Tarna Dal
Tarna Dal, the army of the youth, was one of the two main divisions of Dal Khalsa, the confederated army of the Sikhs during the eighteenth century, the other one being the Buddha Dal (army of the elders). These Dals came into existence in 1734 when, during a truce with Zakariya Khan, the Mughal governor of the Punjab, different roving bands of the Sikhs were concentrated in Amritsar.
Etymology
"Meaning of Tarna Dal"
- Tarna/Taruna means "progressive", "young", "tender", "juvenile" or "new", "fresh", "just risen"
- Dal means "army"
So together "Tarna Dal" means: "Young Army" or "Fresh Army" or "Tender Army" or "Progressive Army"
Subdividions
The Tarna Dal was subdivided into five Jathas or fighting groups of approximately 1300 to 2,000 men each, mostly mounted.
The first was commanded by Baba Deep Singh. Commonly known, after he met with a martyr's death, the Jatha began to be called the Shahidanwala Jatha (meaning: group of the martyrs).
The second, commanded by Bhai Karam Singh and Dharam Singh of Amritsar, came to be known as Amritsarian da Jatha (meaning: group of the Amritsarias).
The third led by Bhai Binod Singh and his son Baba Kahn Singh was called Sahibzadian da Jatha (meaning: group of the sahibzada’s) or GuruAnsi Jatha.
The fourth Jatha was commanded by Bhai Dasaundha Singh of Kot Buddha and the fifth was commanded by Bhai Bir Singh Ranghreta.
Both Buddha Dal and Tarna Dals accepted Nawab Kapur Singh as their overall commander. It was determined that while Buddha Dal remained at Amritsar to look after the shrines, Tarna Dal would be available for action where needed.
Ending of the peace pact by Zakariya and consequences
Zakariya Khan, however, ended the peace pact in 1735 and resumed his repressive policy against the Sikhs, so that both Dals had to abandon Amritsar seeking safety in distant hills and forests. Tarna Dal retired into the Shivalik hill states of Kahlur, Hindur and Sirmur which fell within the jurisdiction of Sirhind sarkar (government) in the suba (state) of Delhi. From there it launched out intermittantly to raid the territory of Manjh Rajputs of Jalandhar Doab a.k.a. Doaba. Once during 1736, on crossing into the Majha country, it defeated the gashtl fauj (roving army) sent from Lahore, and after pillaging the Riarki area (present district of Gurdaspur) went back to its hilly haunts.
Attacking Nadir Shah
During the summer of 1739, the Tarna Dal harassed and plundered the richly laden baggage train of the Persian invader Nadir Shah who, while returning home after a hearty plunder of Delhi and the Punjab, was keeping close to the hills with a view to avoiding the heat of the plains. The Sikhs followed the invaders up to Akhnur on the River Chenab where they rescued from their hands a large number of Hindu girls and safely restored them to their families.
This chivalrous act and their daring attacks on Nadir Shah, contrasting with the abject surrender of the rulers of Delhi and Lahore, endeared the Sikhs to the general populace. The two Dals now returned to the Punjab and began assembling at Amritsar on the occasions of Baisakhi and Divali (Bandi Chorr Diwas).
The major re-organization of the Dal Khalsa
At the Sarbatt (literally "entire") Khalsa meeting on Baisakhi, 29 March 1748, a major reorganization of the Dal Khalsa was put in hand. The entire force was divided into 11 misls or divisions. Five of these misls were assigned to the Buddha Dal while the rest, six, formed the Tarna Dal.
The latter comprised the:
- Bhangi Misl or Bhuma Misl first led by Sardar Hari Singh Dhillon - (Strength - 20,000 regular horsemen)
- Nakai Misl, first led by Sardar Hira Singh Nakai Sandhu-(Strength - 7,000 regular horsemen)
- Ahluwalia Misl, under Sultan-ul-Qaum Jassa Singh Ramgarhia, as distinguished from his namesake Jassa Singh of the Ahluvalia clan, who was chosen as commander-in-chief of the Dal Khalsa as a whole. -(Strength - 6,000 regular horsemen)
- Ramgarhia Misl, first led by Sardar Nand Singh Sanghania and then by Jassa Singh Ramgarhia - (Strength - 5,000 regular horsemen)
- Kanhaiya Misl, first led by Sardar Jai Singh Kanhaiya Mann - (Strength - 5,000 regular horsemen)
- Sukerchakia Misl, under Sardar Charhat Singh (grandfather of Maharaja Ranjit Singh) -(Strength - 5,000 regular horsemen)
The Tarna Dal continued to participate in joint expeditions of the two Dals, but its specific sphere of operation lay to the north of the Rivers Sutlej and Beas.
Misls dividing their territory after the conquest of Sirhind (Jan. 1764)
After the conquest of Sirhind in January 1764, the misls divided the territory among them and started adding to their respective domains. From among the Tarna Dal, only one sardar of the Bhangi misl, Rai Singh, had participated in the partition of Sirhind's territory. He had occupied 204 villages around Buria and Jagadhri. The remaining sardars of the Tarna Dal had their eyes fixed on the northern Doabs of the Punjab proper. The Bhangis controlled a major part of the city of Lahore and extended their hegemony over Multan and subsequently occupied Jhang, Khushab and Chiniot in the West and Sialkot and Gujrat in the east. The Kanhaiyas ruled over the area comprising a major part of the present Gurdaspur district and Mukerian tahsil of Hoshiarpur district. The territory of the Ramgarhias lay on both sides of the River Beas and included villages around Miani and Urmur Tanda in Jalandhar Doab. They also held sway over the hill states of Chamba, Nurpur, Jasvan and Haripur. In 1776, they were defeated by the combined forces of the Kanhaiya misl and Raja Sansar Chand Katoch of Kangra.
The Sukkarchakkia misl under Sardar Charhat Singh established itself around Gujranwala which they made their headquarters and extended their territory up to Rohtas beyond the River Jehlum; Charhat Singh's grandson, Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1780-1839) united the misls and was appointed the Maharaja of the entire Punjab from the Satluj to the Khaibar.
Headquaters: Gurdwara Harian Vailan
References
- Gian Singh, Giani, Twarikh GURU Khalsa [Reprint]. PATIALA, 1970
- Cunningham, J.D., A History of the Sikhs. London,1849
- Forster, George, A Journey from Bengal to England. London, 1798
- Narang, Gokul Chand, Transformation of SIKHISM. Lahore, 1912
- Harbans Singh, The Heritage of the Sikhs. Delhi, 1983
- Latif, Syad Muhammad, History of the Punjab [Reprint]. Delhi, 1964
- Teja Singh and Ganda Singh, A Short History of the Sikhs. Bombay, 1950
- Gupta, Hari Ram, History of the Sikhs, vol. II. Delhi, 1978
- Gandhi, Surjit Singh, Struggle of the Sikhs for Sovereignty. Delhi, 1980
- Bhangu, Ratan Singh, Prachin PANTH Prakash. Amritsar, 1914
