Utara tey Arth)]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''English Books/ Tracts'''<br />
<br />
'''1''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/06/a-brief-account-of-sikhs-dr-ganda-singh.html A Brief Account Of The Sikhs]<br />
<br />
'''2''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/07/guru-gobind-singhs-death-at-nanded.html Guru Gobind Singh's death at Nanded - An Examination Of Succession Theories]<br />
<br />
'''3''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/09/the-indian-mutiny-of-1857-and-sikhs-dr.html The indian mutiny of 1857 and the Sikhs - Dr. Ganda Singh]<br />
<br />
'''4)''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/05/history-of-gurdwara-shahidganj-lahore.html History of The Gurdwara Shahidganj, Lahore, From its Origin To November 1935 Compiled From Original Sources, Judicial Records and Contemporary Materials]<br />
<br />
'''5)''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/10/life-of-banda-singh-bahadur-based-on.html Life of Banda Singh Bahadur Based on Contemporary and Original Records]<br />
<br />
'''6)''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/08/a-diary-of-partition-days-1947-dr-ganda.html A Diary Of The Partition Days 1947] <br />
<br />
'''7)''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/04/importance-of-hair-and-turban-to-sikhs.html Importance Of Hair And Turban To The Sikhs - Dr. Ganda Singh Tract No. 396]<br />
<br />
8) [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/05/the-panjab-in-1839-40-selections-from.html The Panjab in 1839-40: Selections from the Punjab Akhbars, Punjab Intelligence, etc. preserved in the National Archives of India, New Delhi - Dr. Ganda Singh (Ed.)]<br />
<br />
'''9)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/some-confidential-papers-of-akali.html Some Confidential Papers of The Akali Movement]<br />
<br />
'''10)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/guru-nanaks-impact-on-history-dr-ganda.html Guru Nanak's Impact On History - Guru Nanak Dev Mission Patiala Tract No. 332]<br />
<br />
'''11)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/03/the-sikhs-and-their-religion-dr-ganda.html The Sikhs and Their Religion] <br />
<br />
'''12)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/03/bhagat-lakshman-singh-autobiography-dr.html Bhagat Lakshman Singh Autobiography - Dr. Ganda Singh (Edited and Annotated)]<br />
<br />
'''13)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/08/the-british-occupation-of-panjab-dr.html The British occupation of the Panjab]<br />
<br />
'''14)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/03/dr-ganda-singh-memorial-trust.html Dr. Ganda Singh Memorial Trust]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''RESEARCH PAPERS/ ARTICLES<br />
<br />
'''1) Proceedings of The Indian Historical Records Commission'''<br />
<br />
'''A)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-persian-akhbars-in-alienation.html The Persian Akhbars in The Alienation Office, Poona (Vol. 16 1939)]<br />
<br />
'''B)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/some-new-light-on-treaty-of-bhyrowal.html Some New Light on the Treaty of Bhyrowal (December 16, 1846) thrown by the private letters of Sir Henry Hardinge (Vol. 17 1940)]<br />
<br />
'''C)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/akhbarat-i-lahaur-o-multan-dr-ganda.html Akhbarat-I-Lahaur-o-Multan (Vol. 21 December 1944)]<br />
<br />
'''D)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-punjab-news-in-akhbar-i-darbar-i.html The Punjab News in the Akhbar-I-Darbar-I-Mualla (Vol. 24, February 1948)] <br />
<br />
<br />
'''2) The Journal of Indian History'''<br />
<br />
'''A)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/nanak-panthis-or-sikhs-and-sikhism-of.html Nanak Panthis or The Sikhs and Sikhism of the 17th Century (Vol. 19(2); Aug 1940; pp 195-219)]<br />
<br />
'''B)''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2016/09/last-days-of-guru-gobind-singh-dr-ganda.html Last Days of Guru Gobind Singh (Vol. 20(1); April 1941; pp 120-32)]<br />
<br />
'''C)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/some-correspondence-of-maharaja-duleep.html Some Correspondence of Maharaja Duleep Singh (Vol. 27(1); April 1949; pp 1-23)]<br />
<br />
'''D)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/08/a-diary-of-partition-days-1947-dr-ganda.html A Diary Of The Partition Days 1947 (Vol. 38(1); April 1960; pp 205-32 and Vol. 38(2); August 1960; pp 241-84)]<br />
<br />
'''E)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-origin-of-hindu-sikh-tension-in.html The Origin of the hindu-Sikh Tension in The Punjab (Vol. 39(1); April 1961; pp 119-23)]<br />
<br />
'''F)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/three-letters-of-maharani-jind-kaur-dr.html Three Letters of Maharani Jind Kaur (Vol. 42(1); April 1964; pp 265-80)]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''3) Proceedings of Indian History Congress'''<br />
<br />
'''A)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/contemporary-sources-of-sikh-history.html Contemporary Sources of Sikh History (1469-1708) (1938)]<br />
<br />
'''B)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-maratha-sikh-treaty-of-1785-dr.html The Maratha-Sikh Treaty of 1785 (1939)]<br />
<br />
'''C)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-arrest-and-release-of-sardar-lahna.html The arrest and release of Sardar Lahna Singh Majithia (1940)]<br />
<br />
'''D)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/muslim-relics-with-sikh-rulers-of.html Muslims Relics with the Sikh Rulers of Lahore (1943)]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''4) The Sikh Review, Calcutta.'''<br />
<br />
'''A)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-indian-society-as-guru-nanak-found.html The Indian Society as Guru Nanak Found it]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''5) The Panjab Past and Present'''<br />
<br />
'''1)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/03/secret-cid-memorandum-on-recent.html Secret C.I.D. Memorandum on Recent Developments in Sikh Politics 1911 - Mr. D. Petrie; Vol. 4 Part 2 Serial No. 8 October 1970, pp 300-379.]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Commemoration Volume/ Abhinandan Granth <br />
<br />
1)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/early-maratha-sikh-relations-dr-ganda.html Early Maratha-Sikh Relations (Mahamahopadhyaya Prof. D.V.Potdar Commemoration Volume)]<br />
<br />
'''2)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/08/panjab-1849-1960-bhai-jodh-singh.html Panjab (1849-1960) – Bhai Jodh Singh Abhinandan Granth - Dr. Ganda Singh ਪੰਜਾਬ (ਸਨ ੧੮੪੯ - ੧੯੬੦ ਈ.) - ਭਾਈ ਜੋਧ ਸਿੰਘ ਅਭਿਨੰਦਨ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ - ਡਾ. ਗੰਡਾ ਸਿੰਘ]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''BOOKS<br />
<br />
1)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/socio-religious-movements-in-punjab-in.html Social and Religious Movements in the Punjab in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries - Dr. S.P. Sen (Ed.) — Socio-Religious Movements in the Punjab in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries - Dr. Ganda Singh]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''BIBLIOGRAPHIES<br />
<br />
1)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/guru-nanaks-works-bibliography-compiled.html Guru Nanak's Works: A Bibliography]<br />
<br />
'''2)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-national-bibliography-of-indian.html The National Bibliography of Indian Literature (1901-1953) Vol. 3 (Panjabi)]<br />
<br />
'''3)''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2016/11/bibliography-of-sikh-religious-and.html Bibliography Of Sikh Religious And Historical Literature]<br />
<br />
==Honors==<br />
Dr Ganda Singh's magnificent work was widely acknowledged and lauded in his lifetime, and he received honours from a number of professional institutions and associations. The Punjab Government invested him with the Award for Literature on 31 March 1963 and the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Amritsar, paid its tribute on 28 March 1964. On 19 December 1964, Muslim University, 'Aligarh, conferred on him the degree of D. Litt. honoris causa. Sikh Educational Conference honoured him during its 52nd annual session held at Kanpur on 2527 October 1974, and Punjabi University, Patiala, at the annual session of the Punjab History Conference held during November 1976. The University also brought out during the same year an anthology, Essays in Honour of Dr Ganda Singh, lovingly edited by his old pupil Professor Harbans Singh. The University also awarded him the degree of Doctor of Literature at its 15th convocation held on 25 February 1978. The Indian History Congress during its Silver Jubilee session held at Panaji (Goa) on 57 November 1987 honoured him as one of the five distinguished historians of India. The Government of India honoured him with the award of Padma Bhushan in 1983.<br />
<br />
In the course of his long career as a researcher and scholar, Dr Ganda Singh had acquired a vast personal collection of rare books, maps, documents and manuscripts which occupied several rooms of his modest residence on the Lower Mall at Patiala. This precious treasure is now the property of Punjabi University, Patiala, to which institution he donated the entire collection. Dr Ganda Singh died at Patiala on 27 December 1987.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
1. Griffin, Lepel, and C.F. Massy, Chiefs and Families of Note in the Punjab. Lahore, 1909<br />
<br />
2. Harbans Singh and N. G. Barrier, ed., Punjab Past and Present: Essays in Honour of Dr Ganda Singh. Patiala, 1976<br />
<br />
3. Verma, Devinder Kumar, and Jasmer Singh, A Bibliography of Dr Ganda Singh. Rajpura, 1989<br />
[[Category:Sikh Scholars]]</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Dr._Ganda_Singh&diff=118074Dr. Ganda Singh2020-08-31T20:49:09Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* Online Works */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Dr. Ganda Singh''' celebrated [[Punjab]] historian (1900 - 1987), who by his sustained and pioneer work in the field of historical research initiated new trends in [[Sikh]] historiography and who by his critically important work became a vital and pervasive influence in historical learning in northern India, was born on 15 November 1900, the son of Javala Singh of Hariana, an old town close to the city of [[Hoshiarpur]] in the Punjab. He began his education in the village mosque, later translating himself to the primary school. He passed the middle standard examination from D.A.V. (Dayanand AngloVernacular) Middle School, Hoshiarpur, and his matriculation from Government High School in the same town. He joined the Forman Christian College at [[Lahore]], but soon left it to enlist in the army (1919). <br />
<br />
==Mesopotamia (Iraq) an Iran==<br />
He served at the Supply and Transport Corps Base Depot, [[Rawalpindi]], and at the divisional office at Peshawar before he was attached to the Mesopotamia Expeditionary Force, Basra, in 1920 and later to the British Royal Army Pay Corps, also at Basra, in 1921. At Basra he was shot in his thigh, after his recovery he was repatriated to India where his family had mistakenly been informed of his 'death'. This led to a dramatic situation when he suddenly appeared at the door of his home in the village late one evening. Taken to be a spirit, he was refused admittance. The following morning, still at the doorstep of his house, the family's horror turned into jubilation when they realized he wasn't a ghost. <br />
<br />
Ganda Singh did not stay at home for long. He went back to Mesopotamia (now Iraq) and then to Iran, there he joined the AngloPersian Oil Company at Abadan as accounts officer. At Abadan, he came under the influence of the British scholar, Sir Arnold Wilson, who besides his official duties as general manager of the company was working on his Bibliography of Persia. Young Ganda Singh now aspired to prepare a bibliography of his native Punjab. On his return to Punjab towards the end of 1930, he first worked on the editorial board of the Phuluari, a Punjabi monthly published from Lahore. One longlasting friendship he picked up there was with Bhagat Lakshman Singh, a Sikh reformer and educationist. He however missed meeting with Karam Singh, the historian, then very enthusiastic in promoting the cause of Sikh history. Karam Singh died before Ganda Singh could meet him.<br />
<br />
==Researcher and historian==<br />
In October 1931 began Dr Ganda Singh's long and fruitful career as a researcher and historian. The Khalsa College at Amritsar placed him in charge of its newly created Sikh History Research Department, which position he kept till 1949. During this period he travelled extensively, rummaging various public libraries, archives and private collections throughout India in quest of materials on Sikh history, enriching the library of his department. He also brought out several books and tracts based on these.<br />
<br />
In 1949 he was appointed Director of Archives and Curator of Museum under the Government of PEPSU (Patiala and East Punjab States Union). In 1950 he received the additional charge of Director of the Punjabi Department. His thesis on [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] earned him the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the Punjab University, Chandigarh, in 1954, as well as much applause from scholars and historians. Among them he counted Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, a leading Indian savant of the day.<br />
<br />
Dr Ganda Singh was principal of the Khalsa College, Patiala, when he was invited by the Punjabi University, Patiala, to organize its Department of Punjab Historical Studies. He set up Punjab History Conference in 1965 which became a very active forum for the discussion of matters relating to Punjab history. In 1967, he launched the University's journal, the biannual The Panjab Past and Present, of which he himself was the editor and which gathered high repute and much prestige over the years.<br />
<br />
In 1938, he had been appointed a corresponding member of Indian Historical Records Commission of Government of India, and was a full member of the Commission from 1950 to 1956. He was nominated member of Punjab Regional Committee for the Survey of Historical Records, Government of Punjab, Lahore, and of Indian Historical Records Commission, Government of India. He was secretary of the Committee for the History of Freedom Movement in PEPSU, Patiala, and chairman of the Regional Records Survey Committee for History of Freedom Movement, Shimla/Patiala, from November 1957 to December 1962. He held membership of Asiatic Society, Calcutta, Indian Institute of Historical Studies, Calcutta, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, London, and Bharat Itihas Sanshodhak Mandal, Poona. He presided over the medieval section of Punjab History Conference session of the Institute of Historical Studies, Calcutta, held at Shillong in 1974 as well as over its 13th session held at Panaji (Goa) in 1975. In 1974, he presided the 35th session of Indian History Congress at Jadavpur.<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Dr Ganda Singh was a prolific writer. In addition to scores of research papers, booklets and pamphlets, he published over two dozen fulllength volumes of high historical value. Chronologically they are: InkishafiHaqiqat (Urdu/Persian), 1926; Baisakhi Ka Khalsa Sandesh (Hindi), 1930; Life of Banda Singh Bahadur (English), 1935; History of Gurdwara Shahidganj Lahore (English), 1935; Maharaja Ranjit Singh (English), 1939; Maharaja Ranjit Singh: First Death Centenary Memorial Volume (English), 1939; Qazi Nur Muhammad Jangnama (English), 1939; Maharaja Kaura Mall Bahadur (Punjabi), 1942; Sardar Sham Singh Atrivala (Punjabi), 1942; Kukian di Vithia (Punjabi), 1944; M'akhaziTwdrikhiSikhan (ed. Persian), 1949; Mukhtsar Nanak Shahi Jantari (Urdu), 1949; A Short History of the Sikhs (English in collaboration with Teja Singh), 1950; Shahnama Ranjit Singh by Maulawi Ahmad Yar (ed. Persian/Urdu), 1951; The Panjab in 183940 (English), 1952; The First AngloSikh War (MS., English), 1955; Private Correspondence Relating to AngloSikh Wars (ed. English), 1955; Punjab Utte Angrezan da Qabza (Punjabi), 1957; Ahmad Shah Durrani (English), 1959; Sikhon Ka Sankshipt Itihas (Hindi), 1963; Banda Singh Bahadur (Punjabi), 1965; Some Confidential Papers of the Akali Movement (English), 1965; Bibliography of the Panjab (English), 1966; Sri Gur Sobha (ed. Punjabi), 1967; Hukamname (Punjabi), 1967; Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluvalia (Punjabi), 1969; Maharaja Duleep Singh Correspondence (English), 1977; Deportation of [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] and Sardar [[Ajit Singh]] (English), 1978; and Seditious Literature of the Panjab (English), 1987.<br />
<br />
==Online Works==<br />
* [http://www.scribd.com/doc/70213584/Life-of-Banda-Singh-Bahadar Life of Banda Singh Bahadar by Dr. Ganda Singh]<br />
* [http://www.gurmatveechar.com/books/English_Books/A.Short.History.of.The.Sikhs.by.Teja.Singh.Ganda.Singh.%28GurmatVeechar.com%29.pdf A Short History of the Sikhs by Ganda Singh and Teja Singh]<br />
* [http://www.scribd.com/doc/68910100/Sardar-Jassa-Singh-Ahluwalia Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia by Dr. Ganda Singh]<br />
<br />
'''Punjabi Books/ Tracts'''<br />
<br />
''1'' Title: [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/05/kukian-di-vithya-vol1-drganda-singh.html Kukian di Vithya Vol.1]<br />
Publisher: Author<br />
Pages: 363<br />
<br />
''2'' Title: [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/04/afghanistan-da-safar-dr-ganda-singh.html Afghanistan da Safar]<br />
Publisher: Parkash and Co, New Delhi.<br />
Pages: 152<br />
<br />
''3'' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/11/amarnama-pharsi-mool-panjabi-utara-tey.html Amarnama (Pharsi Mool, Panjabi Utara tey Arth)]<br />
<br />
'''English Books/ Tracts'''<br />
<br />
'''1''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/06/a-brief-account-of-sikhs-dr-ganda-singh.html A Brief Account Of The Sikhs]<br />
<br />
'''2''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/07/guru-gobind-singhs-death-at-nanded.html Guru Gobind Singh's death at Nanded - An Examination Of Succession Theories]<br />
<br />
'''3''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/09/the-indian-mutiny-of-1857-and-sikhs-dr.html The indian mutiny of 1857 and the Sikhs - Dr. Ganda Singh]<br />
<br />
'''4)''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/05/history-of-gurdwara-shahidganj-lahore.html History of The Gurdwara Shahidganj, Lahore, From its Origin To November 1935 Compiled From Original Sources, Judicial Records and Contemporary Materials]<br />
<br />
'''5)''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/10/life-of-banda-singh-bahadur-based-on.html Life of Banda Singh Bahadur Based on Contemporary and Original Records]<br />
<br />
'''6)''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/08/a-diary-of-partition-days-1947-dr-ganda.html A Diary Of The Partition Days 1947] <br />
<br />
'''7)''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/04/importance-of-hair-and-turban-to-sikhs.html Importance Of Hair And Turban To The Sikhs - Dr. Ganda Singh Tract No. 396]<br />
<br />
8) [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/05/the-panjab-in-1839-40-selections-from.html The Panjab in 1839-40: Selections from the Punjab Akhbars, Punjab Intelligence, etc. preserved in the National Archives of India, New Delhi - Dr. Ganda Singh (Ed.)]<br />
<br />
'''9)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/some-confidential-papers-of-akali.html Some Confidential Papers of The Akali Movement]<br />
<br />
'''10)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/guru-nanaks-impact-on-history-dr-ganda.html Guru Nanak's Impact On History - Guru Nanak Dev Mission Patiala Tract No. 332]<br />
<br />
'''11)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/03/the-sikhs-and-their-religion-dr-ganda.html The Sikhs and Their Religion] <br />
<br />
'''12)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/03/bhagat-lakshman-singh-autobiography-dr.html Bhagat Lakshman Singh Autobiography - Dr. Ganda Singh (Edited and Annotated)]<br />
<br />
'''13)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/08/the-british-occupation-of-panjab-dr.html The British occupation of the Panjab]<br />
<br />
'''14)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/03/dr-ganda-singh-memorial-trust.html Dr. Ganda Singh Memorial Trust]<br />
<br />
'''RESEARCH PAPERS/ ARTICLES<br />
<br />
1) Proceedings of The Indian Historical Records Commission<br />
<br />
'''A)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-persian-akhbars-in-alienation.html The Persian Akhbars in The Alienation Office, Poona (Vol. 16 1939)]<br />
<br />
'''B)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/some-new-light-on-treaty-of-bhyrowal.html Some New Light on the Treaty of Bhyrowal (December 16, 1846) thrown by the private letters of Sir Henry Hardinge (Vol. 17 1940)]<br />
<br />
'''C)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/akhbarat-i-lahaur-o-multan-dr-ganda.html Akhbarat-I-Lahaur-o-Multan (Vol. 21 December 1944)]<br />
<br />
'''D)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-punjab-news-in-akhbar-i-darbar-i.html The Punjab News in the Akhbar-I-Darbar-I-Mualla (Vol. 24, February 1948)] <br />
<br />
'''B) Commemoration Volume/ Abhinandan Granth<br />
<br />
a)''' Mahamahopadhyaya Prof. D.V.Potdar Commemoration Volume <br />
<br />
'''1)''' Early Maratha-Sikh Relations<br />
<br />
'''C) The Journal of Indian History<br />
<br />
1)''' Last Days of Guru Gobind Singh<br />
<br />
'''2)''' Some Correspondence of Maharaja Duleep Singh <br />
<br />
'''3)''' The Origin of the hindu-Sikh Tension in The Punjab<br />
<br />
'''BIBLIOGRAPHIES<br />
<br />
1)''' Guru Nanak's Works: A Bibliography<br />
<br />
==Honors==<br />
Dr Ganda Singh's magnificent work was widely acknowledged and lauded in his lifetime, and he received honours from a number of professional institutions and associations. The Punjab Government invested him with the Award for Literature on 31 March 1963 and the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Amritsar, paid its tribute on 28 March 1964. On 19 December 1964, Muslim University, 'Aligarh, conferred on him the degree of D. Litt. honoris causa. Sikh Educational Conference honoured him during its 52nd annual session held at Kanpur on 2527 October 1974, and Punjabi University, Patiala, at the annual session of the Punjab History Conference held during November 1976. The University also brought out during the same year an anthology, Essays in Honour of Dr Ganda Singh, lovingly edited by his old pupil Professor Harbans Singh. The University also awarded him the degree of Doctor of Literature at its 15th convocation held on 25 February 1978. The Indian History Congress during its Silver Jubilee session held at Panaji (Goa) on 57 November 1987 honoured him as one of the five distinguished historians of India. The Government of India honoured him with the award of Padma Bhushan in 1983.<br />
<br />
In the course of his long career as a researcher and scholar, Dr Ganda Singh had acquired a vast personal collection of rare books, maps, documents and manuscripts which occupied several rooms of his modest residence on the Lower Mall at Patiala. This precious treasure is now the property of Punjabi University, Patiala, to which institution he donated the entire collection. Dr Ganda Singh died at Patiala on 27 December 1987.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
1. Griffin, Lepel, and C.F. Massy, Chiefs and Families of Note in the Punjab. Lahore, 1909<br />
<br />
2. Harbans Singh and N. G. Barrier, ed., Punjab Past and Present: Essays in Honour of Dr Ganda Singh. Patiala, 1976<br />
<br />
3. Verma, Devinder Kumar, and Jasmer Singh, A Bibliography of Dr Ganda Singh. Rajpura, 1989<br />
[[Category:Sikh Scholars]]</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Dr._Ganda_Singh&diff=118073Dr. Ganda Singh2020-08-31T20:42:21Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* Online Works */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Dr. Ganda Singh''' celebrated [[Punjab]] historian (1900 - 1987), who by his sustained and pioneer work in the field of historical research initiated new trends in [[Sikh]] historiography and who by his critically important work became a vital and pervasive influence in historical learning in northern India, was born on 15 November 1900, the son of Javala Singh of Hariana, an old town close to the city of [[Hoshiarpur]] in the Punjab. He began his education in the village mosque, later translating himself to the primary school. He passed the middle standard examination from D.A.V. (Dayanand AngloVernacular) Middle School, Hoshiarpur, and his matriculation from Government High School in the same town. He joined the Forman Christian College at [[Lahore]], but soon left it to enlist in the army (1919). <br />
<br />
==Mesopotamia (Iraq) an Iran==<br />
He served at the Supply and Transport Corps Base Depot, [[Rawalpindi]], and at the divisional office at Peshawar before he was attached to the Mesopotamia Expeditionary Force, Basra, in 1920 and later to the British Royal Army Pay Corps, also at Basra, in 1921. At Basra he was shot in his thigh, after his recovery he was repatriated to India where his family had mistakenly been informed of his 'death'. This led to a dramatic situation when he suddenly appeared at the door of his home in the village late one evening. Taken to be a spirit, he was refused admittance. The following morning, still at the doorstep of his house, the family's horror turned into jubilation when they realized he wasn't a ghost. <br />
<br />
Ganda Singh did not stay at home for long. He went back to Mesopotamia (now Iraq) and then to Iran, there he joined the AngloPersian Oil Company at Abadan as accounts officer. At Abadan, he came under the influence of the British scholar, Sir Arnold Wilson, who besides his official duties as general manager of the company was working on his Bibliography of Persia. Young Ganda Singh now aspired to prepare a bibliography of his native Punjab. On his return to Punjab towards the end of 1930, he first worked on the editorial board of the Phuluari, a Punjabi monthly published from Lahore. One longlasting friendship he picked up there was with Bhagat Lakshman Singh, a Sikh reformer and educationist. He however missed meeting with Karam Singh, the historian, then very enthusiastic in promoting the cause of Sikh history. Karam Singh died before Ganda Singh could meet him.<br />
<br />
==Researcher and historian==<br />
In October 1931 began Dr Ganda Singh's long and fruitful career as a researcher and historian. The Khalsa College at Amritsar placed him in charge of its newly created Sikh History Research Department, which position he kept till 1949. During this period he travelled extensively, rummaging various public libraries, archives and private collections throughout India in quest of materials on Sikh history, enriching the library of his department. He also brought out several books and tracts based on these.<br />
<br />
In 1949 he was appointed Director of Archives and Curator of Museum under the Government of PEPSU (Patiala and East Punjab States Union). In 1950 he received the additional charge of Director of the Punjabi Department. His thesis on [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] earned him the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the Punjab University, Chandigarh, in 1954, as well as much applause from scholars and historians. Among them he counted Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, a leading Indian savant of the day.<br />
<br />
Dr Ganda Singh was principal of the Khalsa College, Patiala, when he was invited by the Punjabi University, Patiala, to organize its Department of Punjab Historical Studies. He set up Punjab History Conference in 1965 which became a very active forum for the discussion of matters relating to Punjab history. In 1967, he launched the University's journal, the biannual The Panjab Past and Present, of which he himself was the editor and which gathered high repute and much prestige over the years.<br />
<br />
In 1938, he had been appointed a corresponding member of Indian Historical Records Commission of Government of India, and was a full member of the Commission from 1950 to 1956. He was nominated member of Punjab Regional Committee for the Survey of Historical Records, Government of Punjab, Lahore, and of Indian Historical Records Commission, Government of India. He was secretary of the Committee for the History of Freedom Movement in PEPSU, Patiala, and chairman of the Regional Records Survey Committee for History of Freedom Movement, Shimla/Patiala, from November 1957 to December 1962. He held membership of Asiatic Society, Calcutta, Indian Institute of Historical Studies, Calcutta, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, London, and Bharat Itihas Sanshodhak Mandal, Poona. He presided over the medieval section of Punjab History Conference session of the Institute of Historical Studies, Calcutta, held at Shillong in 1974 as well as over its 13th session held at Panaji (Goa) in 1975. In 1974, he presided the 35th session of Indian History Congress at Jadavpur.<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Dr Ganda Singh was a prolific writer. In addition to scores of research papers, booklets and pamphlets, he published over two dozen fulllength volumes of high historical value. Chronologically they are: InkishafiHaqiqat (Urdu/Persian), 1926; Baisakhi Ka Khalsa Sandesh (Hindi), 1930; Life of Banda Singh Bahadur (English), 1935; History of Gurdwara Shahidganj Lahore (English), 1935; Maharaja Ranjit Singh (English), 1939; Maharaja Ranjit Singh: First Death Centenary Memorial Volume (English), 1939; Qazi Nur Muhammad Jangnama (English), 1939; Maharaja Kaura Mall Bahadur (Punjabi), 1942; Sardar Sham Singh Atrivala (Punjabi), 1942; Kukian di Vithia (Punjabi), 1944; M'akhaziTwdrikhiSikhan (ed. Persian), 1949; Mukhtsar Nanak Shahi Jantari (Urdu), 1949; A Short History of the Sikhs (English in collaboration with Teja Singh), 1950; Shahnama Ranjit Singh by Maulawi Ahmad Yar (ed. Persian/Urdu), 1951; The Panjab in 183940 (English), 1952; The First AngloSikh War (MS., English), 1955; Private Correspondence Relating to AngloSikh Wars (ed. English), 1955; Punjab Utte Angrezan da Qabza (Punjabi), 1957; Ahmad Shah Durrani (English), 1959; Sikhon Ka Sankshipt Itihas (Hindi), 1963; Banda Singh Bahadur (Punjabi), 1965; Some Confidential Papers of the Akali Movement (English), 1965; Bibliography of the Panjab (English), 1966; Sri Gur Sobha (ed. Punjabi), 1967; Hukamname (Punjabi), 1967; Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluvalia (Punjabi), 1969; Maharaja Duleep Singh Correspondence (English), 1977; Deportation of [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] and Sardar [[Ajit Singh]] (English), 1978; and Seditious Literature of the Panjab (English), 1987.<br />
<br />
==Online Works==<br />
* [http://www.scribd.com/doc/70213584/Life-of-Banda-Singh-Bahadar Life of Banda Singh Bahadar by Dr. Ganda Singh]<br />
* [http://www.gurmatveechar.com/books/English_Books/A.Short.History.of.The.Sikhs.by.Teja.Singh.Ganda.Singh.%28GurmatVeechar.com%29.pdf A Short History of the Sikhs by Ganda Singh and Teja Singh]<br />
* [http://www.scribd.com/doc/68910100/Sardar-Jassa-Singh-Ahluwalia Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia by Dr. Ganda Singh]<br />
<br />
'''Punjabi Books/ Tracts'''<br />
<br />
''1'' Title: [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/05/kukian-di-vithya-vol1-drganda-singh.html Kukian di Vithya Vol.1]<br />
Publisher: Author<br />
Pages: 363<br />
<br />
''2'' Title: [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/04/afghanistan-da-safar-dr-ganda-singh.html Afghanistan da Safar]<br />
Publisher: Parkash and Co, New Delhi.<br />
Pages: 152<br />
<br />
''3'' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/11/amarnama-pharsi-mool-panjabi-utara-tey.html Amarnama (Pharsi Mool, Panjabi Utara tey Arth)]<br />
<br />
'''English Books/ Tracts'''<br />
<br />
'''1''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/06/a-brief-account-of-sikhs-dr-ganda-singh.html A Brief Account Of The Sikhs]<br />
<br />
'''2''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/07/guru-gobind-singhs-death-at-nanded.html Guru Gobind Singh's death at Nanded - An Examination Of Succession Theories]<br />
<br />
'''3''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/09/the-indian-mutiny-of-1857-and-sikhs-dr.html The indian mutiny of 1857 and the Sikhs - Dr. Ganda Singh]<br />
<br />
'''4)''' History of The Gurdwara Shahidganj, Lahore, From its Origin To November 1935 Compiled From Original Sources, Judicial Records and Contemporary Materials<br />
<br />
'''5)''' Life of Banda Singh Bahadur Based on Contemporary and Original Records<br />
<br />
'''6)''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/08/a-diary-of-partition-days-1947-dr-ganda.html A Diary Of The Partition Days 1947] <br />
<br />
'''7)''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/04/importance-of-hair-and-turban-to-sikhs.html Importance Of Hair And Turban To The Sikhs - Dr. Ganda Singh Tract No. 396]<br />
<br />
8) [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/05/the-panjab-in-1839-40-selections-from.html The Panjab in 1839-40: Selections from the Punjab Akhbars, Punjab Intelligence, etc. preserved in the National Archives of India, New Delhi - Dr. Ganda Singh (Ed.)]<br />
<br />
'''9)''' [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/some-confidential-papers-of-akali.html Some Confidential Papers of The Akali Movement]<br />
<br />
'''RESEARCH PAPERS/ ARTICLES<br />
<br />
A) Proceedings of The Indian Historical Records Commission<br />
<br />
1)''' The Punjab News in the Akhbar-I-Darbar-I-Mualla<br />
<br />
'''B) Commemoration Volume/ Abhinandan Granth<br />
<br />
a)''' Mahamahopadhyaya Prof. D.V.Potdar Commemoration Volume <br />
<br />
'''1)''' Early Maratha-Sikh Relations<br />
<br />
'''C) The Journal of Indian History<br />
<br />
1)''' Last Days of Guru Gobind Singh<br />
<br />
'''2)''' Some Correspondence of Maharaja Duleep Singh <br />
<br />
'''3)''' The Origin of the hindu-Sikh Tension in The Punjab<br />
<br />
'''BIBLIOGRAPHIES<br />
<br />
1)''' Guru Nanak's Works: A Bibliography<br />
<br />
==Honors==<br />
Dr Ganda Singh's magnificent work was widely acknowledged and lauded in his lifetime, and he received honours from a number of professional institutions and associations. The Punjab Government invested him with the Award for Literature on 31 March 1963 and the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Amritsar, paid its tribute on 28 March 1964. On 19 December 1964, Muslim University, 'Aligarh, conferred on him the degree of D. Litt. honoris causa. Sikh Educational Conference honoured him during its 52nd annual session held at Kanpur on 2527 October 1974, and Punjabi University, Patiala, at the annual session of the Punjab History Conference held during November 1976. The University also brought out during the same year an anthology, Essays in Honour of Dr Ganda Singh, lovingly edited by his old pupil Professor Harbans Singh. The University also awarded him the degree of Doctor of Literature at its 15th convocation held on 25 February 1978. The Indian History Congress during its Silver Jubilee session held at Panaji (Goa) on 57 November 1987 honoured him as one of the five distinguished historians of India. The Government of India honoured him with the award of Padma Bhushan in 1983.<br />
<br />
In the course of his long career as a researcher and scholar, Dr Ganda Singh had acquired a vast personal collection of rare books, maps, documents and manuscripts which occupied several rooms of his modest residence on the Lower Mall at Patiala. This precious treasure is now the property of Punjabi University, Patiala, to which institution he donated the entire collection. Dr Ganda Singh died at Patiala on 27 December 1987.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
1. Griffin, Lepel, and C.F. Massy, Chiefs and Families of Note in the Punjab. Lahore, 1909<br />
<br />
2. Harbans Singh and N. G. Barrier, ed., Punjab Past and Present: Essays in Honour of Dr Ganda Singh. Patiala, 1976<br />
<br />
3. Verma, Devinder Kumar, and Jasmer Singh, A Bibliography of Dr Ganda Singh. Rajpura, 1989<br />
[[Category:Sikh Scholars]]</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Dr._Ganda_Singh&diff=118072Dr. Ganda Singh2020-08-31T20:37:35Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* Online Works */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Dr. Ganda Singh''' celebrated [[Punjab]] historian (1900 - 1987), who by his sustained and pioneer work in the field of historical research initiated new trends in [[Sikh]] historiography and who by his critically important work became a vital and pervasive influence in historical learning in northern India, was born on 15 November 1900, the son of Javala Singh of Hariana, an old town close to the city of [[Hoshiarpur]] in the Punjab. He began his education in the village mosque, later translating himself to the primary school. He passed the middle standard examination from D.A.V. (Dayanand AngloVernacular) Middle School, Hoshiarpur, and his matriculation from Government High School in the same town. He joined the Forman Christian College at [[Lahore]], but soon left it to enlist in the army (1919). <br />
<br />
==Mesopotamia (Iraq) an Iran==<br />
He served at the Supply and Transport Corps Base Depot, [[Rawalpindi]], and at the divisional office at Peshawar before he was attached to the Mesopotamia Expeditionary Force, Basra, in 1920 and later to the British Royal Army Pay Corps, also at Basra, in 1921. At Basra he was shot in his thigh, after his recovery he was repatriated to India where his family had mistakenly been informed of his 'death'. This led to a dramatic situation when he suddenly appeared at the door of his home in the village late one evening. Taken to be a spirit, he was refused admittance. The following morning, still at the doorstep of his house, the family's horror turned into jubilation when they realized he wasn't a ghost. <br />
<br />
Ganda Singh did not stay at home for long. He went back to Mesopotamia (now Iraq) and then to Iran, there he joined the AngloPersian Oil Company at Abadan as accounts officer. At Abadan, he came under the influence of the British scholar, Sir Arnold Wilson, who besides his official duties as general manager of the company was working on his Bibliography of Persia. Young Ganda Singh now aspired to prepare a bibliography of his native Punjab. On his return to Punjab towards the end of 1930, he first worked on the editorial board of the Phuluari, a Punjabi monthly published from Lahore. One longlasting friendship he picked up there was with Bhagat Lakshman Singh, a Sikh reformer and educationist. He however missed meeting with Karam Singh, the historian, then very enthusiastic in promoting the cause of Sikh history. Karam Singh died before Ganda Singh could meet him.<br />
<br />
==Researcher and historian==<br />
In October 1931 began Dr Ganda Singh's long and fruitful career as a researcher and historian. The Khalsa College at Amritsar placed him in charge of its newly created Sikh History Research Department, which position he kept till 1949. During this period he travelled extensively, rummaging various public libraries, archives and private collections throughout India in quest of materials on Sikh history, enriching the library of his department. He also brought out several books and tracts based on these.<br />
<br />
In 1949 he was appointed Director of Archives and Curator of Museum under the Government of PEPSU (Patiala and East Punjab States Union). In 1950 he received the additional charge of Director of the Punjabi Department. His thesis on [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] earned him the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the Punjab University, Chandigarh, in 1954, as well as much applause from scholars and historians. Among them he counted Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, a leading Indian savant of the day.<br />
<br />
Dr Ganda Singh was principal of the Khalsa College, Patiala, when he was invited by the Punjabi University, Patiala, to organize its Department of Punjab Historical Studies. He set up Punjab History Conference in 1965 which became a very active forum for the discussion of matters relating to Punjab history. In 1967, he launched the University's journal, the biannual The Panjab Past and Present, of which he himself was the editor and which gathered high repute and much prestige over the years.<br />
<br />
In 1938, he had been appointed a corresponding member of Indian Historical Records Commission of Government of India, and was a full member of the Commission from 1950 to 1956. He was nominated member of Punjab Regional Committee for the Survey of Historical Records, Government of Punjab, Lahore, and of Indian Historical Records Commission, Government of India. He was secretary of the Committee for the History of Freedom Movement in PEPSU, Patiala, and chairman of the Regional Records Survey Committee for History of Freedom Movement, Shimla/Patiala, from November 1957 to December 1962. He held membership of Asiatic Society, Calcutta, Indian Institute of Historical Studies, Calcutta, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, London, and Bharat Itihas Sanshodhak Mandal, Poona. He presided over the medieval section of Punjab History Conference session of the Institute of Historical Studies, Calcutta, held at Shillong in 1974 as well as over its 13th session held at Panaji (Goa) in 1975. In 1974, he presided the 35th session of Indian History Congress at Jadavpur.<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Dr Ganda Singh was a prolific writer. In addition to scores of research papers, booklets and pamphlets, he published over two dozen fulllength volumes of high historical value. Chronologically they are: InkishafiHaqiqat (Urdu/Persian), 1926; Baisakhi Ka Khalsa Sandesh (Hindi), 1930; Life of Banda Singh Bahadur (English), 1935; History of Gurdwara Shahidganj Lahore (English), 1935; Maharaja Ranjit Singh (English), 1939; Maharaja Ranjit Singh: First Death Centenary Memorial Volume (English), 1939; Qazi Nur Muhammad Jangnama (English), 1939; Maharaja Kaura Mall Bahadur (Punjabi), 1942; Sardar Sham Singh Atrivala (Punjabi), 1942; Kukian di Vithia (Punjabi), 1944; M'akhaziTwdrikhiSikhan (ed. Persian), 1949; Mukhtsar Nanak Shahi Jantari (Urdu), 1949; A Short History of the Sikhs (English in collaboration with Teja Singh), 1950; Shahnama Ranjit Singh by Maulawi Ahmad Yar (ed. Persian/Urdu), 1951; The Panjab in 183940 (English), 1952; The First AngloSikh War (MS., English), 1955; Private Correspondence Relating to AngloSikh Wars (ed. English), 1955; Punjab Utte Angrezan da Qabza (Punjabi), 1957; Ahmad Shah Durrani (English), 1959; Sikhon Ka Sankshipt Itihas (Hindi), 1963; Banda Singh Bahadur (Punjabi), 1965; Some Confidential Papers of the Akali Movement (English), 1965; Bibliography of the Panjab (English), 1966; Sri Gur Sobha (ed. Punjabi), 1967; Hukamname (Punjabi), 1967; Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluvalia (Punjabi), 1969; Maharaja Duleep Singh Correspondence (English), 1977; Deportation of [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] and Sardar [[Ajit Singh]] (English), 1978; and Seditious Literature of the Panjab (English), 1987.<br />
<br />
==Online Works==<br />
* [http://www.scribd.com/doc/70213584/Life-of-Banda-Singh-Bahadar Life of Banda Singh Bahadar by Dr. Ganda Singh]<br />
* [http://www.gurmatveechar.com/books/English_Books/A.Short.History.of.The.Sikhs.by.Teja.Singh.Ganda.Singh.%28GurmatVeechar.com%29.pdf A Short History of the Sikhs by Ganda Singh and Teja Singh]<br />
* [http://www.scribd.com/doc/68910100/Sardar-Jassa-Singh-Ahluwalia Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia by Dr. Ganda Singh]<br />
<br />
'''Punjabi Books/ Tracts'''<br />
<br />
'''1''' Title: [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/05/kukian-di-vithya-vol1-drganda-singh.html Kukian di Vithya Vol.1]<br />
Publisher: Author<br />
Pages: 363<br />
<br />
'''2''' Title: [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.in/2014/04/afghanistan-da-safar-dr-ganda-singh.html Afghanistan da Safar]<br />
Publisher: Parkash and Co, New Delhi.<br />
Pages: 152<br />
<br />
'''3 [https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/11/amarnama-pharsi-mool-panjabi-utara-tey.html Amarnama (Pharsi Mool, Panjabi Utara tey Arth)]'''<br />
<br />
'''English Books/ Tracts'''<br />
<br />
'''1''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/06/a-brief-account-of-sikhs-dr-ganda-singh.html A Brief Account Of The Sikhs]<br />
<br />
'''2''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/07/guru-gobind-singhs-death-at-nanded.html Guru Gobind Singh's death at Nanded - An Examination Of Succession Theories]<br />
<br />
'''3''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2015/09/the-indian-mutiny-of-1857-and-sikhs-dr.html The indian mutiny of 1857 and the Sikhs - Dr. Ganda Singh]<br />
<br />
'''4)''' History of The Gurdwara Shahidganj, Lahore, From its Origin To November 1935 Compiled From Original Sources, Judicial Records and Contemporary Materials<br />
<br />
'''5)''' Life of Banda Singh Bahadur Based on Contemporary and Original Records<br />
<br />
'''6)''' [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/08/a-diary-of-partition-days-1947-dr-ganda.html A Diary Of The Partition Days 1947] <br />
<br />
'''7) [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2017/04/importance-of-hair-and-turban-to-sikhs.html Importance Of Hair And Turban To The Sikhs - Dr. Ganda Singh Tract No. 396]'''<br />
<br />
8) [http://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/05/the-panjab-in-1839-40-selections-from.html The Panjab in 1839-40: Selections from the Punjab Akhbars, Punjab Intelligence, etc. preserved in the National Archives of India, New Delhi - Dr. Ganda Singh (Ed.)]<br />
<br />
'''RESEARCH PAPERS/ ARTICLES<br />
<br />
A) Proceedings of The Indian Historical Records Commission<br />
<br />
1)''' The Punjab News in the Akhbar-I-Darbar-I-Mualla<br />
<br />
'''B) Commemoration Volume/ Abhinandan Granth<br />
<br />
a)''' Mahamahopadhyaya Prof. D.V.Potdar Commemoration Volume <br />
<br />
'''1)''' Early Maratha-Sikh Relations<br />
<br />
'''C) The Journal of Indian History<br />
<br />
1)''' Last Days of Guru Gobind Singh<br />
<br />
'''2)''' Some Correspondence of Maharaja Duleep Singh <br />
<br />
'''3)''' The Origin of the hindu-Sikh Tension in The Punjab<br />
<br />
'''BIBLIOGRAPHIES<br />
<br />
1)''' Guru Nanak's Works: A Bibliography<br />
<br />
==Honors==<br />
Dr Ganda Singh's magnificent work was widely acknowledged and lauded in his lifetime, and he received honours from a number of professional institutions and associations. The Punjab Government invested him with the Award for Literature on 31 March 1963 and the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Amritsar, paid its tribute on 28 March 1964. On 19 December 1964, Muslim University, 'Aligarh, conferred on him the degree of D. Litt. honoris causa. Sikh Educational Conference honoured him during its 52nd annual session held at Kanpur on 2527 October 1974, and Punjabi University, Patiala, at the annual session of the Punjab History Conference held during November 1976. The University also brought out during the same year an anthology, Essays in Honour of Dr Ganda Singh, lovingly edited by his old pupil Professor Harbans Singh. The University also awarded him the degree of Doctor of Literature at its 15th convocation held on 25 February 1978. The Indian History Congress during its Silver Jubilee session held at Panaji (Goa) on 57 November 1987 honoured him as one of the five distinguished historians of India. The Government of India honoured him with the award of Padma Bhushan in 1983.<br />
<br />
In the course of his long career as a researcher and scholar, Dr Ganda Singh had acquired a vast personal collection of rare books, maps, documents and manuscripts which occupied several rooms of his modest residence on the Lower Mall at Patiala. This precious treasure is now the property of Punjabi University, Patiala, to which institution he donated the entire collection. Dr Ganda Singh died at Patiala on 27 December 1987.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
1. Griffin, Lepel, and C.F. Massy, Chiefs and Families of Note in the Punjab. Lahore, 1909<br />
<br />
2. Harbans Singh and N. G. Barrier, ed., Punjab Past and Present: Essays in Honour of Dr Ganda Singh. Patiala, 1976<br />
<br />
3. Verma, Devinder Kumar, and Jasmer Singh, A Bibliography of Dr Ganda Singh. Rajpura, 1989<br />
[[Category:Sikh Scholars]]</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Amrit_Sanchar&diff=117633Amrit Sanchar2020-04-14T05:45:58Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* External links */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Sikh practices}}<br />
'''Amrit Sanchar''' or '''Amrit Parchar''' or '''[[Khanda-ki-Pahul]]''' is the term used to refer to the [[Sikh]] baptism ceremony. In the year [[1699]], this ceremony was established when the religion's tenth leader, ([[Guru Gobind Singh]]), first baptised 5 followers of his faith and then was baptised himself by the 5 followers, who are called the [[Panj Pyara]]. <br />
{{tocleft}}<br />
<br />
In [[Sikhism]], the baptised Sikh is also called an [[Amritdhari]], literally meaning ''Amrit Taker'' or one who has ‘Taken on Amrit’. <br />
<br />
'''See main article [[Pahul]] for more details'''<br />
<br />
'''Amrit Sanskar''' or '''Amrit Sanchar''' or the [[Amrit]] ceremony is the [[Sikh]] ceremony of initiation or baptism. This practice has been in existence since the times of [[Guru Nanak Dev]] (1469 - 1539). During that time-period, this ceremony was known as '''Charan Amrit''' or '''Charan Phul''' or the '''Pag Pahul''', the words ''Charan'' and ''Pag'' both signifying the foot of the teacher. During that time-period, the neophytes poured water over Guru's toe to be initiated into the fold. When the Guru was not present, the ''masands'' or the local ''sangat'' leaders officiated. A reference to initiation by Charan Amrit occurs in Bhai Gurdas, Varan, I.23, born 12 years after the passing away of Guru Nanak. The water was poured on Guru's toe and then the devotees would drink it and seek blessings of the Guru. The Guru would guide the Sikhs about the Sikh teachings and instruct them to adopt them as a way of life.<br />
[[Image:AmritSanskar-AW.jpg|thumb|265px|left|The Amrit Sanskar Ceremony]]<br />
<br />
'''''Khande di Pahul''''' (Amrit ceremony) was initiated in the times of [[Guru Gobind Singh]] when [[Khalsa]] was inaugurated at Sri [[Anandpur Sahib]] on the day of [[Baisakhi]] in [[1699]]. [[Guru Gobind Singh]] asked a gathering of Sikhs, "who is prepared to die for God?" At first, the people hesitated, and then one man stepped forward, and he was taken to a tent. After some time, Guru Gobind Singh came out of the tent, with blood dripping from his sword. He asked the same question again. After the next four volunteers were in the tent, he reappeared with the five, who were now all dressed like him. These five men came to be known as '''[[Panj Pyare]]s''' or the '''Beloved Five'''. These five were initiated into the [[Khalsa]] by receiving Amrit. These five were [[Bhai Daya Singh]], [[Bhai Mukham Singh]], [[Bhai Sahib Singh]], [[Bhai Dharam Singh]] and [[Bhai Himmat Singh]]. Sikh men were then given the name ''"Singh"'' meaning "lion" and the women received the last name ''"Kaur"'' meaning "princess"<br />
<br />
''Khande Di Pahul'' not only embodies the primary objects of Sikh faith and the promises connected therewith, but also is itself a promise to lead a pure and pious life to unite with Almighty Lord. It is about inward cleansing of the conscience and seeking unity with The Supreme Lord through His Grace. The word ''Pahul'' is a derivative from the substantive, ''Pahu''- which is an agent which brightens, accelerates or sharpens the potentialities of a given object.<br />
<br />
==Amrit Chhakhna==<br />
{{Panj Pyare}}<br />
Amrit Chhakhna refers to the drinking of the [[Amrit]] or the Nectar. The Amrit is administered in the presence of the holy text of the Sikhs, the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] which is consideded the 11th Guru. The candidates take a full bath, wear the five [[Five Ks|5 Kakas]] and present themselves before the Guru Granth Sahib for initiation of Amrit. The five Sikhs, who represent the five beloved, who have led a virtuous life and have strictly observed the Sikh discipline are chosen to prepare and administer the Amrit. The candidates for baptism are apprised of the Amrit conditions for acceptance before the ceremony is started. They are apprised about the pure and virtuous life they must lead. When the candidates agree to live by the discipline and code of Sikh conduct, the ''[[Panj Pyare]]s'' start preparing the Amrit.<br />
<br />
A ''Sarb Loh'' (Iron or steel) cauldron (Bata or bowl) is filled with clean water. Some ''Patashas'' (sugar crystals/plums) are poured into the water. The Five Beloveds then sit in ''Vir Asan'' ( seated on the ground with left knee down and the right knee up) around the cauldron.<br />
<br />
The mixture of Amrit is stirred with a ''[[Khanda]]'' while the [[Panj Pyare]]s recite path of [[five Banis]] (''[[Japji Sahib]]'', ''[[Jaap Sahib]]'', ''[[Sawayae]]'', ''[[Chaupai Sahib]]'' and ''[[Anand Sahib]]'') from Sri [[Guru Granth Sahib]] and Dasam Granth with attention and full concentration on the Amrit preparation in the cauldron. The solution thus prepared is called Amrit (nectar of immortality). <br />
<br />
The various ingredients and the aids to the preparation of this Holy Nectar are symbolic of a few things that are held in the highest regards by the [[Khalsa]]. The "''Sarb Loh Bata''" (Iron cauldron) signifies the strength of heart and mind. The chanting of hymns signify strong faith and cohesion in the devotees. The ''Khanda'' (the two-edged sword) signifies a spirit of valor and bravery.<br />
<br />
Five handfuls of Amrit are given for drinking, five handfuls are sprinkled over the hair and another five are sprinkled into the eyes of each of the devotee who offer to be initiated.<br />
<br />
In this religion, it is believed that it should not be taken into mind that Amrit Chhakhna is the end purpose. It is the start of one's journey on a right path to attain a pure and pious life which is essential to attain God (according to the [[Guru Granth Sahib]]. It is not something external.<br />
<br />
===Is Amrit Chhakhna essential for a Sikh?===<br />
Every Sikh is under an obligation and is required to submit himself to the order of the [[Khalsa]]. This is a pledge to remain under control, governance of the Ultimate reality. ''Amritdhari'' is the honour of being a member of the [[Khalsa Panth|Panth]] (a disciplined force of God).<br />
<br />
A Sikh must live life according to the terms of Sikhism. There is general understanding that a novice must have a "lent period" during which he/she must prepare to go the way of Guru with a voluntary and firm decision to change his/her life style, they must desire to and be willing to live their life by the values and virtues of [[Gurmat]]. Then and then only, the novice will become worthy to get the gift of Almighty Lord's grace and attain eternal unity.<br />
<br />
Some people are of the view that initiation may be administered to a boy or girl when he or she reaches an intelligent age.<br />
<br />
According to Bhai Gurdas,<br />
<br />
:''"Whosoever gets initiation of the Guru and follows the Guru’s instructions is in fact a real Sikh."<br> -(Bhai Gurdas Var 3.11)<br />
<br />
:''"The life may become successful and blessed, if you take Amrit of double edged sword."'' <br> -(Bhai Gurdas Var 41)<br />
<br />
==Directions to the Amrit Ceremony==<br />
[[Max Arthur Macauliffe|Macauliffe]] writes,<br />
<br />
:''"The Guru caused his five faithful Sikhs to stand up. He put pure water into an iron vessel and stirred it with a Khanda or two edged sword. He then repeated over it the sacred verses which he appointed for the ceremony , namely, the Japji, the Jaap, Guru Amar Das's Anand, and certain swaiyas or quatrains of his own composition."''<br />
<br />
::-The Sikh Religion by M.A. Macauliffe, V-5, p.94<br />
<br />
*The ceremony is to be conducted in any quiet and convinient place. In addition to the Guru Granth Sahib, the presence of six Sikhs is necessary, one ''granthi'' to read from the holy text and five to administer it.<br />
*Washing of hair prior to the ceremony is mandatory by those who are receiving the initiation and those who are administering.<br />
*Any Sikh who is mentally and physically sound (male or female) may adminster the rites of initiation, provided that he himself had received the rites and continues to wear the [[Five Ks|5 Kakas]], i.e. the Sikh symbols.<br />
*No minimum or maximum age is stipulated for those receiving the initiation.<br />
*Those undergoing initiation have to wear the four holy symbols, the [[Five Ks|5 Kakas]]. No jewellery or distinctive marks associated with any other religion should be worn. The head must be covered with a cloth.<br />
*Anyone seeking re-initiation after having resiled from his previous vows may be awarded a penalty by the five administering initiation before being re-admitted.<br />
*During the ceremony, one of the five ''Pyare'' (the beloved ones), stands and explains the rules and obligations of the [[Khalsa|Khalsa Panth]] <br />
*Those receiving initiation have to give their assent as to whether they are willing to abide by the rules and obligations.<br />
*After their assent, one of the five ''Pyare'' utters a prayer for the commencement of the preparation of the [[Amrit]] and a randomly selected passage from the Guru Granth Sahib is read.<br />
<br />
The person being initiated ''"Waheguru Ji Ka Khalsa, Waheguru Ji Ki Fateh"''. The salutation is repeated and the holy water is sprinkled on their eyes and hair, five times. The remainder of the nector is shared by all receiving the initiation, all drinking from the same bowl.<br />
<br />
After this, all those taking part in the ceremony recite the [[Mool Mantra]] and they are injected into the [[Khalsa|Khalsa Brotherhood]].<br />
<br />
==Rehat Maryada - The Sikh Doctrine==<br />
A. The person who is baptized, must wear five elements. known as Five Kakaar, namely:<br />
1. Kesh (unshorn hair), <br />
2. Kirpan - strapped sword<br />
3. Kachhehra (prescribed shorts)<br />
4. Kanga (Wooden Comb tucked in the tied up hair)<br />
5. Karha (Steel bracelet).<br />
<br />
B. Every initiated khalsa must read at least 5 Baanis every morning:<br />
1. The Japuji Sahib<br />
2. The Jaap Sahib<br />
3. The Ten Sawayyas (Quartrains), beginning “sarawag sudh” <br />
4. Chaupai Sahib<br />
5. Anans Sahib (40 Pauree)<br />
<br />
... snd 2 baanis in the evening:<br />
1. Sodar Rehraas Sahib<br />
2. Kirtan Sohila<br />
<br />
C. Earning by doing deeds with honestly and hard-work only. Spend 10% of earning on poor, needy, or dharma.<br />
<br />
D. The under mentioned four transgressions (tabooed practices) must be avoided: <br />
1. Dishonoring the hair (including cutting, trimming, coloring)<br />
2. Eating the meat of an animal slaughtered the Muslim way<br />
3. Cohabiting with a person other than one’s spouse<br />
4. Consumption of tobacco or drugs.<br />
<br />
E. All of these are strictly prohibited:<br />
1. Maintaining relations or communion with elements antagonistic to the Panth including:<br />
i. the minas (reprobates), <br />
ii. the masands (agents once accredited to local Sikh communities as Guru’s representatives, sine discredited for their faults and aberrations), <br />
iii. followers of Dhirmal or Ram Rai<br />
iv. users of tobacco<br />
v. killers of female infants.<br />
2. consuming leftovers of the unbaptised or the fallen Sikhs<br />
3. trading son or daughter in matrimony for a price or reward<br />
5. consumption of intoxicant (hemp, opium, liquor, narcotics, cocaine, etc.)<br />
6. One holding, or being a party to, ceremonies or practices contrary to the Guru’s way <br />
7. Violence against female, kids and old, even in war.<br />
8. While in war, attacking on bare-handed enemy or the one falling back.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Does Amrit Sanskar constitute ritualism?==<br />
One who performs this external gesture without inner commitment to the ideas being expressed under philosophy of Amrit, is performing ritual. Without practice of the teachings in life and without cleaning inside and outside, such like initiation will be termed as ritualism. The Amrit Sanskar ritual is not external. The cleansing of the soul can only be done internally by the subject himself.<br />
<br />
But, when the novice promises and submits to the will of [[Gurmat]], leads a clean, pure and pious life according to the concepts and philosophy of the Guru and emerges from the ordeal endowed with a totally different being from that which he possessed before his initiation Amrit Sanskar is not ritualism.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[Guru Gobind Singh]]<br />
* [[Birth of the Khalsa]]<br />
* [[Khalsa]]<br />
* [[Amrit]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
*[http://allaboutsikhs.com All About Sikhs]<br />
*'''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2016/05/dasam-patshah-di-vaisakhi-sirdar-kapur.html Dasam Patshah di Vaisakhi - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
*'''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/10/dashmesh-ji-da-jalaali-roop-sirdar.html Dashmesh ji da jalaali roop - Sirdar Kapur Singh]'''<br />
*'''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/creation-of-khalsa-epoch-making-event.html Creation Of Khalsa - An Epoch Making Event In World History - Dr. Harnam Singh Shan Tract No. 509-510]'''<br />
*'''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/khalsa-akal-purakh-ki-fauj-dr-inderjeet.html Khalsa Akal Purakh ki Fauj - Dr. Inderjeet Singh Vasu Tract No. 496]'''<br />
*'''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/10/khalsa-or-elect-sher-singh-msc-kashmir.html The Khalsa or the Elect - Sher Singh MSc Kashmir]'''<br />
*'''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/12/khalsa-ik-parvaar-tract-no-353.html Khalsa Ik Parvaar Tract No. 353]'''<br />
*'''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/01/khalsa-nirupan-tract-no-78.html Khalsa Nirupan Tract No. 78]'''<br />
*'''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/01/khalsa-soi-karey-nit-jang-tract-no-109.html Khalsa Soi Karey Nit Jang Tract No. 109]'''<br />
*'''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/01/khalsey-da-vikas-tract-no-7.html Khalsey da Vikas Tract No. 7]'''<br />
*'''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2012/09/guru-gobind-singhs-amrit-eternalising.html Guru Gobind Singh's Amrit - The Eternalising Libation - Gyani Brahma Singh Brahma]'''<br />
*'''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2012/09/sri-guru-gobind-singh-ji-baptist-beyond.html Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji - The Baptist Beyond Peer - Gyani Brahma Singh Brahma]'''<br />
*[http://www.sikh.net/Glossary.htm Glossary]<br />
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/ritesrituals/amrit.shtml BBC on Amrit ceremony]<br />
*[http://www.ggsacademy.com/shabadvichar/gurmattopics/amrit Eliminating Doubt's before/after Take Amrit (Katha in Punjabi)]<br />
<br />
{{Sikhism}}<br />
[[Category:Sanskar]]<br />
[[Category:Sikh practice]]<br />
[[Category:Glossary of Sikh Terms]]</div>Sikhdigitallibraryhttps://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Amrit_Sanchar&diff=117632Amrit Sanchar2020-04-14T05:43:09Z<p>Sikhdigitallibrary: /* External links */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Sikh practices}}<br />
'''Amrit Sanchar''' or '''Amrit Parchar''' or '''[[Khanda-ki-Pahul]]''' is the term used to refer to the [[Sikh]] baptism ceremony. In the year [[1699]], this ceremony was established when the religion's tenth leader, ([[Guru Gobind Singh]]), first baptised 5 followers of his faith and then was baptised himself by the 5 followers, who are called the [[Panj Pyara]]. <br />
{{tocleft}}<br />
<br />
In [[Sikhism]], the baptised Sikh is also called an [[Amritdhari]], literally meaning ''Amrit Taker'' or one who has ‘Taken on Amrit’. <br />
<br />
'''See main article [[Pahul]] for more details'''<br />
<br />
'''Amrit Sanskar''' or '''Amrit Sanchar''' or the [[Amrit]] ceremony is the [[Sikh]] ceremony of initiation or baptism. This practice has been in existence since the times of [[Guru Nanak Dev]] (1469 - 1539). During that time-period, this ceremony was known as '''Charan Amrit''' or '''Charan Phul''' or the '''Pag Pahul''', the words ''Charan'' and ''Pag'' both signifying the foot of the teacher. During that time-period, the neophytes poured water over Guru's toe to be initiated into the fold. When the Guru was not present, the ''masands'' or the local ''sangat'' leaders officiated. A reference to initiation by Charan Amrit occurs in Bhai Gurdas, Varan, I.23, born 12 years after the passing away of Guru Nanak. The water was poured on Guru's toe and then the devotees would drink it and seek blessings of the Guru. The Guru would guide the Sikhs about the Sikh teachings and instruct them to adopt them as a way of life.<br />
[[Image:AmritSanskar-AW.jpg|thumb|265px|left|The Amrit Sanskar Ceremony]]<br />
<br />
'''''Khande di Pahul''''' (Amrit ceremony) was initiated in the times of [[Guru Gobind Singh]] when [[Khalsa]] was inaugurated at Sri [[Anandpur Sahib]] on the day of [[Baisakhi]] in [[1699]]. [[Guru Gobind Singh]] asked a gathering of Sikhs, "who is prepared to die for God?" At first, the people hesitated, and then one man stepped forward, and he was taken to a tent. After some time, Guru Gobind Singh came out of the tent, with blood dripping from his sword. He asked the same question again. After the next four volunteers were in the tent, he reappeared with the five, who were now all dressed like him. These five men came to be known as '''[[Panj Pyare]]s''' or the '''Beloved Five'''. These five were initiated into the [[Khalsa]] by receiving Amrit. These five were [[Bhai Daya Singh]], [[Bhai Mukham Singh]], [[Bhai Sahib Singh]], [[Bhai Dharam Singh]] and [[Bhai Himmat Singh]]. Sikh men were then given the name ''"Singh"'' meaning "lion" and the women received the last name ''"Kaur"'' meaning "princess"<br />
<br />
''Khande Di Pahul'' not only embodies the primary objects of Sikh faith and the promises connected therewith, but also is itself a promise to lead a pure and pious life to unite with Almighty Lord. It is about inward cleansing of the conscience and seeking unity with The Supreme Lord through His Grace. The word ''Pahul'' is a derivative from the substantive, ''Pahu''- which is an agent which brightens, accelerates or sharpens the potentialities of a given object.<br />
<br />
==Amrit Chhakhna==<br />
{{Panj Pyare}}<br />
Amrit Chhakhna refers to the drinking of the [[Amrit]] or the Nectar. The Amrit is administered in the presence of the holy text of the Sikhs, the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] which is consideded the 11th Guru. The candidates take a full bath, wear the five [[Five Ks|5 Kakas]] and present themselves before the Guru Granth Sahib for initiation of Amrit. The five Sikhs, who represent the five beloved, who have led a virtuous life and have strictly observed the Sikh discipline are chosen to prepare and administer the Amrit. The candidates for baptism are apprised of the Amrit conditions for acceptance before the ceremony is started. They are apprised about the pure and virtuous life they must lead. When the candidates agree to live by the discipline and code of Sikh conduct, the ''[[Panj Pyare]]s'' start preparing the Amrit.<br />
<br />
A ''Sarb Loh'' (Iron or steel) cauldron (Bata or bowl) is filled with clean water. Some ''Patashas'' (sugar crystals/plums) are poured into the water. The Five Beloveds then sit in ''Vir Asan'' ( seated on the ground with left knee down and the right knee up) around the cauldron.<br />
<br />
The mixture of Amrit is stirred with a ''[[Khanda]]'' while the [[Panj Pyare]]s recite path of [[five Banis]] (''[[Japji Sahib]]'', ''[[Jaap Sahib]]'', ''[[Sawayae]]'', ''[[Chaupai Sahib]]'' and ''[[Anand Sahib]]'') from Sri [[Guru Granth Sahib]] and Dasam Granth with attention and full concentration on the Amrit preparation in the cauldron. The solution thus prepared is called Amrit (nectar of immortality). <br />
<br />
The various ingredients and the aids to the preparation of this Holy Nectar are symbolic of a few things that are held in the highest regards by the [[Khalsa]]. The "''Sarb Loh Bata''" (Iron cauldron) signifies the strength of heart and mind. The chanting of hymns signify strong faith and cohesion in the devotees. The ''Khanda'' (the two-edged sword) signifies a spirit of valor and bravery.<br />
<br />
Five handfuls of Amrit are given for drinking, five handfuls are sprinkled over the hair and another five are sprinkled into the eyes of each of the devotee who offer to be initiated.<br />
<br />
In this religion, it is believed that it should not be taken into mind that Amrit Chhakhna is the end purpose. It is the start of one's journey on a right path to attain a pure and pious life which is essential to attain God (according to the [[Guru Granth Sahib]]. It is not something external.<br />
<br />
===Is Amrit Chhakhna essential for a Sikh?===<br />
Every Sikh is under an obligation and is required to submit himself to the order of the [[Khalsa]]. This is a pledge to remain under control, governance of the Ultimate reality. ''Amritdhari'' is the honour of being a member of the [[Khalsa Panth|Panth]] (a disciplined force of God).<br />
<br />
A Sikh must live life according to the terms of Sikhism. There is general understanding that a novice must have a "lent period" during which he/she must prepare to go the way of Guru with a voluntary and firm decision to change his/her life style, they must desire to and be willing to live their life by the values and virtues of [[Gurmat]]. Then and then only, the novice will become worthy to get the gift of Almighty Lord's grace and attain eternal unity.<br />
<br />
Some people are of the view that initiation may be administered to a boy or girl when he or she reaches an intelligent age.<br />
<br />
According to Bhai Gurdas,<br />
<br />
:''"Whosoever gets initiation of the Guru and follows the Guru’s instructions is in fact a real Sikh."<br> -(Bhai Gurdas Var 3.11)<br />
<br />
:''"The life may become successful and blessed, if you take Amrit of double edged sword."'' <br> -(Bhai Gurdas Var 41)<br />
<br />
==Directions to the Amrit Ceremony==<br />
[[Max Arthur Macauliffe|Macauliffe]] writes,<br />
<br />
:''"The Guru caused his five faithful Sikhs to stand up. He put pure water into an iron vessel and stirred it with a Khanda or two edged sword. He then repeated over it the sacred verses which he appointed for the ceremony , namely, the Japji, the Jaap, Guru Amar Das's Anand, and certain swaiyas or quatrains of his own composition."''<br />
<br />
::-The Sikh Religion by M.A. Macauliffe, V-5, p.94<br />
<br />
*The ceremony is to be conducted in any quiet and convinient place. In addition to the Guru Granth Sahib, the presence of six Sikhs is necessary, one ''granthi'' to read from the holy text and five to administer it.<br />
*Washing of hair prior to the ceremony is mandatory by those who are receiving the initiation and those who are administering.<br />
*Any Sikh who is mentally and physically sound (male or female) may adminster the rites of initiation, provided that he himself had received the rites and continues to wear the [[Five Ks|5 Kakas]], i.e. the Sikh symbols.<br />
*No minimum or maximum age is stipulated for those receiving the initiation.<br />
*Those undergoing initiation have to wear the four holy symbols, the [[Five Ks|5 Kakas]]. No jewellery or distinctive marks associated with any other religion should be worn. The head must be covered with a cloth.<br />
*Anyone seeking re-initiation after having resiled from his previous vows may be awarded a penalty by the five administering initiation before being re-admitted.<br />
*During the ceremony, one of the five ''Pyare'' (the beloved ones), stands and explains the rules and obligations of the [[Khalsa|Khalsa Panth]] <br />
*Those receiving initiation have to give their assent as to whether they are willing to abide by the rules and obligations.<br />
*After their assent, one of the five ''Pyare'' utters a prayer for the commencement of the preparation of the [[Amrit]] and a randomly selected passage from the Guru Granth Sahib is read.<br />
<br />
The person being initiated ''"Waheguru Ji Ka Khalsa, Waheguru Ji Ki Fateh"''. The salutation is repeated and the holy water is sprinkled on their eyes and hair, five times. The remainder of the nector is shared by all receiving the initiation, all drinking from the same bowl.<br />
<br />
After this, all those taking part in the ceremony recite the [[Mool Mantra]] and they are injected into the [[Khalsa|Khalsa Brotherhood]].<br />
<br />
==Rehat Maryada - The Sikh Doctrine==<br />
A. The person who is baptized, must wear five elements. known as Five Kakaar, namely:<br />
1. Kesh (unshorn hair), <br />
2. Kirpan - strapped sword<br />
3. Kachhehra (prescribed shorts)<br />
4. Kanga (Wooden Comb tucked in the tied up hair)<br />
5. Karha (Steel bracelet).<br />
<br />
B. Every initiated khalsa must read at least 5 Baanis every morning:<br />
1. The Japuji Sahib<br />
2. The Jaap Sahib<br />
3. The Ten Sawayyas (Quartrains), beginning “sarawag sudh” <br />
4. Chaupai Sahib<br />
5. Anans Sahib (40 Pauree)<br />
<br />
... snd 2 baanis in the evening:<br />
1. Sodar Rehraas Sahib<br />
2. Kirtan Sohila<br />
<br />
C. Earning by doing deeds with honestly and hard-work only. Spend 10% of earning on poor, needy, or dharma.<br />
<br />
D. The under mentioned four transgressions (tabooed practices) must be avoided: <br />
1. Dishonoring the hair (including cutting, trimming, coloring)<br />
2. Eating the meat of an animal slaughtered the Muslim way<br />
3. Cohabiting with a person other than one’s spouse<br />
4. Consumption of tobacco or drugs.<br />
<br />
E. All of these are strictly prohibited:<br />
1. Maintaining relations or communion with elements antagonistic to the Panth including:<br />
i. the minas (reprobates), <br />
ii. the masands (agents once accredited to local Sikh communities as Guru’s representatives, sine discredited for their faults and aberrations), <br />
iii. followers of Dhirmal or Ram Rai<br />
iv. users of tobacco<br />
v. killers of female infants.<br />
2. consuming leftovers of the unbaptised or the fallen Sikhs<br />
3. trading son or daughter in matrimony for a price or reward<br />
5. consumption of intoxicant (hemp, opium, liquor, narcotics, cocaine, etc.)<br />
6. One holding, or being a party to, ceremonies or practices contrary to the Guru’s way <br />
7. Violence against female, kids and old, even in war.<br />
8. While in war, attacking on bare-handed enemy or the one falling back.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Does Amrit Sanskar constitute ritualism?==<br />
One who performs this external gesture without inner commitment to the ideas being expressed under philosophy of Amrit, is performing ritual. Without practice of the teachings in life and without cleaning inside and outside, such like initiation will be termed as ritualism. The Amrit Sanskar ritual is not external. The cleansing of the soul can only be done internally by the subject himself.<br />
<br />
But, when the novice promises and submits to the will of [[Gurmat]], leads a clean, pure and pious life according to the concepts and philosophy of the Guru and emerges from the ordeal endowed with a totally different being from that which he possessed before his initiation Amrit Sanskar is not ritualism.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[Guru Gobind Singh]]<br />
* [[Birth of the Khalsa]]<br />
* [[Khalsa]]<br />
* [[Amrit]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
*[http://allaboutsikhs.com All About Sikhs]<br />
*['''[https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2016/05/dasam-patshah-di-vaisakhi-sirdar-kapur.html Dasam Patshah di Vaisakhi - Sirdar Kapur Singh]''']<br />
*['''https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2014/10/dashmesh-ji-da-jalaali-roop-sirdar.html Dashmesh ji da jalaali roop - Sirdar Kapur Singh''']<br />
*['''https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/creation-of-khalsa-epoch-making-event.html Creation Of Khalsa - An Epoch Making Event In World History - Dr. Harnam Singh Shan Tract No. 509-510''']<br />
*['''https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2018/11/khalsa-akal-purakh-ki-fauj-dr-inderjeet.html Khalsa Akal Purakh ki Fauj - Dr. Inderjeet Singh Vasu Tract No. 496''']<br />
*['''https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2013/10/khalsa-or-elect-sher-singh-msc-kashmir.html The Khalsa or the Elect - Sher Singh MSc Kashmir''']<br />
*['''https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2019/12/khalsa-ik-parvaar-tract-no-353.html Khalsa Ik Parvaar Tract No. 353''']<br />
*['''https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/01/khalsa-nirupan-tract-no-78.html Khalsa Nirupan Tract No. 78''']<br />
*['''https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/01/khalsa-soi-karey-nit-jang-tract-no-109.html Khalsa Soi Karey Nit Jang Tract No. 109''']<br />
*['''https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2020/01/khalsey-da-vikas-tract-no-7.html Khalsey da Vikas Tract No. 7''']<br />
*['''https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2012/09/guru-gobind-singhs-amrit-eternalising.html Guru Gobind Singh's Amrit - The Eternalising Libation - Gyani Brahma Singh Brahma''']<br />
*['''https://sikhdigitallibrary.blogspot.com/2012/09/sri-guru-gobind-singh-ji-baptist-beyond.html Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji - The Baptist Beyond Peer - Gyani Brahma Singh Brahma''']<br />
*[http://www.sikh.net/Glossary.htm Glossary]<br />
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/ritesrituals/amrit.shtml BBC on Amrit ceremony]<br />
*[http://www.ggsacademy.com/shabadvichar/gurmattopics/amrit Eliminating Doubt's before/after Take Amrit (Katha in Punjabi)]<br />
<br />
{{Sikhism}}<br />
[[Category:Sanskar]]<br />
[[Category:Sikh practice]]<br />
[[Category:Glossary of Sikh Terms]]</div>Sikhdigitallibrary